ln recent decades anc ent parchment study has rece ved much attent on A though the number of i parchment studies has increased, there is currently no bib liometric perspective addressing this topic. The purpose of this study was to analyse the intellectua l base and academic research frontier using C iteSpace , a b ib liometr ic v isua lisat ion and ana lys is software . We retr ieved 164 art ic les pub lished in print or online as early-access articles between 2008 and 2023 from the Web of Science through a , topic search related to parchment. Then, we analysed synthesised networks of co-authorship , , (authors, institutions, countries), co-citation (authors, documents, journals), and co-occurring keywords were analysed. The annua l publication output has trended upward since 2008. Authors , , based in Italy accounted for 29.3% of the tota l publications, followed by England (16.5%), and overall, publications from Europe were the most influentia l. Such evidence also hints at the historical , trajectory of the spread and use of parchments. Based on keyword analysis, micro-Raman , , spectroscopy, Paleolithic bone surface microtopography, European cultura l heritage, non-invasive molab investigation and art forgeries are among the most studied methods. The major research themes identified included the characterisation of parchment samples using spectroscopic techniques, the ageing mechanism and protection of parchment paper, the conservation and anti- counterfeiting of cultura l heritage objects. Emerging themes included proteomic studies and molecular biology analysis. It is foreseeable that future research on parchment or even cultural , heritage w ill be characterised by the tendency toward non-destruction and digitalisation, as we ll as multidisciplinary intersection and parallelism of multiple means to deepen our understanding of ancient parchment.

Folk contract documents (FCD) are valuable materials for studying social history, and the paper they use reflects the social realities of different eras and social classes. Research and scientific analysis of numerous FCD samples after the fourteenth century are rare. We conducted a study on 96 Tianshui folk contract documents (TFCD, 107 paper samples) from the Tianshui area of Gansu Province, Northwest China, taking into account both the textual content and the materiality of paper carriers, and interpreted the results from multiple lines of evidence and discussion. Physical performance analysis revealed that the paper used by the northern folk exhibits a lower apparent density, which is not conducive to the long-term preservation of paper. The preservation status investigation, curtain pattern analysis, and fiber analysis show that the paper used in the TFCD differs from traditional cultural paper regarding disease types, production precision, and fiber materials, providing a basis for its protection and restoration. The analysis of chemical components indicated that the aging and yellowing of paper can be correlated with the content of sulfur and carbonyl groups. The feasibility of using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analysis to quickly identify papermaking fibers in a large number of paper samples was proposed. By utilizing various techniques to inspect the paper of documents, this study helps to enhance the academic understanding of FCD materials. In addition, it expands the knowledge base of Northwest handmade paper.

为探讨豆浆水浓度对宣纸润墨性的影响,本文通过自制浓度呈梯度变化的豆浆水对宣纸进行熟化处理,采用墨滴晕散实验,利用MATLAB编程,从墨滴晕散面积、墨滴形状以及墨滴灰度三个方面进行综合研究.结果表明:当豆浆水浓度在0～12wt.％之间时,宣纸润墨性变化不大;在12wt.％～16wt.％时,润墨性能变化显著;高于16wt.％后,墨滴完全结为墨膜,墨滴晕散面积不再增加.造成上述现象的原因是胶膜在纸面和纤维间隙中的存在状态,随着豆浆水浓度的增加,豆浆水在纸内和纸面上形成的胶膜也同步增加,导致涂布液干燥后成膜密度增加,进而影响了纸面对液体的吸收性,即影响了宣纸的润墨性.

