Carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli (CR-GNB) colonization screening was initiated across high-risk departments (PICU, NICU, neonatal wards, and hematology departments) in January 2017, and several CR-GNB cohort and patient-placement strategies were introduced throughout the hospital in January 2018. The colonization and infection rates decreased to varying degrees from 2017 to 2021.

Objective:To summarize the experience on accurate prevention and control of children′s emergency department during the epidemic of novel coronavirus Omicron variant.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed the strategies and management experience of emergency prevention and control of novel coronavirus infection in emergency department at Children′s Hospital of Fudan University from March to May 2022.Results:As a designated hospital for treating pediatric patients who contracted novel coronavirus in Shanghai, the emergency department in our hospital was confronted with the dual pressure of critical patients treatment and pandemic prevention and control.We carefully studied a series of laws and regulations, as well as the newest edition of Chinese clinical guidance for novel coronavirus pneumonia diagnosis and treatment, and combined with the characteristics of novel coronavirus infection in children, then formulated the independent emergency department, fever clinics and novel coronavirus clinics; Updated the emergency department pre-examination triage process, the precautions pratice of clinical stuffs and disfection strategy, and established the second emergency department.From the beginning of March to the end of May 2022, a total of about 12 000 patients were admitted to the emergency department in our hospital, including 704 patients in the resuscitation room, 652 patients in the observation room, and 164 patients in the emergency ward.There were six patients with novel coronavirus infection in the emergency department.Neither nosocomial infection nor occupational exposure occurred.Conclusion:After 3 months of practice, the results showed that it can fully guarantee the timely treatment of critically ill children and achieved zero cross-infection in the hospital, which has important reference significance for the treatment of children, epidemic prevention, control during the novel coronavirus epidemic.

Summary Getah virus (GETV), a member of genus alphavirus , is a mosquito-borne pathogen that can cause pyrexia and reproductive losses in animals. Although antibodies to GETV have been found in over 10% of healthy people, there are no reports of clinical symptom associated with GETV. The biological and pathological properties of GETV are largely unknown. Here, we present the structure of infective GETV at a resolution of 2.8 Å with the capsid protein and the envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2. We have identified numerous glycosylation and S-acylation sites in E1 and E2. The surface-exposed glycans revealed their impact on the viral immune evasion and host cell invasion. The S-acylation sites involve in stabilizing the transmembrane assembly. In addition, a cholesterol and a phospholipid molecule are observed in a transmembrane hydrophobic pocket, together with two more cholesterols surrounding the pocket. The structural information will assist structure-based antiviral and vaccine design.

Objective:To summarize the experience of the precise prevention and control strategy of novel coronavirus infection in the pediatric intensive care unit(PICU)during the epidemic of the Omicron variant.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on the strategies and management experience of precise prevention and control of novel coronavirus infection in PICU at Pediatric Hospital of Fudan University from March 1 to May 10, 2022.Results:According to the national and Shanghai novel coronavirus infection prevention and control standards, the PICU in our hospital, in accordance with the specialty characteristics of PICU, cooperated with the hospital′s department of infection and medical department to jointly construct a precise ward management strategy for the outbreak of the omicron mutants infection.Precise prevention and control management strategies were formulated from four aspects: the admission process of critically ill children, the division of PICU ward areas and nosocomial infection protection, the reception management system for children′s family members, and the " bubble management" system for PICU staff, and run them for 3 months.During the epidemic, there was no nosocomial infection of novel coronavirus infection in children or medical staff.During the period, a total of 140 critically ill children were admitted, including 87 cases transferred from the general ward in the hospital, 48 cases from the emergency department(non-febrile, 3 cases transferred by the transfer team), four cases from fever clinic, and one case from control ward.Four of the critically ill children had no emergency nucleic acid test report when they were admitted to the PICU.Among the 140 critically ill children, 54 patients received mechanical ventilation, 18 patients received blood purification, and two patients were monitored after liver transplantation.Seventy-eight (55.7%) children had underlying diseases.Conclusion:During the current round of novel coronavirus epidemic in Shanghai, PICU in our hospital formulated the admission and ward management procedures for critically ill children, which ensured the prevention and control of nosocomial infection of novel coronavirus, and at the same time ensured the treatment of critically ill children to the greatest extent.

