ВОЗМОЖНОЕ ДИАГНОСТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ СНИЖЕНИЯ СЫВОРОТОЧНОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ АЛАНИНАМИНОТРАНСФЕРАЗЫХрипач Л.В. 1 , Алексеева А.В. 1 , Савостикова О

Summary. Introduction: Today, the growing human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields is of serious concern to the population and the international scientific community. Sources of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in residential areas include mobile radio base stations, signal repeaters, wireless broadband access points, TV and radio transmitters, satellite earth stations, radar and radio relay stations. Launching of 5G mobile networks will further complicate the electromagnetic situation in inhabited areas, especially in megacities where the size of exposed population is the largest. In the system of measures contributing to protection of the population from adverse health effects of electromagnetic fields, standards (regulations and other documents establishing electromagnetic fields permissible levels) play a significant role and lay the foundation for organizational and technical measures of protection. High importance of standards in ensuring electromagnetic safety served as the basis for our study. The objective of the study was to perform a comparative analysis of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields standards for inhabited areas and approaches to setting electromagnetic fields exposure levels adopted by different countries and international organizations. Methods: We reviewed of some aspects of biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, regulations setting electromagnetic fields exposure limits in different countries and recommended by ICNIRP, and approaches to establishing those limits. Conclusions: We found a significant discrepancy in radiofrequency electromagnetic fields limits adopted in different countries, the legal status and scope of regulatory documents. Differences in the methodology for the development, adoption and approval of electromagnetic fields standard accompanied by differences in their legal status prevent uniform EMF standard setting.

Introduction. One of the important steps in assessing the nanoparticles (NP) safety is the analysis of mutagenic activity, including the evaluation of gene, chromosomal, and genomic mutations. Material and methods. The purpose of this investigation is to study the ability of different NP aqueus suspensions and the same compounds in microforms to unduce gene mutations in Salmonella/microsome test (Ames test). Anatase titanium dioxide NP coated with simethicone (33.16 ± 16.7 nm, 5-50000 μg/ml), magnetite NP coated with silicate (10 nm, 0.92-575 μg/ml), silver NP coated with аrabian gum (14 ± 0.2 nm, 5-50000 μg/ml), aluminum hydroxide nanofibres (50-70 nm, 24-3000 μg/ml) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Taunit MWСNTs, outer diameter 15-40 nm, inner diameter 3-8 nm, length 2 and more microns, 5-50000 μg/ml). In parallel, the mutagenic activity of equivalent microparticles was evaluated in experiments. Ames test (Salmonella/microsomes) registers gene mutations induced by a different mechanism of action, in the variant with preincubation. A set of Salmonella typhimurium indicator strains: TA 100 (base pair substitution mutations), TA 98 and TA 97 (mutations of the frameshift type of the genetic code) were used. Using addition the S9 microsomal activating mixture during the experiment makes it is possible to determine the effect not only of the substances themselves, but also of their metabolites. Conclusion. The investigated nanomaterials as well as their micro analogs in the studied dose range did not induce gene mutations in the Ames test both in presence and absence microsomal activating mixture.

The article contains the analysis of modern approaches to determining the limits of the electromagnetic field of radio frequencies. The international discussion about the safe limits of electromagnetic radiation has been going on for half a century. In the 21st century, the national policy of electromagnetic safety is determined by the socio-economic priorities of countries and national legal principles of evidence of harm to health to a greater extent, than scientific data. There are three main approaches to determining the limits of electromagnetic fields. The Anglo-Saxon approach is based on the principle of passive regulation, i.e. using the recommended values of the permissible level of the electromagnetic field. The Soviet-Russian approach is based on establishing the maximum permissible level of the electromagnetic field, which guarantees no harm to present and future generations. The term of the maximum permissible level is historically associated with the concept of the priority of the nervous system responses to the influence of the electromagnetic factor. The state assumes responsibility for the scientific justification of the limit levels and implements the control functions for their observance, which allows excluding any harm to health. The third approach is based on the precautionary principle, the concept of which was first introduced in German law. It is aimed at preventing harm, in the absence of unambiguous, reliable scientific data and, in fact, it is a socially-oriented approach that takes into account social consensus in the context of the development of new technologies. Respectively, this approach implies strict maximum permissible levels (technically achievable), as well as a system of formal restrictions on placement of the electromagnetic field sources in the “susceptible” territories. Separately from the above approaches, a method of managing the safety of the electromagnetic environment in China has been formed: since 2015, electromagnetism has been fully attributed to environmental factors and is controlled by the Ministry of environmental protection. China has abandoned the hygienic regulation of the anthropogenic electromagnetic field, and the system, for establishing and monitoring the electromagnetic environment indices, combines elements of all three mentioned above approaches.

