The Asian longhorned beetle is native to China and Korea, and was found for the first time outside its native habitat in the U.S.A. in 1996, with subsequent detections being made in Canada and several European countries.We review the taxonomy, distribution, basic biology, behaviour, ecology and management of endemic and exotic Anoplophora glabripennis, including information that is available in the extensive Chinese literature.This species has caused massive mortality of Populus species in China and models have demonstrated that it could become established in many locations worldwide.Anoplophora glabripennis is polyphagous but prefers Acer, Salix and Populus, section Aigeiros.Although A. glabripennis adults do not disperse far when surrounded by host trees, they have the potential to fly more than 2000 m in a season.Volatile organic compounds from preferred host trees are attractive to A. glabripennis and this attraction is heightened by drought stress. Males and females orientate to a volatile released by female A. glabripennis and males attempt to copulate after contacting a sex pheromone on the female cuticle.At present, A. glabripennis is being (or has been) eradicated from areas where it has been introduced. After detection, extensive surveys are conducted and, if breeding populations are detected, at the very least, infested trees are removed and destroyed. Close attention is paid to imported solid wood packaging material to prevent new introductions.Standard practice to control A. glabripennis in China is to spray insecticides in tree canopies. In North America, largely as a preventative measure, systemic insecticides are injected into trees. Entomopathogenic fungi have been developed for the control of A. glabripennis, and entomopathogenic nematodes, coleopteran and hymenopteran parasitoids and predatory woodpeckers have been investigated as biocontrol agents.Ecological control of A. glabripennis in China involves planting mixtures of preferred and nonpreferred tree species, and this practice can successfully prevent outbreaks.

The Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis is a wood-boring beetle that,upon severe outbreaks,causes great damage in the artificial shelter-forest of the Three-Northern Areas.The great spotted woodpecker Picoides major is one of the natural predators of A.glabripennis.P.major is also a common species in Wulate Qianqi of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and is widely distributed in the artificial shelter-forest.The wood-boring beetle is an important food source of P.major,especially during the winter.Despite the potential of P.major to control A.glabripennis populations,surprisingly little is known about their predator-prey interactions.This information is essential to predicting the efficacy of P.major as a control agent to A.glabripennis.Therefore,it is important to study how the predator responds to changes in prey density.From 2006 to 2008,fifteen study plots were selected,and the predation of P.major on A.glabripennis was examined with sample plot and trace investigation,the latter being in the field.The results showed that the function response of P.major to A.glabripennis was Holling Ⅲ,with a non-linear regression equation.The increase in predation capacity correlated with the increase in A.glabripennis density,within a certain density range.As the density of A.glabripennis increased,the predatory capability had a positive acceleration phase,then a negative acceleration phase,and finally a saturation state.Likewise,as the density of A.glabripennis increased,the predation rate initially increased,peaked,and was reduced in the end,with a non-linear regression equation.The results indicated that the numerical response was a positive reaction to density.In other words,the population density of P.major increased as the density of A.glabripennis increased.

The feeding habits of the Great Spotted Woodpecker（Picoides major） were surveyed by field observations and trace checking from 2005 to 2007,in Wulate Qianqi County,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China,during which the woodpecker performed fourteen types of foraging techniques.Pecking and hammering were most common in winter;gleaning and probing were most common at times of high food availability at the trunk and tree branches during the breeding season and in summer.The woodpecker gleans arthropods and insect larvae in the breeding season and summer,seeds and nuts mainly in the winter and pokes holes for sap-sucking in winter.The main diet consisted of arthropods and plant seeds.The diet was significantly different between seasons.The Great Spotted Woodpecker primarily consumes defoliators and the food on tree trunks from March to October.The contribution of wood borers to the diet was higher in winter,lower in the breeding season and summer.The proportion of the food on ground was small in the breeding season and high in the summer and winter.

The great spotted woodpecker,Picoides major,is the most common and best-known woodpecker species in China.It can suppress the population of boring pests and has attracted much attention from experts.In order to know and protect P.major for further control against forest boring pests, we summarized the literature related to P.major and provided a brief overview on its taxology,morphology,biology,foraging,nest & habitat selection and its controlling function in this paper.In addition,the prospective research on P.major was also expounded.