为获得有效预防猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)及伪狂犬病(PR)感染的重组活载体疫苗,利用同源重组将PCV2 YY株ORF2和细胞因子佐剂IL-2基因插入rPRV-gE-/TK-/EGFP+缺失的TK基因位点,获得重组病毒rPRV-gE-/TK-/ORF2+/IL-2+.将重组病毒 rPRV-gE-/TK-/ORF2+/IL-2+及对照 rPRV-gE-/TK-/ORF2+、PCV 亚单位疫苗、PR活疫苗和DMEM培养液分别免疫小鼠,4周后加强免疫1次,利用PCV2间接ELISA试验、PRV血清中和试验、T淋巴细胞转化试验和细胞亚群及因子测定等评价重组病毒rPRV-gE-/TK-/ORF2+/IL-2+的免疫原性.结果显示,构建的rPRV-gE-/TK-/ORF2+/IL-2+可在BHK-21细胞内表达,免疫鼠产生抗PCV2和PRV的特异性中和抗体,能刺激CD3+、CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞的增殖及促使IFN-γ、IL-4和IL-12细胞因子的表达水平明显升高.结果表明,成功构建的rPRV-gE-/TK-/ORF2+/IL-2+能有效诱导机体产生较高水平的免疫效果,IL-2起到免疫增强作用,可作为预防猪PR和PCV感染相关疾病的候选疫苗株.

为建立一种快速检测猪群中盖他病毒的血清学检测方法,本研究以猪盖他病毒Cap基因的原核表达蛋白为包被抗原,羊抗猪IgG-HRP为二抗,通过优化反应条件,建立了猪盖他病毒IgG抗体间接ELISA检测方法.利用矩阵法对检测条件进行优化,最终确定Cap蛋白最佳包被浓度为2μg/mL,被检血清的最佳稀释倍数为100倍.试验结果表明,该方法特异性、敏感性、重复性良好;利用该方法和间接免疫荧光(IFA)同时对119份临床样品检测,结果显示两种检测方法的检测结果总符合率为97.5％.本研究建立的检测方法能够用于检测并评价血清中的GETV的特异性抗体的水平,在临床血清流行病学调查和疫苗免疫效果评价方面具有广泛应用前景.

为研制对不同血清型具有交叉保护作用的副猪嗜血杆菌(HPS)重组抗原蛋白,本研究将390只6周龄雌性昆明鼠随机分为13组,每组30只,分别为HPS血清型5型单个重组蛋白免疫组:外膜蛋白(D15)组、分泌蛋白(afuA)组、转铁结合蛋白(tbpB)组、细胞致死膨胀毒素(cdtC)组、PBS组,联合重组蛋白免疫组:HPS血清型4+5+13型 D15、HPS血清型5型 D15+tbpB、D15+cdtC、cdtC+tbpB、D15+afuA、D15+cdtC+tbpB、D15+afuA+tbpB及PBS组.每间隔2周经皮下注射免疫2次各组相应乳化蛋白,于一免后2周、二免后2周采集各组小鼠尾静脉血,利用间接ELISA检测小鼠血清抗体效价,并通过免疫鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖试验、细胞因子检测、血清杀菌试验及攻毒保护试验评价重组蛋白的免疫效果.结果显示,免疫组小鼠均能产生显著的T淋巴细胞增殖反应,其产生的血清抗体均能极显著抑制HPS生长(p＜0.001),且抗体水平均极显著高于对照组(p＜0.001);联合重组蛋白免疫组小鼠产生的IgG抗体水平、细胞因子IL-2、IL-4和IFN-γ的水平均略高于单个重组蛋白免疫组;其中,HPS血清型5型D15+afuA和血清型4+5+13型D15免疫组小鼠产生的IgG抗体水平略高于其余联合重组蛋白免疫组,各联合免疫组间细胞因子水平差异不显著;HPS血清型5型D15+afuA+tbpB和血清型4+5+13型D15对4型HPS感染的保护率均为71％,对5型菌株的保护率均为86％,对13型菌株的保护率为71％和86％,表明血清型5型D15+afuA+tbpB重组蛋白组合和血清型4+5+13型D15重组蛋白组合对HPS感染具有交叉保护的潜力.本研究为HPS亚单位疫苗的研制提供了实验依据.