В связи с антибактериальными, противогрибковыми, противовирусными и противовоспалительными свойствами серебро, а в последние годы также наносеребро (НС) широко используется в различных сферах деятельности человека. Однако установлено, что наноматериалы приобретают новые свойства, в том числе в отношении токсичности. Цель исследования — изучить влияние НС и ионной формы серебра — сульфата серебра (СС) на соматические клетки мышей in vivo. Использована модель, максимально приближенная к условиям воздействия на человека, — при поступлении с питьевой водой. Исследовали эффект частиц НС, покрытых аравийской камедью (диаметр 14 ± 0.3 нм), и СС в концентрациях 0.1; 5; 50 и 500 мг/л при двухнедельном воздействии. Проведен цитомный анализ, включающий учет микроядер и других ядерных аномалий в клетках костного мозга, легких, толстой кишки и мочевого пузыря. Эффект НС и СС в стандартном микроядерном тесте на клетках костного мозга не выявлен. НС повышало цитогенетический эффект в 1,9 раза по отношению к контролю в месте поступления — толстой кишке при действии концентрации 50 мг/л; в легких доля клеток с микроядрами повышалась в 3 раза при действии НС 500 мг/л. В толстой кишке подтвержден эффект НС по снижению уровня пролиферации in vivo, ранее установленный другими авторами in vitro. СС повышал долю клеток с цитогенетическими повреждениями в толстой кишке (50 мг/л) в 1,9 раза, а в мочевом пузыре (50 мг/л) — в 1.3 раза. Наблюдаемые эффекты необходимо учитывать при оценке риска этих соединений.

Angiomyxoma is a rare benign tumor prone to aggressive and invasive growth and relapse. Very few case reports of tumors with this morphology have been published in the world literature. In this paper, we report a rare case of penile angiomyxoma, which illustrates that any preoperative examination does not allow physicians to suspect this tumor type. This fact makes physicians be alert for cancer and use the active surgical tactics even if a tumor is supposed to be benign.

A high bactericidal activity of silver nanoparticles (NHS) suggests the possibility of their use in the preparation of drinking water. On the example of human peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in micronucleus test with cytochalasin B, effects of genome instability were investigated in a concentration range of 0.005-5.0 mg / l of silver nanoparticles (NHS) with a size of 14.3 ± 0.2 nm (Ag14) and 100.0 ± 11.0 nm (AG100), stabilized with gum acacia and for comparison , those of Ag2SO4 (silver ions). In the same range of concentrations . All substances were suspended or dissolved in drinking water.The results showed that the NPS had genotoxic and cytotoxic effects that made them unsuitable to improve the quality of drinking water. Effects of genome instability determined by the frequency of dividing cells with micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges, as well as inhibition of mitotic activity, decrease of proliferative activity and increasing duration of the cell cycle came down in series of Ag2SO4 >> Ag100 >> Ag14. However, frequency rise of asymmetric 3-nucleated cells due to aneuploidy induction was the most characteristic of Ag14 particles.