Porcelain green paper is a famous processing paper in ancient China, and the relic made of porcelain green paper is often museum treasure. There are few records and researches on porcelain green paper, and there is a lack of systematic knowledge of its composition and production technology, making it difficult to carry out scientific protection and restoration of relics made by porcelain green paper. In order to further deepen the understanding of ancient porcelain green paper, three-dimensional video microscopy, Raman spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and fiber analysis were employed to analyse the raw materials and manufacture process of one early Ming dynasty porcelain green paper sample. The result indicated that the dye on the sample matched the Raman peak position of indigo, and in the range of 1 570-1 701 cm(-1), the stretching vibration of the C = C bond, C = 0 bond and N-H bond conjugate system is the characteristic absorption peak of indigo dye molecules. The sample's strong Raman peak at 1 570 cm(-1) is consistent with the Raman spectral characteristics of indigo, so it can be identified as indigo, which is also consistent with a long history of planting bluegrass and extracting indigo as a dye in China. The scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis indicated that the main elements of paper such as 5, Ca, Al, Si, and Mg should come from filler or coating. The paper has been filled and coated in order to improve the paper opacity, permeability, and gloss, but also ruled out the possibility that the sample blue dye is azurite, lapis lazuli or natural ultramarine blue. There are transverse nodules on the fiber wall, a colloidal membrane on the outer fiber wall, a small amount of calcium oxalate crystal in the fiber, and more yellow amorphous wax on the fiber. These characteristics are similar to that of tapa and mulberry bark fibers. Therefore, the base paper of porcelain green paper should belong to the bark paper, the strength of the bark paper fiber is relatively strong, so it is not easy to hydrolyze in the dyeing process. Therefore, the production process of the porcelain green paper is as follows: indigo dye is dyed on one side of the bark paper filled and coated, then superimposed up and down. This study can deepen the understanding of the materials and technology of Ming porcelain green paper making and provide a basis for the research, protection, restoration and reproduction of porcelain green paper relics.

Natural minerals are commonly used coloring materials in cultural relics such as ancient Chinese painting and calligraphy, which are more stable than plant dyes. However, it is difficult to successfully color the paper with a single natural mineral powder. This paper discusses the natural orpiment pigment coloring paper method, namely using alkyl glycoside as surfactant, sodium alginate as adhesive, mixed with natural mineral pigment preparation liquid, complete the purpose of a single mineral powder paper coloring, and get sodium alginate∶alkyl glycoside∶distilled water is 1.5∶1∶50 better color ratio.

本研究采用热裂解气相色谱质谱分析、扫描电子显微镜-能谱分析和偏光显微分析,对新疆和阗地区民国时期和阗行政长公署钞票进行科学分析.结果表明,该纸币所用纸张由桑皮制作,填料较丰富,使用了碳酸钙、高岭土和滑石粉,并用植物淀粉进行施胶.本文探讨桑皮纸应用于制作纸币的实物情况,补充了该类纸币仅有文献记载缺少工艺记载的空缺,探究新疆和阗地区桑皮纸应用于制作纸币的工艺.

In practice, correction fluid to mask text errors has been continuously in demand since papers began to be predominantly used since the late fourth century AD in ancient China. However, research on the trajectory of correction fluid composition has been largely overlooked and has not been revealed currently. In this study, a multianalytical approach was used to investigate a thin whiteout layer, used as correction fluids applied in 1890, on a book page from the famous Imperial Encyclopedia (1726 bronze-type repaint version). The results showed that the white layer was composed of hydrocerussite ((PbCO3)(2)& BULL;Pb (OH)(2)) in mixture with plant oil and a tiny portion of calcium carbonate, which had been applied to conceal the originally printed Chinese characters upon which they were rewritten in preparing photographic negatives for reprinting using photolithography. The analysis results also suggest that lead white was likely domestically made using a local lead ore source by the wet synthetic process. Considering the prolonged use of orpiment (As2S3) as a correction fluid ingredient in Chinese tradition, a trajectory to lead white suggests not only advances in pulping and papermaking technology but also a shift in cultural habits and aesthetic psychology in the late Qing Dynasty.