Getah virus (GETV), a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the Alphavirus genus of family Togaviridae, has become increasingly problematic, which poses a huge threat to the safety of animals and public health. In order to detect GETV quickly and accurately, we have developed a SYBR Green I real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for GETV with the detection limit of 66 copies/μL, excellent correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9975, and amplification efficiency (E) of 98.90%, the target selected was the non-structural protein 3 of GETV. The sensitivity of it was higher than that of ordinary RT-PCR by 1000 folds, and the inter-assay and intra-assay CV values were all less than 0.99%. The newly developed RT-qPCR assay exhibited good sensitivity and reproducibility, which will provide technical support for the reliable and specific rapid diagnosis, and quantitative analysis of GETV infection.

鸭源鸡杆菌（Gallibacterium anatis，G.anatis）是家禽中常见的条件性致病菌，主要引起蛋鸡生殖道疾病，造成产蛋量下降。 目的为探究RTX样毒素GtxA及外膜蛋白（OmpW）对鸭源鸡杆菌生物学特性和致病力的影响。 方法本研究采用自然转化法对突变株RZΔompW进一步缺失gtxA构建突变株RZΔompWΔgtxA，通过分析其生长特性、黏附能力、引起细胞凋亡程度及对小鼠致病性等，探究其与生物学特性及致病性可能的关系。 结果结果显示，RZΔompWΔgtxA能稳定遗传gtxA的缺失；单双基因突变株溶血活性均消失、与RZ株相比菌落形态及生长速率并未出现显著改变；相比RZ、RZΔompW和RZΔgtxA，双基因缺失株RZΔompWΔgtxA在不同时段对鸡原代输卵管上皮细胞的黏附能力显著降低（P 结论GtxA毒素和外膜蛋白OmpW在鸭源鸡杆菌毒力、黏附宿主细胞及诱导其细胞凋亡中起重要作用，且可能存在明显的协同关系。本研究为鸭源鸡杆菌感染机制的阐明奠定基础。

蛋鸡(Gallus gallus domesticus)输卵管炎与输卵管囊肿是危害养禽业的重要疫病,引起该病的病原较多,其中鸭源鸡杆菌(Gallibacterium anatis)是比较常见的病原.目前,乳酸菌作为食品级的表达载体在研制活载体疫苗中被广泛应用.本研究以干酪乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus casei,CECT5276)作为递呈抗原的活菌载体,构建能够稳定表达鸭源鸡杆菌菌毛FlfA蛋白的重组干酪乳酸杆菌,并初步评价其免疫效果.首先将鸭源鸡杆菌flfA基因克隆至穿梭表达质粒pMG36e,然后电转化干酪乳酸杆菌,对重组菌中FlfA蛋白表达和重组菌生长状况、稳定性、存留性能及耐受力等进行检测分析,初步评价重组菌的免疫效果.SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析表明,重组干酪乳酸杆菌成功表达分子量约为20.3 kD的融合蛋白,该蛋白能与兔抗鸭源鸡杆菌阳性血清发生反应,具有反应原性;生长状况及稳定性等分析显示,目的基因的插入对干酪乳酸杆菌生长无影响,可在宿主菌中稳定遗传;在模拟肠液、胃液及高盐环境中均有较好的耐受力;免疫后第14、28、42 d免疫血清及肠道黏液的特异性IgG和sIgA的抗体水平均高于空载体组和PBS对照组(P<0.05);动物攻毒试验结果显示,3组受试鸡腹腔注射鸭源鸡杆菌PDS-RZ-1-SLG菌株后均未见死亡,但是免疫重组菌的鸡脏器中鸭源鸡杆菌分离率低于空载体组和PBS组,提示重组菌对鸡具有一定的免疫保护作用.本研究可为鸭源鸡杆菌口服疫苗研究提供参考依据.

GETV cause fetus death and reproductive disorders in pigs. In this study, a GETV strain, named GETV-V1, was isolated from a commercial modified live vaccine (MLV) against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which is widely used on pigs in China. Further results showed that nine batches of MLV vaccine (three batches per year) from the same manufacturer between 2015 and 2017 were all positive for GETV. We then further characterized the GETV-V1 strain and performed phylogenetic analysis, revealing that the GETV strains circulating in China are genetically diverse and providing a potential platform for evolution. Therefore, this research firstly reported the contamination of GETV in live attenuated PRRS vaccines in China, implying that monitoring of exogenous virus in live vaccines for pigs needs to be improved.

