The effect of land use on the formation of the metabolome of typical Chernozem is studied. Typical Chernozems (Haplic Chernozems) of four land uses—55-year-old permanent bare fallow, the plot untilled for 21 years after permanent bare fallow, and 4-year field experiments with zero tillage and traditional tillage—from the long-term field experiments at the Kursk Federal Agricultural Research Center (Cheremushki, Kursk oblast, Russia) are analyzed. To study the soil metabolome, the water extracts of both fumigated and nonfumigated soil samples are assayed for the contents of dissolved organic (DOC) and microbial biomass (Cmic) carbon species using high-temperature catalytic oxidation; the soil metabolites are analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The effect of postagrogenic Chernozem transformation on the accumulation of labile soil carbon species is demonstrated by the case study of the plot untilled for 21 years. Plowing of Chernozems in the absence of plant litter decreases the content of labile carbon. A positive effect of no-till practice on the content of labile carbon species is observable at the level of a trend. According to metabolomic analysis, 21 compounds involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and nitrogenous substances are identified in Chernozems. The Shannon diversity index shows that tillage has a negative effect on the complexity of metabolic profiles in Chernozems. Untilled Chernozems and those under permanent fallow conditions display the most contrasting metabolic compositions with the prevalence of metabolites having plant and microbial origin, respectively. The metabolites of a plant origin tend to accumulate in the chernozem under no-till conditions. The components of the carbohydrate metabolism are prevalent in the metabolomic profile of arable chernozemic soils and the components of nitrogen and lipid metabolism predominate in the untilled soils.

Structural peculiarities of the organic component of dissolved organic matter (DOM) of typical chernozems (Protocalcic Chernozem), differing in the principal direction of soil organic matter transformation (accumulation or mineralization), were analyzed in relation to the mineral composition of DOM. Spectrometry in the ultraviolet and visible range and fluorescence spectroscopy were applied to characterize the structural features of the organic component. These approaches are most often used for these purposes due to the rapidity and accessibility of instruments. The content of mineral elements (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Si, and Zn) was determined by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. It has been revealed that DOM of plowed chernozems, where mineralization is the leading process of organic matter transformation, is characterized by increased indices E2/E3, BIX, and SUVA254, which indicates a smaller molecular mass (MM) and a greater contribution of organic matter of microbial origin and of aromatic structures to the composition of DOM as compared to soils not involved in agricultural use. The analysis of the mineral component has shown that Si and Ca are the main elements in DOM. The involvement of chernozems in agricultural use results in a decrease in Ca content and in an increase in Si, Fe, and Al content, which reflects greater weathering of the mineral matrix of chernozems. The rank correlation analysis has revealed significant relationships between the structural characteristics of DOM (E2/E3, SUVA254, MM, BIX, and T) and the content of mineral elements (Ca, Al, Fe, and Si), which testifies to the influence of weathering processes on the formation of soil DOM.

ICP-MS method was used to study the elemental composition of benthic Baikal algae and algae of the genus Spirogyra, excessive growth of which was registered within the last decade in the littoral zone of Lake Baikal. The distribution of chemical elements in Spirogyra algae (Spirogyra “morphotype 1”) dominating stony littoral locations is as follows: Na ~ K ~ Ca ~ S ~ Ba > Mg ≥ P > Mn ≥ Cl) and Spirogyra spp. from tributary streams, shallow coves and bays with soft bottom grounds—Na > K ≥ Ca ~ S ~ P ~ Ba ≥ Mg, Cl > Mn. Spirogyra algae were characterized by higher content of Li, Na, Mn, Ba and atypical ratio of element concentrations: Na > P, Na ≥ K and Ca, Mn > Fe, Ba ~ Ca and S, Ba > Sr compared to benthic Baikal algae. Maximum total content (∑ С ) of all detectable elements, ∑С Na Mg P S Cl Ca Li Al Si Mn Zn Ba, ∑С Na Cl P Mn are typical Spirogyra “morphotype 1,” dominant on littoral areas located in the vicinity to sources of heaviest wastewater emissions. Overgrowths of other Spirogyra species, capable of accumulating larger amounts of Li, Na, Cl, Br than Spirogyra “morphotype 1” are also confined to such pollution sources.