Due to their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties, silver and, in recent years, nanosilver (NS) have been widely used in various fields of human activity. However, it has been found that nanomaterials acquire new properties, including those with respect to toxicity. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of NS and the ionic form of silver, silver sulfate (SS), on somatic mice cells in vivo. A model that is closest to the conditions of exposure to humans, namely the supply of NS and SS with drinking water, is used. The effect of NS particles coated with gum Arabic (diameter 14 ± 0.3 nm) and SS at concentrations of 0.1, 5, 50, and 500 mg/L upon 2-week exposure is studied. A cytom assay, including counting the micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies in the cells of the bone marrow, lung, colon, and bladder, was conducted. No effect of NS or SS on bone-marrow cells is revealed in the standard micronucleus test. NS at a concentration of 50 mg/L increases the cytogenetic effect by 1.9 times at the place of action, the colon, when compared to the control. In the lungs, the rate of cells with micronuclei is increased threefold under the action of NS at a concentration of 500 mg/L. The effect of NS on reducing the proliferation level in the colon is confirmed in vivo; this effect has been previously found in vitro by other authors. SS at a concentration of 50 mg/L increases the rate of cells with cytogenetic lesions in the colon and bladder by 1.9 and 1.3 times, respectively. These effects should be considered when assessing the risk of these compounds.

The cytogenetic and cytotoxic activities of nanosilver particles and silver sulfate in germ cells in vivo were studied in a model similar to the potential impact on humans for the first time. We investigated nanosilver particles with a diameter of 14 nm coated with gum. The substances were ingested by male CBAB6F1 mice for 14 days with drinking water over a wide range of concentrations: 0.1, 50, and 500 mg/L (0.01, 5, and 50 mg/kg). Silver nanoparticles caused a slight statistically significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated spermatids to 0.57‰. Genomic instability affects the cell kinetics: it resulted in an increase in apoptosis from 3.4% (control) to 6.4% (50 mg/L), and it reduced the level of multinucleated spermatids from 15.6% (control) to 11.1% (50 mg/L). This phenomenon can be seen as a compensatory response aimed at death of genetically damaged cells and the expedited renewal of round spermatids by the disintegration of multinucleated spermatids. The minimally tested concentration of silver sulfate increased apoptotic activity. No other changes in the same mode of action of silver sulfate were observed, indicating a more pronounced effect of silver nanoparticles when compared to its ionic form in the germ cells of mice.

INTRODUCTION:Overactive bladder (OAB) is one of the most common syndromes of lower urinary tract dysfunction. Besides standard therapy using anticholinergic medications, comprehensive management of overactive bladder includes physiotherapy.AIM:To test the clinical effectiveness and safety of autonomous electrostimulation device "Erektron" in treating OAB in women.MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study was conducted at the Urology and Gynecology Clinic of the Innovative Medical Technology Center between 25.04.2014 and 30.01.2015. It included 20 women with newly diagnosed OAB both with and without urinary urgency incontinence or urinary stress incontinence. The patients were divided into 2 groups. All patients were treated with the first line anticholinergic agent solifenacin 5 mg daily. In patients of group 1, anticholinergic therapy was administered concurrently with intravaginal electrostimulation using "Erektron" device.RESULTS:In both groups, the treatment resulted in positive results, but a more pronounced improvement was found in group 1 patients with mixed incontinence.CONCLUSION:Autonomous electrostimulation device MT-RV "Erektron" can be used in comprehensive management of patients with OAB, including those with stress urinary incontinence.

There were investigated morphofunctional indices of liver and kidney in male outbred rats in the dynamics of the 6-months consumption of water after its noncontact activation. There were studied 4 experimental groups of animals consumed waters named as "Anolyte" and in dependence on the activation time, 3 types of catholyte water ("Catholyte--5", "Catholyte--25", "Catholyte--40"). Moscow tap water settled for a week served as control. "Anolyte" water was found to increase in the kidney the number of hypertrophied gromeruli only in 6 months, while the consumption of "Catholyte--25" water and especially, "Catholyte--40" in 1 and 6 months caused the damage of liver and kidney, and for the index of alteration of renal glomeruli after 6 months of water consumption there was revealed the dependence on the activation time of "Catalytes".

There are discussed the changes of an array of indices of the oxidative status in chronic administration of colloidal calcium carbonate preparation with faucet and low-mineralized drinking water to rats. Slight differences between significant effects of administration of 3 and 30 mg/L of preparation permit to suggest that the process of its incoming delivery into organism of rats has a bottleneck in the nature of total capacity of macrophages of intestinal lymphoid tissue to absorption of particles.