为了解外膜蛋白W(outer membrane protein W,OmpW)在鸭源鸡杆菌抗渗透应激中的作用,分析了鸭源鸡杆菌RZ及其ompW基因缺失株△ompW在渗透应激环境中的生存能力和生长性能差异;并通过SDS-PAGE及Western blot分析了两者外膜蛋白在不同盐度下的表达差异,并用实时定量PCR分析了OmpW mRNA的表达.结果 显示:相对于鸭源鸡杆菌RZ,△ompW在高渗透环境中(3％ NaCl)的生存率较低(95.17％vs 83.50％,P＜0.05),且其生长性能受渗透应激影响更大;在高盐BHI中培养时,鸭源鸡杆菌RZ OmpW的表达被上调,且OmpW mRNA的表达被上调至正常盐度(0.5％)时的1.19倍(P＞o.05).本研究表明OmpW与鸭源鸡杆菌抗渗透应激有关.

OBJECTIVES:Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a significant cause of prolonged hospital stay and increased mortality in mechanically ventilated children. Studies of the relationship between bacterial colonization of ventilator circuits (VCs) and VAP are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the role of bacterial colonization of VCs in the development of VAP, and to provide evidence for preventing VAP.METHODS:Mechanically ventilated patients admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in China from October 2018 to November 2019 were enrolled. Specimens were collected from the VC and the patient's lower respiratory tract (LRT) for bacterial culture. Paired bacteria isolated from the VC and the patient's LRT, where colonization of the VC preceded that of the LRT, were evaluated for relatedness using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).RESULTS:A total of 114 patients were included; the incidence rate of VAP was 28.1% (32/114). A total of 1368 samples were collected from VCs; 16% had positive bacterial culture. There was no significant difference in bacterial colonization of VCs between VAP and non-VAP. In 13 patients, the LRT and VC were concurrently colonized with the same bacteria, where colonization of the VC occurred before colonization of the patient's LRT. PFGE results demonstrated high correlation between bacteria from the LRT and VC in 11 patients. Among 114 mechanically ventilated children, VAP caused by bacteria from the VC occurred in six patients, accounting for 18.8% (6/32) of the overall VAP rate in this study.DISCUSSION:Bacterial colonization of the VC is a significant cause of VAP development in mechanically ventilated children. Preventive strategies for early identification and decontamination measures for contaminated VC may play a key role in preventing VAP.

为了解华中地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的流行特点及变异规律,本研究对2018-2019年采自河南18个地市94个猪场的414份猪肺脏、脾脏和淋巴结等样品进行PRRSV RT-PCR检测,并将阳性样品进行ORF5和NSP2基因扩增和序列测定以及遗传进化分析.结果显示,414份病料中共检测出PRRSV阳性样品106份,阳性率为25.48％,其中,豫北地区检出率较高,且2018年11月至2019年2月阳性率明显增加;从阳性样品中扩增得到83个ORF5和31个NSP2基因序列;遗传进化分析表明,检出的PRRSV阳性样品中74株PRRSV属于类NADC30毒株,6株与华南地区主要流行毒株类QYYZ毒株高度相似,2株与商品化活疫苗基因序列高度同源;氨基酸序列比对发现,所检出毒株之间氨基酸同源性差异较大,10株毒株GP5序列在高变区存在插入或缺失,29个NSP2序列存在131位不连续氨基酸缺失,1个NSP2序列与高致病性PRRS疫苗毒株JXA1 NSP2存在相同缺失,1株与经典疫苗毒株RespPRRS MLV完全同源.结果表明,2018-2019年河南地区PRRSV以类NADC30毒株为优势毒株,且NSP2和ORF5基因进一步发生较大变异;同时华南地区主要流行毒株类QYYZ毒株在河南开始增多以及个别活疫苗的使用导致PRRSV的流行趋势更加复杂.因此,加强对PRRSV的流行及遗传变异的持续监测尤为重要,本研究可为PRRS临床诊断、防控以及疫苗研发提供有效的科学依据.