As one of the natural predators of Asian longhorned beetles Anoplophora glabripennis(Motsch.)(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae),the great spotted woodpecker Picoides major(Linnaeus) is endemic to Wulate Qianqi County and is widely distributed in the artificial shelter-forest of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region.From December 2006 to January 2007,the rate of predation on A.glabripennis by P.major was investigated in Wulate Qianqi County in 27 field plots,where P.major and A.glabripennis coexist and in which trees were damaged by A.glabripennis.In addition to the field studies,24 host trees of A.glabripennis were cut down for further examination.Data on the quantities of A.glabripennis,including beetles which were pecked by P.major,were collected from each field plot and every cut-down tree.The data showed that the pecking rate of P.major foraging for A.glabripennis was 14.91% in low damaged plots,19.86% in medium damaged plots and 13.93% in the high damaged plots,respectively.The rate of pecked A.glabripennis found above 6 meters was 27.25%.That was noticeably higher than the rate of pecked A.glabripennis found under 6 meters on the trees,(16.18%).Results also showed that P.major preferred old A.glabripennis larvae over young larvae in both the damaged plots and at greater heights.These results suggest that P.major foraged for A.glabripennis selectively:i) exhibiting a high selectivity in the medium damaged plots;ii) preferentially selecting the appropriate damaged heights;iii) preferentially selecting older larvae,while occasionally selecting a few young larvae.Finally,the reasons of foraging selectivity are discussed in relation to economic factors and methods;such as cost-benefit analysis,trade-off of foraging and risk,and predation risk analysis,based on optimal foraging theory.

The Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major (L.), one of the natural predators of Anoplophora glabripennis (Motsch.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is resident to Wulate Qianqi County of the Inner Mongolia and widely found in shelter plantations. In August 2005 and 2006, 174 and 153 nest-cavities of Great Spotted Woodpeckers were found respectively in Wulate Qianqi County and 22 breeding nest-cavities were investigated in 2007. The results showed that mostly willow species were selected for nesting by the Great Spotted Woodpecker, but mature poplar trees also could be chosen. Nest cavities were often found with a protuberance above the cavity entrance or with a downward sloping gradient, or both. The selection of the height of the nest-cavity height was not significant. The vertical diameter of the nest-cavity entrance (VDE) and the horizontal diameter of the nest-cavity entrance (HDE) ranged from 5.0 to 5.8 cm. The results also indicated that the compass orientation of more than 60% of nest-cavities were towards the north, northeast and east. This study suggests a convergence of some nest-cavity characteristics of the Great Spotted Woodpecker in shelter plantations and will help us to make artificial nest for conserving the woodpecker and, as well, use the bird for controlling pests.

Daytime behavioral pattern of Great Spotted Woodpecker (Picoides major)at the wood in cropland environment was investigated in Wulateqianqi County,Inner Mongolia in 3 summers (July-August) and 3 winters (December to February) from 2005 to 2008.By using animal-focus method we found that foraging and pecking were the most frequently recorded behaviours.A significant difference was found between different behaviours in the daytime.Behavioral rhythm was obvious in summer with a rest peak at midday,while in winter the bird neither showed a rest peak at midday nor obvious behavioral rhythm.No significant difference was found in behavioral patterns between male and female.The daytime behavioral pattern of Great Spotted Woodpecker was significant difference between summer and winter,the birds spent longer time for movement in summer than that in winter.

From a bioassay for virulence of some entomogenous fungi against the larvae of the pine sawyer,Monochamus alternatus,Bb202 was chosen for production of non-woven fabric bands impregnated with B.bassiana.The bands and pure spores were used for field test.In the field plot,Bb202 was used in two different methods:hanging the fungal bands on pine trunks and spraying Bb202 spore powder.The results showed that the percentage of infested trees in the treated plot declined by 0.9% with the relative decline rate of 31.1%.The mortality of M.alternatus larvae was 61.8% in the fungal band plot,52.5% in the sprayed plot and 45.6% in control plot.In a cage test,the mortality of M.alternatus larvae was 41.9% in the fungal band plot,62.0% in the sprayed plot and 32.3% in control plot,suggesting that B.bassiana suppressed M.alternatus population obviously.

Data Grid is an emerging technology to provide uniform access and management of the large scale distributed scientific datasets. To enhance the accessing performance, replica is an ideal solution for the Data Grid. But in the wide-area network environment, to maintain the consistency of those replicas is not a simple task because of the resource's autonomy and the network's instability. In this paper, a new asynchronous model is proposed, which could avoid the inconsistency in spite of the possible network congestion and system failure. This model could be more suitable for the resource autonomy characteristic, putting fewer burdens on storage resources, and it is also easier to implement while providing more scalability for the grid system. And then a detailed implementation, use case and some further research plans are described.

Large distributed systems require an efficient sharing of various heterogeneous file resources. This paper describes the inherent status and requirements Of three components of grid file sharing: Grid File Producer, Grid File System and Grid File Consumer. Basing on the analysis of grid file sharing components, architecture of grid file sharing and a using model is proposed, which is supposed to facilitate the researches and development of Grid File System.

After nonwoven fabric bands impregnated with Beauveria strains ND and MT were released for biological control against Anoplophora glabripennis with cages in willow forest,the affected adults of A.glabripennis were collected and cultured in lab for strain re-isolation.The esterase isoenzymes of different isolated strains were analyzed by gel electrophoresis.The isolated strains were classified through clustering analysis for further analyzing the spreading and cross-infection ability of Beauveria spores.The results indicated that A.glabripennis could be effectively infected by Beauveria within a radius of 50 m. And Beauveria spores showed spread and epidemic potential.