Методом ИСП-МС определен элементный состав байкальских бентосных водорослей и водорослей рода Spirogyra, массовая вегетация которых отмечена в последнее десятилетие в литорали оз. Байкал. В составе бентосного морфотипа спирогиры, доминирующей на участках каменистой литорали (Spirogyra "morphotype 1"), – следующее распределение элементов: Na ~ K ~ Ca ~ S ~ Ba > Mg ≥ P > Mn ≥ Cl; в составе неприкрепленных ко дну Spirogyra spp. из притоков, неглубоких бухт и заливов с мягкими донными грунтами: Na > K ≥ Ca ~ S ~ P ~ Ba ≥ Mg, Cl > Mn. Водоросли рода Spirogyra отличаются по элементному составу от байкальских бентосных водорослей более высоким содержанием Li, Na, Mn, Ba и нетипичным соотношением концентраций элементов: Na > P, Na ≥ K и Ca, Mn > Fe, Ba ~ Ca и S, Ba > Sr. Максимальное суммарное содержание (∑С) всех определяемых элементов, ∑С Na Mg P S Cl Ca Li Al Si Mn Zn Ba, ∑С Na Cl P Mn характерны для Spirogyra "morphotype 1", доминирующей на участках литорали, расположенных возле наиболее мощных источников хозяйственно-бытовых стоков. К таким источникам приурочен массовый рост и других видов спирогиры, накапливающих больше, чем Spirogyra "morphotype 1", Li, Na, Cl, Br.

Abstract. The soils of a model site in Severnaya Bay, affected by fire in June 2015, on Bolshoy Ushkany Island (Lake Baikal) were studied. About 70% of the Island taiga burned. The bloom of cyanoprokaryotes in the coastal zone and their massive wash-ups were observed in this bay a year later, in summer 2016. When studying the soils at two points of observation (a high and a low-intensity fire), we focused on geochemically congugated soil profiles. Wildfire strongly affected top soil horizons (4 5 cm), entailing changes in charred roots biomass, soot, charcoal and structural aggregate stability. Migration and accumulation of total organic carbon (30 35 mg/g), N-NH4 (40 mg/kg), phosphates (104 mg/kg) detected at the foot of the slope, were 1.5 3 times higher than the content of these elements in the unburned soil. The slope migration of pyrogenic carbon was traced studying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Retene, a marker of wood combustion, comprised 80-90% of PAHs. In the upper part of the slope, PAH was 270 ng/g, in the transit position 47 ng/g. In the lower part, due to the accumulation of pyrogenic organic compounds, the content of PAH increased to 100 ng/g. Post-pyrogenic slope erosion was detected a year after the fire in Severnaya Bay. Biogenic migration and accumulation in the beach area (including interstitial water) can have consequences as a potential factor in the eutrophication of Lake Baikal coastal zone.

The ICP-MS method was used to study chemical elemental composition of the invasive species Elodea canadensis Michx. at Lake Baikal littoral sites with different degree of anthropogenic load. It is found out that dominant macroelements in E. canadensis are K > Ca > Na > P > Mg > S > Cl, dominant microelements are Fe, Mn > Si, Sr > Al, Ba, Zn > Br, B. The content of Ca, Sr, Mg, B and Si in E. canadensis samples are characterized by the least variability, and Na, P, Cl, K, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Cd, I, Pb contents are more variable. The maximal heterogeneity in distribution is characteristic for lithophilous elements (Be, Al, Ti, Cr, Mn, Y, Zr, Nb, REE (rare earth), Hf, Ta, W, Th) as well as for Fe, Co, Sn, Sb, Bi. Maximal contents of Na, Cl, K and P associated with income of household waste waters into the near-shore zone is found in Elodea samples collected in Frolikha vent and at littoral sites adjacent to such populated areas as Gremyachinsk, Maksimikha, Nizhneangarsk. The elevated level of Zn, Cd, Pb is characteristic as well for the samples collected at the littoral sites with a high anthropogenic charge (Listvyanka settl., Bugul’deyka, Nizhneangarsk, Maksimikha village and Gremyachinsk).

In a model laboratory experiment on infertile arable soil with low biological activity, it was found that the introduction of glyphosate leads to a short-term change in the intensity of the main processes of microbial transformation of nitrogen in the soil. When incubating soil with glyphosate at the maximum recommended dose of 8 l/ha for 22 days, there is an increase in nitrogen-fixing and denitrifying activity by 30–80% and 300% and a decrease in the nitrification process by 20–40%. The effects are of a short-term nature and do not reflect the entire complex of ongoing microbiological processes: no effect of glyphosate was detected on the emission of CO2, which is an integral indicator of biological activity. At the end of incubation in the soil with the introduced glyphosate, there was an increase in the number of bacteria by 40% and a decrease in the number of micromycetes by 70%. In general, under the selected conditions, the introduction of glyphosate led to a marked deterioration in the biological activity of the soil. By the method of multisubstrate testing, it was shown that under the action of the herbicide there is an increase in the value of the coefficient of rank diversity of the consumption spectra of substrates d, accompanied by a decrease in the specific metabolic work W and the integral vitality index G. It was shown for the first time that when glyphosate is introduced into soil with low biological activity and availability of phosphorus and the herbicide is degraded along the sarcosine pathway with a break in the C–P bond, excluding the formation of toxic metabolites, there is a pronounced negative effect of glyphosate on soil microorganisms, which leads to inhibition of wheat plant growth.