BACKGROUND:With the increasing use of carbapenems in clinic practice, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) has also increased, thus posing a significant threat to human health. AIM:To assess the effects of CRE colonization active screening and various CRE patient placements implemented in decreasing CRE infection risk. METHODS:CRE colonization screening and various CRE patient placements were performed across CRE high-risk departments (PICU, NICU, neonatal wards and hematology departments) between 2017 and 2018, respectively. FINDING:In 2018, more than 80% neonatal CRE positive patients were isolated using single room or same room isolation, and more than 50% non-neonatal patients were, with no cohort placement. The CRE nosocomial infection incidences decreased from 1.96% to 0.63% in NICU, and from 0.57% to 0.30% in neonatal wards (all P<0.05) while no significant changes were found in the other departments. The CRE colonization incidence at different length hospital stay (LOS) decreased at 8-14days and >14days LOS in CRE high-risk departments (all P<0.05). In addition, 62.5% clinical strains, 66.7% screening strains, and 74.1% nosocomial infection strains were belonged to CC17 complex group in neonatal isolates; while, 56.6%, 47.5% and 100% strains mentioned above were belonged to CC11 complex group in non-neonatal isolates respectively. The predominant carbapenemase gene was blaNDM-1 (98%) in neonatal and blaKPC-2 (70%) in non-neonatal CR-KP stains. CONCLUSIONS:Active CRE colonization surveillance and CRE positive patient propriety placement may decrease the CRE infection risk. Neonatal and non-neonatal CR-KP isolates showed different CRE molecular characteristics, which could further benefit CRE infection precaution and antibiotic therapy.

In the present study, Getah virus (GETV) isolate, GETV-V1, was isolated from a commercial PRRSV attenuated live vaccine (MLV), which has been widely used to immunize pigs against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Further analysis demonstrated that nine batches of the PRRSV MLV vaccine (three batches per year from 2017 to 2019) from the same manufacturer were all positive for GETV. Genomic analyses indicated that the GETV-V1 isolate shared the highest sequence identity with the GETV strain, 16-I-674, which was isolated from horses in Japan. The phylogenetic analysis based on the genomic sequences showed that the GETV-V1 strain was clustered with the Japanese GETV strains. Taken together, this is the first report of GETV contamination in live swine vaccines in China. Our findings demonstrate that immunization with commercial live vaccines might be a potential novel route of GETV transmission in swine. This highlights the need for more extensive monitoring of commercial live vaccines.

Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis), one of the major pathogens causing reproductive tract disorders in laying hens, leads to a reduction in egg production and increased mortality, caused by either single or mixed infections with other pathogens. As a specific virulence factor of G. anatis, the role of GtxA in layers' salpingitis remains unclear. In this study, we explored the effect of GtxA on G. anatis infection by comparing wild strain Yu-PDS-RZ-1-SLG (RZ) and its GtxA deleted counterpart RZΔgtxA in primary chicken oviduct epithelial cells (COEC). Their adherence, invasion, cytoxicity, and ability to induce apoptosis and and cytokine secretion were evaluated and the cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion of the recombinant GtxA protein and its N-terminal adenylate cyclase and C-terminal RTX hemolysin domain were also analyzed. We found that the adhesion ability of RZΔgtxA was significantly lower than that of parental strain RZ, and its toxicity to COEC was weakened; Meanwhile, apoptosis was inhibited and the expression of IL-6, IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ were dramatically reduced in COEC infected by RZΔgtxA. In contrast, the recombinant protein GtxA inhibited the proliferation of oviduct cells and induced obvious cytotoxicity, and the expression of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ were up-regulated in COEC interacted with recombinant proteins. Our study indicates that GtxA promotes G. anatis adherence to cells, changes cells permeability and expression of inflammatory factors, resulting in cell damage and apoptosis.