A suitable medium,95% wheat bran +5% maize flour + 5% soybean powder,was chosen for mass production of Beauveria bassiana for solid-state fermentation,and the spore count of primary product was up to 244.7×10~(8) conidia per gram.The optimal conditions for solid-state fermentation in a 25m~(3) solid fermentator were as followings.Initial water content of the medium was 60%~65%.The best aeration ratio was: 0 in first 12h,1:2 in 12~48h and 1∶1 after 48h.In order to emit heat released by substantial growth of mycelium,it was necessary to control the temperature from 12h to 48±8h.As to the desiccating process,the optimal condition was with dried air at normal temperature to keep conidia viable.

Three field experiments using cages were conducted in Anhui, China, to test the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against adult Asian longhorned beetles, Anoplaphora glabripennis (Motschulsky). The use of two commercially available Beauveria spp. strains,. Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Beauveria brongniartii (Saccardo) Petch, applied as cultures in fiber bands fastened around tree trunks, was compared with trunk sprays in the first cage experiment. Longevity of A. glabripennis was decreased by both strains compared with controls, with females killed earlier by B. brongniaitii than by B. bassiana. This decrease in longevity was independent of the application method used. In addition, oviposition scars per cage and daily oviposition rate per female were also reduced by both strains, showing a sublethal effect of the entomopathogens. After 10 d, conidial viability was still high on the bands but was drastically reduced when the strains were sprayed onto tree trunks. In-the second cage experiment, four strains proven to be highly pathogenic in the. laboratory, were applied as bands alone. During the second cage experiment, daily temperatures were much higher and relative humidities were much lower than during the first cage experiment, and these conditions probably reduced fungal pathogenicity and decreased the sublethal oviposition reduction effect. It was demonstrated that one other B. bassiana strain and one Metarhizium, anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin strain reduced male A. glabripennis longevity. None of the four strains tested had any significant effect on A. glabripennis when applied as 15-d-old bands in a third field experiment.

Use of 50×500mm non-woven fiber bands impregnated with cultures of entomopathogenic fungi was investigated for control of Anoplophora glabripennis. Fungal bands produced as a commercial pest control product and obtained from industry contained Beauveria brongniartii NBL 851 while lab-produced bands contained B. brongniartii WU 20 or Metarhizium anisopliae VD 1. In the laboratory, adult longevity decreased when adult A. glabripennis were forced to walk for 5s on bands impregnated with B. brongniartii NBL 851 and for 25s on B. brongniartii WU 20 and M. anisopliae VD 1 bands. A field experiment was conducted over a 31-day period in Huaiyuan, Anhui, China, by attaching bands impregnated with B. brongniartii NBL 851 or WU 20 around the trunks of willows (Salix sp.) at two sites infested with A. glabripennis. Treatments were compared directly, by monitoring adult longevity, and indirectly, by counting oviposition scars and exit holes per tree to quantify relative oviposition per female. Adults collected from trees treated with B. brongniartii WU 20 died more quickly than adults from the trees treated with B. brongniartii NBL 851 or controls. At the site with higher A. glabripennis population densities, relative oviposition per female was significantly lower for both fungal treatments compared with the control treatment. Between fungal treatments, B. brongniartii NBL 851 had a 5 day earlier negative effect on oviposition per female than B. brongniartii WU 20.

Wheat bran medium was shosen to make non-woven fabric bands impregnated with B.bassiana according to the amount of the spores produced on the bands and the economic factor. The optimal conditions for making bads were: inoculationat normal temperature with the ration of 1:3.5 and suitable inoculation temperature at 25℃ with an optimal humidity of 90%-95% for 6-7 days. The amount of spore produced on the bands could be 1.2×10~(8)/cm~(2)in average.

785 traces of vertical components from shallow earthquakes recorded by 10 CDSN (Chinese Digital Seismographic Network) stations and 5 GSN (Global Seismographic Network) stations were collected to study the attenuation characteristics ofL g coda in the Chinese continent and its adjacent regions. The records were processed first using the stack spectral ratio method to obtain the average values ofQ 0 (Q at 1Hz) and η, the frequency dependence, ofL g coda in the ellipses corresponding to the paths. The back-projection technique was then employed to obtain the tomographic maps ofQ 0 and η values, and the distribution of their errors. Results indicate that in the studied areaQ 0 varies between 200 and 500. The lowest value ofQ 0 exists in the Yun-nan-Tibetan region, while the highest value ofQ 0 occurs in the southern edge of Siberian platform. η varies between 0.3 and 0.8. For most part of the studied area η varies inversely withQ 0.