Gold sprinkled paper is a traditional processing paper with a long history and good decorative effect in China. It is widely used in writing, painting, and binding. The application of gold-sprinkled paper has a long history, during which it spread to Korean Peninsula, Japan with great popularity. Gold sprinkled paper is processed by various processing techniques, which fully shows the unique paper decoration technology and artistic aesthetics in ancient China. There are still many kinds of cultural relics made by gold sprinkled paper, but few relevant researches on scientific and technological analysis exist. Using the optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometer and infrared spectrometer, this paper analyzes the structure and composition of a gold sprinkled paper sample from the Qing Dynasty, and at the same time, the "sprinkled gold" material and technology of traditional gold sprinkled paper were discussed. It shows that the sample's "sprinkled gold" area is foil. Besides, the metallic luster wasdetected by optical microscope and electron microscope. The results illustrate that Al, S, K, Cu, Ag and Au show obvious gradient distribution, which is consistent with the shape and contour of "sprinkled gold" particles. Further analysis shows that the main color pigment Au, Ag and Cu is half-life impurities. What's more, Mg, Al, Si, S, K, Ca and other elements should mainly come from fillers, such as common talc (Mg-3 [Si-4,O-10(OH)(2)), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), etc. Infrared spectrum analysis shows that the characteristic absorption peaks of 1 105 and 662 cm of "sprinkled gold" material are consistent with the O S-O bond stretching and bending vibration peaks of Sff,, 1 106 and 662 cm (1), and the characteristic absorption peaks of 1 641 cm (1) and 3 277 similar to 3337 cm (1) are consistent with the characteristic absorption peaks of gelatin. Combined with Al, S and K in the above results, it suggests that there is alum water in sprinkled gold material. That is, the adhesive is made of gelatin Alum (KA1(SO4)(2) " 12H(2)O) plays the role of connecting material in "sprinkled gold" material. It is inferred from this research that the "sprinkled gold" of the sample is mainly colored by gold foil, using gum alum water as an adhesive and adding fillers such as talc and calcium carbonate. The research on the materials and technology of "sprinkled gold" of traditional gold sprinkled paper lays a foundation for the inheritance and development of traditional gold sprinkled paper, as well as the protection, restoration, reproduction and identification of cultural relics and works of art of gold sprinkled paper.

本文利用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术结合化学计量学方法对6种不同产地白绵纸进行鉴别分析,以此验证该方法在古籍印刷复制用纸鉴别中的可行性. 古籍修复时常借助于对所用纸张的分析获得一些修复用纸的依据,因此借助现代科学仪器设备对古籍印刷复制用纸进行无损鉴别分析具有十分重要的意义.

宣纸是中国造纸业的骄傲,但目前针对宣纸性能的研究中大多默认样品本身质量为稳定的,针对宣纸本身质量稳定性的研究较少.为了解宣纸质量稳定性,以一刀(一百张)净皮四尺单宣为样品进行基本性能的检测,并将各性能数据进行显著性差异分析,结果表明除样品紧度无显著性差异外,样品定量、厚度均表现出显著性差异,这可能是制作工艺限制等原因导致样品个体间、同一样品内部的质量品质均存在差异.因此在应用宣纸进行文物修复或相关研究时,应将宣纸本身质量的不均匀性纳入考虑范围.

本文通过对云舍村土家族传统手工造纸进行实地考察,叙述了该地土家族手工造纸的背景、工艺流程、工具及产品的使用.可知其造纸原料采用云舍村附近的嫩山竹,工序大致可分为十四个步骤;在此基础上,提出该地土家族造纸技术古今差异较小,其造纸方法属于生料法,且属于中国内地常用的抄纸法体系,最后讨论了云舍村土家族手工造纸的前景.

明胶是从动物的骨、生皮等结缔组织和硬骨组织中提取出来的胶原蛋白,含有18种氨基酸,具有无毒、无刺激和可生物降解性能,是宣纸熟化生产等工艺中不可或缺的材料.宣纸未经熟化处理称之为生宣,将不同比例明胶和明矾混合后所制成的胶矾水涂覆于生宣表面,可得到不同熟化程度的熟宣.处理后的熟宣具有不同的墨韵变化效果,根据洇墨程度可分为半熟宣和熟宣.

楮皮纸也称"构皮纸",是以构树树皮为造纸原料制作的手工纸,由于其表面光滑平整,质地松软且防虫蛀,广泛应用于书籍印刷.随着时代发展,楮皮纸开始充当书写绘画材料,广受推崇. 历史上,楮皮纸在印刷领域具有重要地位,因此对印刷品古籍进行研究、保护时,需要鉴别纸张原料,还原纸张工艺及历史信息.

藏纸抄造技艺在我国手工造纸技艺中独树一帜,承载了悠久的藏族历史与藏纸文化,于2006年被列入第一批国家非物质文化遗产保护名录.当前,藏纸研究受到越来越多的关注,本文基于收录于中国知网数据库(2012-2022年)有关藏纸研究的102篇论文,利用VOSviewer科学知识图谱分析工具围绕整体发文情况、学者和研究内容等方面,从文献计量学的角度进行量化统计和可视化分析,并重点综述了藏纸的工艺过程、保护与修复等方面的研究现状.分析发现,近十年关于藏纸研究的发文量逐步增加,藏纸的学术关注度与地域有关,研究藏纸的核心作者群相对分散,藏纸的研究内容与方法较为固定、薄弱.基于文献计量学对中国知网数据库近十年藏纸研究领域的学科发展脉络进行梳理,不仅能够识别学术前沿,拓宽研究领域的视野,还能展望藏纸研究的发展趋势,助益藏纸研究的科学、持续发展.

利用超景深三维视频显微镜、激光显微共聚焦拉曼光谱仪、扫描电镜-能谱仪对三枚民国时期北京一版帆船邮票印刷色料进行科技分析.结果表明,三枚邮票均为手工雕刻凹版印制,灰棕色邮票油墨中的色料是红丹和炭黑,桔黄色邮票为铬酸铅,草绿色邮票为铬酸铅和普鲁士蓝;纸张和油墨中的填料可能是高岭土、碳酸钙、氧化锌、二氧化硅等.研究表明,多技术联用在邮票印刷品分析中有较好的应用.

Red pigments with bright colors were widely used in ancient Chinese painted pottery, books, antiques, calligraphy, and paintings. Herein, red pigments of traditional paper notes were investigated by non-invasive optical technology in order to enrich the Chinese historical pigments knowledge base. The results of laser Raman spectroscopy tests on five paper notes clearly identified the inorganic mineral pigments including ocher and cinnabar. Infrared spectroscopy measurements indicated that an artificial synthetic magenta was employed as the organic pigment. Inorganic and organic red pigments were applied together on the same samples 2 and 5 which can be speculated to serve an anti-counterfeiting function. In addition, SEM-EDS analysis of sample 5 clearly showed that the red pigment was composed of lead oxides and ZnS was added as color modulator. Combined with the abovementioned non-invasive techniques, analysis of printed pigments can provide a feasible method to authenticate and conserve paper notes.

手工楮皮纸在中国的应用十分广泛,在古籍的复制、保护与修复、书画创作、书画装裱等方面有着重要的使用价值.本文选取了三种不同定量、匀度较好的楮皮纸,测定了每种纸张的定量、白度、耐折度、紧度及抗张强度等重要性能参数,比较厚度不同的楮皮纸性能变化.通过测定墨迹扩散形状以及接触角实验,比较其润墨性能差异.结果 表明:(1)纸张的定量与厚度不是简单的正比关系,纸张的定量、厚度以及紧度综合影响纸张的强度性能以及光学性能.(2)三种样品的润湿性能总体来说都趋向于被浸润状态,水滴在接触到纸面时瞬间被吸收,润湿性能都较为良好.润墨性能在墨汁为原浓度时,墨迹扩散较小,边缘层次清晰.而浓度配比后,润墨性能变化更趋近于其润湿性能,墨迹扩散较快,面积有明显增加,边缘呈锯齿状.

Handwriting verification represents an important area in forensic science. Herein, handwritings based on different types and brands pen ink samples made in China were investigated by non-invasive micro-identification methods. Scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum (SEM-ES) were employed to measure the micro elements and component analysis of the written traces, and spectral mapping (surface scanning) function was focused. The exact assessments of elements in handwriting traces can distinguish the microcosmic differences between different types and brands ink in handwriting, which provides a new means of analysis and research methods of pen handwriting detection in forensic science.

引言 中国是世界上最早使用纸币的国家,公元1024年,北宋政府发行“官交子”,宣告了国家纸币的诞生,从此纸币就一直是中国社会不可或缺的组成部分.到了20世纪上半叶,国内政权变更、社会动荡,经济形势错综复杂,尤其是近代印刷术的传人与发展,对此阶段的纸币造成了极大的影响.除了版式发生巨变之外,新材料及制版工艺的应用,更是让其防伪能力获得了极大的提高[1].大量新式纸币的出现为纸币研究提供了肥沃的土壤.前人研究结果表明,这个时期的纸币已经出现了诸如水印、色纤维丝、彩色圆片、暗记[2-3]等防伪手段[4-7].