随着林业生态建设不断深入,更多山地、半山地、荒地、沙地用于植树造林,传统的林用机械不能满足有害生物防治要求,通过固定翼飞机、直升机、无人机、多功能绿化喷洒车、四轮拖拉机喷药泵5种林用机械防治光肩星天牛的防治效果和防治效率对比,结果表明,使用上述林用机械防治光肩星天牛成虫防治效果均达到90％以上,但每种机械的防治效果和效率各有优势,需根据不同的防治环境和防治条件,选用不同林用机械对光肩星天牛成虫进行喷雾防治,以便达到最理想的防治效果和效率.

2000—2014年在乌拉特前旗国家级杨树蛀干害虫中心测报点固定标准地设置试验样地,连续调查光肩星天牛成虫羽化情况,对光肩星天牛世代发生规律进行研究.结果表明:乌拉特前旗每年的光肩星天牛羽化数量有较大差异,呈现2年高峰、1年低谷的规律;连续观察标注光肩星天牛刻槽内的卵,成虫羽化规律呈现1年羽化1代与2年羽化1代交替,6—7月标注的光肩星天牛刻槽内的卵,在第2年全部羽化;8—9月标注的光肩星天牛刻槽内的卵,在第3年全部羽化;乌拉特前旗的光肩星天牛世代发生呈现1年1代与2年1代交替出现的周期变化,是由有效积温和本地区气候共同影响决定的.

通过打孔注药防治光肩星天牛成虫几种药剂对比药效试验,噻虫啉0.5 mL/cm的防效达95.5％,噻虫啉0.25 mL/cm的防效达90.1％,10％吡虫啉0.5 mL/cm的防效达92.4％,而且噻虫啉、10％吡虫啉对环境影响较小,可以替代40％氧化乐果作为打孔注药药剂,能逐步在大面积农防林防治中推广应用.

通过对乌拉特前旗常用的几种光肩星天牛防治措施进行对比,分析各种防治措施的优缺点,物理措施的防治效果明显,但费时费力,且工作效率不高;化学措施操作简单,防治效果比较理想,但容易对环境造成污染.文章提出了对光肩星天牛的防治应以人工招引大斑啄木鸟的生物控制措施为主、其他防治措施为辅的综合治理的方法,在使用化学措施和人工物理措施防治光肩星天牛的同时,要更多采用生物防治和生态调控技术.

In order to investigate how the Great Spotted Woodpecker(Dendrocopos major) utilizing feeding patches in winter,we carried out field survey on the farmland shelterbelt in Wulateqianqi County,Inner Mongolia,in January 2011 and from February to March in 2012.Focal sampling and all-occurrences recording methods were undertaken to determine the foraging behaviors of Great Spotted Woodpecker in foraging patches.Principal component analysis was used to evaluate the patch quality.Correlation analysis between the patch quality and foraging behavior items,such as foraging times,residence time,successful foraging times and successful foraging rate was undertaken to reveal the affection of patch quality on the foraging behaviors of the birds.The results showed that there were significant differences in the birds' foraging times,residence time,successful foraging times among different patches,but not in the successful foraging rate.Except for residence time,the differences of foraging behaviors between male and female were not significant.Patch quality had positively correlated with foraging times,residence time,successful foraging times,but not with the successful foraging rate.Great Spotted Woodpecker preferred to forage in high quality patches,not only foraging for longer time in them,but also selecting the patches much more frequently;the successful foraging rate was not affected by patch quality,that probably a survival instinct of them facing with different feeding environments.

<正>光肩星天牛是三北地区防护林的主要蛀干害虫,树干打孔注药防治光肩星天牛成虫技术作为一项成熟防治技术,在治理中幼林天牛虫害木中发挥了突出的作用,但由于长期使用氧化乐果作为杀虫药剂,不但污染环境,还容易使光肩星天牛产生抗性,因此林业生产上迫切需要使用筛选出的无公

Scleroderma guani Xiao et Wu was a parasitic hymenoptera of Anoplophora grabripennis.It was released artificially for controlling the larvae of Anoplophora grabripennis on Populus alba var.pyramidalis Bge.And the parasitism was investigated after a few days.The results showed that after releasing Scleroderma guani Xiao et Wu for 15 days,the larvae of Anoplophora grabripennis stopped to defecate.The parasitic rate of Scleroderma guani Xiao et Wu was 46.6%,and the controlling effect was 45.2%.Releasing Scleroderma guani Xiao et Wu can control Anoplophora grabripennis in farmland shelter belt of Populus alba var.pyramidalis Bge.

The old and improved imachining equipments for artificial nest of great spotted woodpecker were introduced.The improved equipment increased the machining speed and quality and allowed the batch production of artificial nest.And more,it laid a good foundation to attract great spotted woodpecker for the controll of Asian longhorned beetle for the popularization of in large-scale.

用随机抽样法调查内蒙古自治区乌拉特前旗地区构杞病虫害的发生种类和危害程度,结果发现:该地区有枸杞虫害12种,螨害2种,病害4种.其中有3种虫害危害严重,5种呈中度危害,另有4种害虫危害较轻;2种害螨均呈严重危害,而4种病害则属轻度危害.对危害严重的枸杞虫(螨)害和主要病害的防治方法及防治效果进行了介绍.