For the first time the multiorgan karyological analysis of five organs of rats was applied for the study of the cytogenetic and cytotoxic action of the four types of non-contact electrochemically activated water in the 30-days in vivo experiment. The effects of investigated waters were not detected in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes. "Anolyte" (ORP = -362 mV) did not have a negative effect on rats. "Catholyte-5" (ORP = +22 mV) and "Catholyte-25" (ORP = -60 mV) induced cytogenetic abnormalities in the bladder and fore stomach. The same catholytes and "Catholyte-40" (ORP = -10 mV) changed the proliferation indices: increased the mitotic index in the fore stomach epithelium and reduced the frequency of binucleated cells in the fore stomach, bladder and lungs. The increase in the rate of cells with cytogenetic abnormalities on the background of the promotion of mitotic activity can be considered as a manifestation of the negative effect, typical for catolytes, but the effect of each out of them has its own features.

Mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and activated carbon in low doses (0.028 and 0.074 mg/kg) were studied for the first time in an experiment on mice in vivo when administered with drinking water for 2 weeks. We studied Taunit MWCNTs with an outer diameter of 15–40 nm, inner diameter of 3–8 nm, length of 2 μm or more, and specific geometrical surface of 0.4–0.5 m2/g and Flotosorb A activated carbon, powdered carbon with a particle size of less than 0.1 mm. Suspensions of nanomaterials were investigated after ultrasonic homogenization using a multiorgan karyological test with an analysis of cytogenetic damages, proliferation, and apoptosis in isolated cells of several organs. The mutagenic effects of MWCNTs and active carbon were detected in cells of the forestomach and lungs, respectively. The cytotoxic effect of both substances was found in the epithelium of the forestomach, small intestine, bladder, and bone-marrow and lung cells according to changes in biomarkers of proliferation and/or destruction of the cell nucleus.

A comparative analysis of the effect of silver nanoparticles (SNP) with a diameter of 14 nm and silver sulfate (SS) on biochemical indices of the state of the organism under the administration of preparations with drinking water to mice F1 CBAxC57Bl (from 0.1 to 500 mg Ag/l for 2 weeks) and nonlinear rats (from 0.01 to 5 mg Ag/l within 6 months) has been performed In the experiment on mice there was found an increase in activity of glutathione reductase (GR) in erythrocytes under the administration of both drugs and reduction of antiradical activity of serum--under the introduction of SNP only. The administration of low doses of SNP in the experiment on rats caused much less pronounced changes in serum markers of the state of the liver; kidneys, protein and lipids metabolism in comparison with equivalent doses of the SS, that as a whole with the qualitative differences on GR activity in erythrocytes satisfactorily was explained by activation of phagocytic cells with nanoparticles. Thus, for the first time the SNP biological effects in animals were shown to be caused both by the exposure to solubilized Ag+ ions and by the response of cells to the surface of the nanoparticles themselves.

There was investigated the dynamics of 1-, 3- and 6-month exposure to 4 doses of silver nanoparticles of size 14.3 +/- 0.05 nm stabilized with gum arabic, and 4 doses of silver sulfate on the liver of male outbred rats by 13 cell morphofunctional indices. As the solvent to obtain a working solution there was used distilled water solutions of different conccentrations were obtained on the base of Moscow tap water cleaned out by a charcoal filter. The animals had free acccess to the drinkers with the studied water. For silver sulfate as a control intact rats served, for silver nanoparticles--acacia gum. The increase in the number of polyploid hepatocytes, micronekroses and discomplexation of hepatic beams and the decreasing the number of reticular endothelial system cells in the liver were shown to permit to evaluate the effect of 6-month nanosilver exposure to the liver at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg as pronounced harmful (Fel), 0.023 mg/ kg--as LOAEL, and 0.0028 and 0.0006 mg/kg--as NOEL. The effect of silver sulfate in doses of 0.28 and 0.03 mg/ kg is assessed as pronounced harmful (Fel), 0,0028 mg/kg--as LAOEL and 0.0005 mg/kg--as NOEL. More earlier detection of toxicity of silver sulfate as Fel (at 3 months) and in smaller doses indicates its greater toxicity to the liver than silver nanoparticles.