Ways to increase the efficiency of the electric spark method of wastewater purification from heavy metal ions by increasing the stability of discharges and reducing energy losses are shown. General regularities of changes in the electrical characteristics of a multi-spark underwater discharge distributed in a layer of a mixture of iron and aluminum granules from the parameters of the discharge circuit have been revealed. The dependencies of the power amplitudes of electric spark discharges in a layer of metal granules on time under conditions of different combinations of inductance and capacitance of the discharge circuit are formalized, the regularities of energy input into working reactors to regulate the conditions and efficiency of purification are considered.

The purification of multicomponent galvanic effluents with the help of the electrospark method using metal loadings (Fe, Al) and low-voltage (up to 1000 V) equipment has been studied. It is shown that the degree of cleaning depends on the specific energy of processing, the height of metal loading of the reactor, and, to a lesser extent, on the pulse energy and the speed of its input into the liquid under treatment. The concentrations of heavy metals (Ni2+, Zn2+, Cr6+ + Cr3+, Cu2+, Fe (Σ)) in the treated water are significantly lower than their maximal permissible concentration values regulated by the developed countries.

The results of experiments to reduce the instability of spark load parameters using a model of spatial electrospark dispersion for metal and graphite granules by varying the capacitance of a capacitor bank and charging voltage are presented. The conditions for spark process stabilization in a layer of metal and graphite granules are determined. The influence of the capacitance of a capacitor bank and charging voltage on the efficiency of energy distribution in the discharge circuit is shown.

Distinctions and general regularities of the electric characteristics of discharges have been experimentally studied using a model of spatial electrospark dispersion for different parameters of an electric circuit, with the replacement of water by a hydrocarbon medium, the presence or absence of synthesized powder materials in it, and the application of graphite granules in the place of metal ones. The results are presented in this work.

The effect of the processes of the electrodischarge treatment of organic fluids and appearing gases onto carbon nanomaterials (CNM) and hydrogen has been experimentally studied. It is shown that the three-stage treatment of organic fluids and appearing gases in a flowing mode allows for the increase the efficiency of raw material processing and for obtaining various CNM with different electrophysical properties depending on the type of the raw material and catalysts used.

The effect of the processes of the electrodischarge treatment of organic liquids and the generated gases on carbon nanomaterials (CNM) and hydrogen has been experimentally studied. It is shown that the three-stage treatment of organic liquids and the generated gases in a flow mode allows the increase of the efficiency of the raw material processing and obtaining various CNM with different electrophysical properties depending on the type of the raw material and catalysts used.

The paper deals with an experimental investigation of the dependence of output powder-like products in the process of continuous electrodischarge synthesis of carbon nanomaterials and pyrolytic treatment of concomitant gas mixtures on the structure and properties of raw materials – liquid organic compounds – alcohols, acyclic and cyclic saturated hydrocarbons.

It was studied experimentally how the yield of the powder products in the process of continuous electrodischarge synthesis of carbon nanomaterials and the pyrolytic treatment of the concomitant gas mixtures depends on the structure and properties of the raw materials. Liquid organic substances-alcohols and acyclic and cyclic saturated hydrocarbons-were used as the raw materials.

A continuous and nonwaste process is proposed, which consists of a set of simultaneous operations on electrical discharge treatment of the carbon liquid in the reactors. The liquid is exposed to high temperatures and pressures generated by the discharge plasma, selection and separation of the processed substance in the filter or centrifugal separation device. Then follows recirculation of the purified material in the closed hydraulic system. The manufactured product, depending on the method used for selection and separation, is a thick, pasty mass, or a dry powder mixture containing various modifications of carbon fullerenes, nanotubes and nanodiamonds in the amount of up to 10% of the total weight. The prototype of the electrical equipment has been buit to provide the processing performance from 0.02 to 1.5 kg/hour. It has the maximum installed power of 5 kWA, and its specific energy consumption ranges from 0.1 to 10 MJ/ kg. The pulsed power source with microprocessor control has been designed for industrial applications. It allows achieving the maximum pulse repetition rate value of 200 Hz, which is limited by the time of the medium relaxation and dielectric strength restoration in the discharge gap. This ensures flexible regulation and a shift in the corresponding processing performance of the single-reactor systems in the range from 0.4 to 30 kg/hour. This technology is complemented with the developed method for enrichment of the produced ultrafine powder. It consists in the original sequence of physical and chemical methods (magnetic separation, acid treatment, chromatographic purification, etc.) and can increase the target selectivity of the processed products.

Based on the experimental results and the data published in the literature, the specific features and qualitative distinctions of electrolytic binary metal-oxide systems (such as V-Mn, Co-Ni, Co-Cr, Mn-Ni, and Mn-Cr) from the individual oxides contained in them are studied. In a binary system, these oxides react to form a complex structurally homogeneous conglomerate. The precipitates of the binary compounds are characterized by a fine-grained close-packed structure of mainly columnar (filamentous) type, which results from the mutual suppression of the growth of the basic and alloying metal-oxide components.