In Bayannaoer City of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, top trunk-cutting technique was one of the effective methods for controlling Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motsch.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in poplar shelter plantation. However, the new mechanical wounds and the sprouts of the poplar stump were easily infested by the poplar clearwing moths Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in spring. In one-to three-year-old poplar stumps and sprouts, the pest was found at high population density. Furthermore, the poplar stumps and sprouts would be dead under severe infestation. In May of 2007, 89.17% of poplar stumps were infested by P. tabaniformis and the population density was 3.40±0.21 larvae in each poplar stump on average. It was much higher than the lowest controlling standard (0.3 larvae per tree). At last, the researcher suggested specific strategy for controlling P. tabaniformis based on the special environment in poplar shelter plantation.

The Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis is a wood-boring beetle that,upon severe outbreaks,causes great damage in the artificial shelter-forest of the Three-Northern Areas.The great spotted woodpecker Picoides major is one of the natural predators of A.glabripennis.P.major is also a common species in Wulate Qianqi of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and is widely distributed in the artificial shelter-forest.The wood-boring beetle is an important food source of P.major,especially during the winter.Despite the potential of P.major to control A.glabripennis populations,surprisingly little is known about their predator-prey interactions.This information is essential to predicting the efficacy of P.major as a control agent to A.glabripennis.Therefore,it is important to study how the predator responds to changes in prey density.From 2006 to 2008,fifteen study plots were selected,and the predation of P.major on A.glabripennis was examined with sample plot and trace investigation,the latter being in the field.The results showed that the function response of P.major to A.glabripennis was Holling Ⅲ,with a non-linear regression equation.The increase in predation capacity correlated with the increase in A.glabripennis density,within a certain density range.As the density of A.glabripennis increased,the predatory capability had a positive acceleration phase,then a negative acceleration phase,and finally a saturation state.Likewise,as the density of A.glabripennis increased,the predation rate initially increased,peaked,and was reduced in the end,with a non-linear regression equation.The results indicated that the numerical response was a positive reaction to density.In other words,the population density of P.major increased as the density of A.glabripennis increased.

The feeding habits of the Great Spotted Woodpecker（Picoides major） were surveyed by field observations and trace checking from 2005 to 2007,in Wulate Qianqi County,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China,during which the woodpecker performed fourteen types of foraging techniques.Pecking and hammering were most common in winter;gleaning and probing were most common at times of high food availability at the trunk and tree branches during the breeding season and in summer.The woodpecker gleans arthropods and insect larvae in the breeding season and summer,seeds and nuts mainly in the winter and pokes holes for sap-sucking in winter.The main diet consisted of arthropods and plant seeds.The diet was significantly different between seasons.The Great Spotted Woodpecker primarily consumes defoliators and the food on tree trunks from March to October.The contribution of wood borers to the diet was higher in winter,lower in the breeding season and summer.The proportion of the food on ground was small in the breeding season and high in the summer and winter.

As one of the natural predators of Asian longhorned beetles Anoplophora glabripennis(Motsch.)(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae),the great spotted woodpecker Picoides major(Linnaeus) is endemic to Wulate Qianqi County and is widely distributed in the artificial shelter-forest of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region.From December 2006 to January 2007,the rate of predation on A.glabripennis by P.major was investigated in Wulate Qianqi County in 27 field plots,where P.major and A.glabripennis coexist and in which trees were damaged by A.glabripennis.In addition to the field studies,24 host trees of A.glabripennis were cut down for further examination.Data on the quantities of A.glabripennis,including beetles which were pecked by P.major,were collected from each field plot and every cut-down tree.The data showed that the pecking rate of P.major foraging for A.glabripennis was 14.91% in low damaged plots,19.86% in medium damaged plots and 13.93% in the high damaged plots,respectively.The rate of pecked A.glabripennis found above 6 meters was 27.25%.That was noticeably higher than the rate of pecked A.glabripennis found under 6 meters on the trees,(16.18%).Results also showed that P.major preferred old A.glabripennis larvae over young larvae in both the damaged plots and at greater heights.These results suggest that P.major foraged for A.glabripennis selectively:i) exhibiting a high selectivity in the medium damaged plots;ii) preferentially selecting the appropriate damaged heights;iii) preferentially selecting older larvae,while occasionally selecting a few young larvae.Finally,the reasons of foraging selectivity are discussed in relation to economic factors and methods;such as cost-benefit analysis,trade-off of foraging and risk,and predation risk analysis,based on optimal foraging theory.

Daytime behavioral pattern of Great Spotted Woodpecker (Picoides major)at the wood in cropland environment was investigated in Wulateqianqi County,Inner Mongolia in 3 summers (July-August) and 3 winters (December to February) from 2005 to 2008.By using animal-focus method we found that foraging and pecking were the most frequently recorded behaviours.A significant difference was found between different behaviours in the daytime.Behavioral rhythm was obvious in summer with a rest peak at midday,while in winter the bird neither showed a rest peak at midday nor obvious behavioral rhythm.No significant difference was found in behavioral patterns between male and female.The daytime behavioral pattern of Great Spotted Woodpecker was significant difference between summer and winter,the birds spent longer time for movement in summer than that in winter.