The article deals with the problems associated with the participation of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in the economic sanctions imposed against Russia by the European Union, especially those related to the restriction of imports of Russian energy resources by these countries. The authors analyzes the consequences of the sanction war for the economies of CEE countries, for the development of trade relations with Russia, including those resulting from the withdrawal of a number of CEE countries’ companies from the Russian market. The prospects for the restoration of economic ties between the CEE countries and Russia in the medium term are considered.

The review briefs and analyzes the quantitative data on the input and content of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in soil, their possible transformations, and toxicity. The currently available data on the AgNPs content in soil are exclusively based on simulation results and vary in a wide range from 5.33 × 10–6 to 7.4 µg/kg at an annual input rate of 1.2 × 10–3 to 9.68 µg/kg. The main variants of AgNPs transformation in soil (interactions with soil solid phase, soil colloids, and dissolved organic matter and oxidation–reduction) that lead to preferential AgNPs retention in the upper soil layer are outlined. A comparison of the data on the AgNPs content in soil and the conditions of toxicological experiments demonstrates that the toxicity in most experiments has been assessed for an AgNPs concentration of 102–105 µg/kg soil, which is at least tenfold higher as compared with the estimates for actual conditions. Analysis of the existing concepts of the AgNPs translocation from soil to plants suggests no current risk of contamination of agricultural products with AgNPs. Some data demonstrate that the negative effects of AgNPs on microorganisms increase with the time of exposure. Thus, it is necessary to assess the effects of AgNPs in soil in long-term experiments (over 90 days) at the nanoparticle concentration not exceeding 10 µg/kg.

The main environmental risks in the area of landfills are considered, all aspects of their technological reclamation using waste from the Baikal PPM are discussed. The data on the creation of soil and grounds using lignin-destroying microbiological preparations are presented. The final stage of the remediation of the Solzan landfill is the creation of cadastral maps 8, 9, 10 modern forest nurseries on the site, protected by flood and mudflow protection structures.

Under laboratory conditions, the decomposition of glyphosate with the formation of aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and its effect on the total abundance of bacteria and fungi as well as the number of copies of genes encoding the enzymes C–P lyase of α-proteobacteria ( phnJ ), acid and alkaline phosphatase ( phoC and phoD ) and Fe protein of nitrogenase ( nifH ) in agro-sod-podzolic soil (Epialbic Retisol) were determined. It was shown that when applying glyphosate in recommended doses (5–10 mg/kg), only 5–7% of the introduced herbicide were detected after 14 days, but when the dose was increased to 100 mg/kg, this value increased up to 23%. Decreasing the rate of the herbicide degradation was observed only during the first week of incubation and was accompanied by a decrease in the number of copies of the phoC , phoD , and nifH genes and an increase in the abundance of fungi. The obtained results indicate that glyphosate was mainly degraded by means of C–P bond breaking and the formation of phosphates, and also suggest possible inhibition of the nitrogen fixation process. It is shown that at an application dose of glyphosate of 100 mg/kg may lead to the accumulation of AMPA, the first metabolite of the herbicide degradation pathway, formed after the C–N bond break. Bioassay using wheat showed that when applying glyphosate at a dose of 100 mg/kg, an inhibition of plant development was observed: the length of the roots and the biomass of the shoots reduced by 60 and 20% compared to the control, respectively. Based on the data obtained, it was proposed to use the reduction in the content of copies of the phoC gene and the increase in the number of copies of ITS rRNA as indicators of the predominant decomposition of glyphosate through the sarcosine pathway. The decrease in the number of copies of ITS rRNA gene by 40% or more can be used as an indicator of the possibility of AMPA accumulation during glyphosate degradation.

n increasing rate of the use of nanoparticles necessitates regarding them as a new class of toxicants. Nanodiamonds hold a special position because of their use in consumer goods, such as fuels and lubricants, which increases the risk of soil pollution with these nanoparticles. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of water-soluble soil components on the electrokinetic potential (ζ-potential) and size of detonation nanodiamonds. Water extracts from 15 zonal soil samples were studied. Addition of nanodiamonds to soil water extracts caused an increase in the weighted average hydrodynamic diameter of nanodiamonds from 24 to 69–683 nm and a drop in absolute ζ-potential from –22 to –(11.2–19.50) mV; an increase in the absolute ζ-potential to –34.5 mV was observed in one case. The highest increase in the size of nanodiamonds was detected in the extracts with high pH values and high Ca/(Fe + Al) ratio. The observed inverse correlation of the ζ-potential of nanodiamonds with the extinction coefficient of the dissolved soil organic matter E_465^OC,0.01% and the iron content in water extracts suggested that the stability of nanodiamonds could increase in soil solutions in the presence of low molecular weight components of dissolved soil organic matter and at high iron concentrations. Generally, the obtained results allow us to assume that coagulation of nanodiamonds and a decrease in their mobility in soil are due to their interaction with water-soluble soil components. Water extracts from solonetzes are an exception, because the mobility of nanodiamonds in them may increase.