A continuous and nonwaste process is proposed that consists of a set of simultaneous operations concerning the electrodischarge treatment of carbon liquid in reactors through exposure to high temperatures and pressures generated by a plasma discharge channel, the selection and separation of the processed sub-stance in filtering or centrifugal separating devices, and the recirculation of the purified material in a closed hydraulic system. The product, depending on the method used for the selection and separation, is a thick pasty mass or a dry powder mixture containing various modifications of carbon: fullerenes, nanotubes, and nanodiamonds (up to 10% of the total weight). A prototype of the electric equipment has been built to provide processing performance of from 0.02 to 1.5 kg/hour. It has a maximum installed capacity of 5 kV A, and the specific energy consumption ranges from 0.1 to 10 MJ/kg. The surge-current generator with microprocessor control was designed for industrial applications. It allows achieving the maximum discharge pulse recurrence frequency of 200 Hz, which is limited by the time of the medium’s relaxation and the dielectric strength’s restoration in the discharge gap. This ensures the versatile regulation and a shift in the corresponding processing performance of the single-reactor systems in the range from 0.4 to 30 kg/hour. This technology is complemented with the developed method for the enrichment of the produced ultrafine powder. It consists of an original sequence of physical and chemical methods (magnetic separation, acid treatment, chromatographic purification, etc.) and can increase the targeted selectivity of the processed products.

complex structurally homogenous conglomerate. The chaSpecific peculiarities and quality differences between the electrolytic binary metal-oxide systems (V–Mn, Co–Ni, Co–Cr, Mn–Ni, Mn–Cr) and individual oxides contained therein have been investigated on the basis of the experimental and literature data. The individual oxides interact with each other in the binary system, forming a complex structurally homogenous conglomerate. The characteristic feature of deposits of binary compounds is finegrained close-packed structure of predominantly columnar (filamentous) type, resulting from the mutual suppression of growth of the basic and alloying metal-oxide components.

Various schemes for processing liquid hydrocarbons to synthesize nanocarbon materials through the high-voltage electric breakdown of organic liquids are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of the reperiodic and continuous cyclic process schemes have been studied.

Various technological schemes of processing of liquid hydrocarbons to synthesize nanocarbon materials by high-voltage electrical discharge in organic liquids are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of re-periodic and continuous cyclic processing schemes were studied.

Using the method of polarization curves (E-lgI a), kinetics of anodic processes at electrolytic codeposition of MnO 2 and chromium oxides was investigated. It was found that co-deposition of chromium oxides led to substantial reduction of the current yield and speed of generation of the basic anodic product. Structure of combined residues of Mn and Cr formed on the anode differs from MnO 2 structure considerably, which is manifested by reduction in size of crystalline grains with simultaneous transformation thereof into columnar configuration. Formation of columnar (filamentary) structure is explained by advanced nucleation and growth of MnO 2 crystals, development of which along the base surface is blocked by molecules and microcrystalline aggregates of chromium oxide compounds. That provides for growth of developing grain normally to substrate surface by means of superposition of MnO 2 two-dimensional nuclei.

Using the method of polarization curves (E-lgI (a)), the kinetics of the anodic processes during the electrolytic codeposition of MnO(2) and chromium oxides is studied. It is found that the codeposition of chromium oxides leads to a substantial reduction in the current efficiency and the rate of formation of the basic anodic product. The structure of the combined residues of Mn and Cr formed on the anode considerably differs from the structure of MnO(2), which is shown in the reduction in the size of the crystalline grains with their simultaneous transformation into a columnar configuration. The formation of a columnar (filamentary) structure is explained by the advanced nucleation and growth of the MnO(2) crystals, the development of which along the surface of the base is hindered by molecules and microcrystalline aggregates of chromium oxide compounds. Owing to this, the resulting grain grows normal to the substrate surface via the superposition of two-dimensional MnO(2) nuclei.

On the basis of analysis of scientific papers and experimental data, possible mechanisms of anodic formation of oxide compounds (by the example of Со 2О 3) and relevant phase transformations during electrolysis in the aqueous solution of cobalt sulfate are described. Mechanism of anodic formation of Со 2О 3 molecules with involvement of adsorbed oxygen and phase formation process, taking into account volumetric structure of oxide molecules, is offered. The surface morphology of investigated sediments proves that they are built up by means of step growth of crystals and formation of large-sized crystal grains displaying certain tendency to spheroidization. Proceeding from Gibbs-Thompson equation for electrochemical system which correlates the value of electrode potential with radius and specific free surface energy of the nucleus, possible energy relations of anodic nucleation of metal-oxide compound are considered.