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics of pediatric methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection and the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates. Methods: The clinical data of children with MRSA infection and antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates from 11 children's hospitals in Infectious Diseases Surveillance of Paediatrics (ISPED) group of China between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018 were collected retrospectively. The children's general condition, high-risk factors, antimicrobial therapy and prognosis, differences in clinical disease and laboratory test results between different age groups, and differences of antibiotic sensitivity between community-acquired (CA)-MRSA and hospital-acquired (HA)-MRSA were analyzed. The t test and Wilcoxon rank sum test were used for statistical analysis of the quantitative data and Chi-square test were used for comparison of rates. Results: Among the 452 patients, 264 were males and 188 were females, aged from 2 days to 17 years. There were 233 cases (51.5%) in the ≤1 year old group, 79 cases (17.5%) in the>1-3 years old group, 29 cases (6.4%) in the >3-5 years old group, 65 cases (14.4%) in the >5-10 years old group, and 46 cases (10.2%) in the>10 years old group. The main distributions of onset seasons were 55 cases (12.2%) in December, 47 cases (10.4%) in February, 46 cases (10.2%) in November, 45 cases (10.0%) in January, 40 cases (8.8%) in March. There were 335 cases (74.1%) CA-MRSA and 117 (25.9%) cases HA-MRSA. Among all cases, 174 cases (38.5%) had basic diseases or long-term use of hormone and immunosuppressive drugs. During the period of hospitalization, 209 cases (46.2%) received medical interventions. There were 182 patients (40.3%) had used antibiotics (β-lactams, glycopeptides, macrolides, carbapenems, oxazolones, sulfonamides etc) 3 months before admission. The most common clinical disease was pneumonia (203 cases), followed by skin soft-tissue infection (133 cases), sepsis (92 cases), deep tissue abscess (42 cases), osteomyelitis (40 cases), and septic arthritis (26 cases), suppurative meningitis (10 cases). The proportion of pneumonia in the ≤1 year old group was higher than the >1-3 years old group,>3-5 years old group,>5-10 years old group,>10 years old group (57.5% (134/233) vs. 30.4% (24/79), 31.0% (9/29), 38.5% (25/65), 23.9% (11/46), χ(2)=17.374, 7.293, 7.410, 17.373, all P<0.01) The proportion of skin and soft tissue infections caused by CA-MRSA infection was higher than HA-MRSA (33.4% (112/335) vs. 17.9% (21/117), χ(2)=10.010, P=0.002), and the proportion of pneumonia caused by HA-MRSA infection was higher than CA-MRSA (53.0% (62/117) vs. 42.1% (141/335), χ(2)=4.166, P=0.041). The first white blood cell count of the ≤1 year old group was higher than that children > 1 year old ((15±8)×10(9)/L vs. (13±7)×10(9)/L, t=2.697, P=0.007), while the C-reactive protein of the ≤1 year old group was lower than the 1-3 years old group,>5-10 years old group,>10 years old group (8.00 (0.04-194.00) vs.17.00 (0.50-316.00), 15.20 (0.23-312.00), 21.79(0.13-219.00) mg/L, Z=3.207, 2.044, 2.513, all P<0.05), there were no significant differences in procalcitonin (PCT) between different age groups (all P>0.05). After the treatment, 131 cases were cured, 278 cases were improved, 21 cases were not cured, 12 cases died, and 10 cases were abandoned. The 452 MRSA isolates were all sensitive to vancomycin (100.0%), linezolid (100.0%), 100.0% resistant to penicillin, highly resistant to erythromycin (85.0%, 375/441), clindamycin (67.7%, 294/434), less resistant to sulfonamides (5.9%, 23/391), levofloxacin (4.5%, 19/423), gentamicin (3.2%, 14/438), rifampicin (1.8%, 8/440), minocycline (1.1%, 1/91). The antimicrobial resistance rates were not significantly different between the CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA groups (all P>0.05). Conclusions: The infection of MRSA is mainly found in infants under 3 years old. The prevalent seasons are winter and spring, and MRSA is mainly acquired in the community. The main clinical diseases are pneumonia, skin soft-tissue infection and sepsis. No MRSA isolate is resistant to vancomycin, linezolid. MRSA isolates are generally sensitive to sulfonamides, levofloxacin, gentamicin, rifampicin, minocycline, and were highly resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin. To achieve better prognosis. clinicians should initiate anti-infective treatment for children with MRSA infection according to the clinical characteristics of patients and drug sensitivity of the isolates timely and effectively.

We reported a GETV strain, named GETV-V1, was isolated from a commercial modified live vaccine (MLV) against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which is widely used on pigs in China.Further results showed that nine batches of MLV vaccine (three batches per year) from the same manufacturer between 2015 and 2017 were all positive for GETV.The complete genomes of the isolate were sequenced and it was found that the genomes of GETV-V1 had the highest similarities with a strain 16-I-674, which was isolated from the sick horses in Japan.This is the first report of GETV contaminant in live swine vaccine in China.Our finding demonstrates that vaccination of the commercial live vaccines might be contaminated and became a potential new route for GETV transmission in swine, pointing to the need for more extensive monitoring of the commercial live vaccines in China.