Application of monoammonium phosphate has been demonstrated to re-immobilize glyphosate sorbed by soil under model laboratory experiment conditions. This effect was most pronounced in the gray forest soil (Haplic Phaeozem), where the concentration of herbicide in the presence of fertilizer was 3.6 times higher than in its absence. For soddy-podzolic soil (Albic Retisol) and leached Chernozem (Luvic Chernozem), this ratio was 1.5 and 2.8, respectively. Thus, the introduction of monoammonium phosphate into soils contaminated with glyphosate may result in an increase of the risk of herbicide migration into the neighboring environments. The estimated number of functional genes of bacteria responsible for glyphosate degradation by means of the C–P bond cleavage did not show statistically significant effect of the fertilizer on the number of copies of the phnJ gene, encoding the C–P lyase of α- and γ-proteobacteria. The release of glyphosate was not accompanied by any adverse effects on the length and biomass of wheat plants.

In order to study the chemicals drainage into the lake near-shore zone from burnt out forest territories by ICP-MS method, we determined elemental composition of soils from forest territories in the shore zone on Bolshoy Ushkaniy Island, which were damaged by the fire, which were not damaged by the fire, of ash from burnt anthills, of grounds and water of near-shore zone adjacent to sites of burnt forest and of forest site, which was not burnt (background one). The research found out that the shore zone with damaged by fire vegetation and soil cover and burnt anthills, compared to background site, is a more abundant source of mobile chemical compounds, especially of P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Zn, Mo, Cd, Ba. Their considerable part with surface flow and interflow migrate out of soil profile, accumulate temporarily in the base of shore scarp and are transferred gradually into the adjacent to the shore scarp zone of splash and further, into the lake shallow water zone.

Experimental data on size distribution of micro- and macroaggregates and primary soil particles were obtained by laser diffraction analysis of the samples of humus horizons of the zonal soil sequence (from Retisols to Kastanozems) in European Russia. Both undisturbed native soils and agricultural soils were analyzed. The relationships between the parameters of the size distribution of aggregates, microaggregates, and primary particles were valuated. The parameters of the size distribution (content of the particles and their mean-weight diameter) were compared with data on the contents of water-stable aggregates, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and pH. Size distribution of primary particles in the humus horizons of Endocalcic Chernozems had a bimodal pattern. A positive linear correlation between the contents of microaggregates and organic carbon was found to occur only when the latter exceeded 2–3%. An index of the size distribution of microaggregates—the minimum size of stable microaggregates—was proposed; it can be determined as an intersection point of differential curves of size distribution of microaggregates and primary particles. For this index, a negative correlation with the soil pH was found. It was supposed that the observed correlation reflects the coagulation of soil colloids, when their electric charge is compensated.

The article focuses on trade relations between Russia and Central and Eastern European countries - the new EU members. Their development has not yet been adequately addressed in the economic discourse, neither in Russia nor abroad. Based on extensive statistical material, an analysis of evolution of these relations is provided and the issues of their commodity structure evolvement are analyzed. The study suggest that the current state of Russia's trade relations with the CEE countries does not correspond to the economic potential of the partners. In order to significantly increase trade turnover and correct its asymmetric structure, it is necessary to modernize and diversify the Russian economy, establish currently almost non-existent cooperation ties between Russian and Eastern European companies and to increase investment cooperation, which in recent decades has become a major factor in the development of world trade. One of the important prerequisites for transforming the current trade pattern between Russia and the CEE-8 countries lies in the sphere of relaxing the animosities and easing the tensions that exist in the relations between Russia and the EU.

138 Design of humic-based iron nanofertilizers: iron (hydr)oxide chemistry, nanoscale benefits, and multilevel impact of humic substances Polyakov A.Yu., Cieschi M.T., Sorkina T.A., Zimbovskaya M.M., Lebedev V.A., Volkov D.S., Pankratov D.A., Kulikova N.A., Perminova I.V. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, a.yu.polyakov@gmail.com Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain Management Company RUSNANO, LLC, Moscow, Russia Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland