Novel duck reovirus (NDRV) is a newly identified reovirus that can cause hemorrhage and necrosis on the spleen of duck or goose, this disease has resulted in serious economic losses to the duck industry in China. Up to now, there is no effective vaccine against NDRV infection. To better understand the host cellular responses and the pathogenesis of NDRV infection, we performed transcriptomic profiling to compare gene expression changes between NDRV-infected and mock-infected adherent duck peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Duck adherent PBMCs were isolated and divided into three groups: mock-infected control, 12 hours post-infection (hpi), and 24 hpi. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to NDRV infection were identified using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). A total of 3047 DEGs were identified, including 1834 up-regulated and 1213 down-regulated genes at 12 hpi. In addition, a total of 2514 DEGs were identified at 24 hpi, including 1554 up-regulated and 960 down-regulated genes. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that DEGs can be divided into the molecular function, cellular component and biological process. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that these DEGs were primarily involved in immune response, cellular metabolic processes, and signal transduction pathways, including TNF signaling, Toll-like receptor signaling, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Importantly, the expressions of inflammation-related genes and various interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were up-regulated after NDRV infection. Moreover, some selected DEGs were further examined by real-time PCR and the results were consistent with the RNA-Seq data. This study provides the first comprehensive transcriptomic profile of duck adherent PBMCs in response to NDRV infection, offering new insights into the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions and potential therapeutic targets for NDRV infection.

Goose astrovirus (GoAstV) is an emerging pathogen responsible for severe gout in goslings, causing substantial economic losses to the waterfowl industry, with no commercially available vaccines to date. In this study, we developed a novel mRNA vaccine expressing the capsid protein of GoAstV, delivered via lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). The vaccine elicited robust humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, including high titers of GoAstV-specific IgG, IgM, and neutralizing antibodies, significantly increased lymphocyte proliferation capacity, and a Th2-biased cytokine profile. In goslings, the vaccine induced neutralizing antibodies that peaked at four weeks post-immunization and significantly reduced viral shedding following challenge with a virulent GoAstV strain. This is the first report demonstrating the efficacy of an mRNA-based vaccine against GoAstV, highlighting its potential as an innovative strategy for controlling GoAstV infection in geese. Our findings provide a foundation for further development of mRNA vaccines against GoAstV and underscore their promise in addressing emerging viral diseases in poultry.

鸭圆环病毒(DuCV)感染能够引起鸭的免疫抑制,引起多种病原的继发性感染,在我国鸭群中广泛流行.为了解DuCV的遗传变异情况,对采自山东、江苏和贵州3个省份的19个鸭场的样品进行了 PCR测定,并对DuCV的ORF-C1基因进行测序和遗传进化分析.PCR测定结果显示,19个鸭场中有9个鸭场的样品为DuCV阳性,总体阳性率为47.4％;ORF-C1基因序列测定结果显示,9株DuCV之间的核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列同源性分别为93.4％～100％和82.2％～100％,与NCBI中已公布的DuCV毒株的核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列同源性分别为77.8％～99.5％和71.5％～-99.6％;遗传进化分析显示,9株DuCV全部属于DuCV-1b亚型,其中有7株在同一分支上,与D11-JW-001等韩国毒株遗传距离较近,另外2株则与山东、广西的毒株遗传距离较近;此外,与已公布的毒株相比,9株DuCV都在158位发生了氨基酸突变,由E/D变为L/P.上述结果表明,DuCV-1仍然为我国鸭群中的优势流行基因型,但病毒的基因也在不断地发生变异,应该对其进行持续监测.

黄病毒RNA复制子在病毒致病机制、新型疫苗和药物研发上应用广泛,而坦布苏病毒(Tembusu virus,TMUV)是我国新发现的以引起水禽产蛋量下降为主要特征的黄病毒属成员.为构建TMUV RNA复制子,本研究以TMUV JXSP株感染性克隆为基础,利用Overlap PCR分别对病毒基因组进行CPrME、CPrM、PrME和PrM等4种方式结构蛋白基因的缺失,并在缺失部位插入绿色荧光蛋白报告基因,报告基因下游连接口蹄疫病毒2A蛋白基因序列,获得的基因组全长PCR融合产物纯化后,体外转录成mRNA,并转染至BHK-21细胞,采用荧光显微镜观察不同时间点绿色荧光蛋白的表达;利用构建的TMUV RNA复制子,将绿色荧光蛋白基因替换为H9亚型禽流感病毒HA基因,mRNA转染细胞72 h后Western blotting检测蛋白表达.结果显示,4种TMUV RNA复制子转染细胞的胞浆和胞核内均能观察到明显的绿色荧光信号;Western blotting能检测到HA蛋白的表达.结果表明,本研究成功构建了 ΔCPrME、ΔCPrM、ΔPrME和ΔPrM等4种能有效表达外源基因的TMUV RNA复制子.

Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 is the most widespread AIV in poultry worldwide, causing great economic losses in the global poultry industry. Chickens and ducks are the major hosts and play essential roles in the transmission and evolution of H9N2 AIV. Vaccines are considered an effective strategy for fighting H9N2 infection. However, due to the differences in immune responses to infection, vaccines against H9N2 AIV suitable for use in both chickens and ducks have not been well studied. This study developed an inactivated H9N2 vaccine based on a duck-origin H9N2 AIV and assessed its effectiveness in the laboratory. The results showed that the inactivated H9N2 vaccine elicited significant haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies in both chickens and ducks. Virus challenge experiments revealed that immunization with this vaccine significantly blocked virus shedding after infection by both homogenous and heterologous H9N2 viruses. The vaccine was efficacious in chicken and duck flocks under normal field conditions. We also found that egg-yolk antibodies were produced by laying birds immunized with the inactivated vaccine, and high levels of maternal antibodies were detected in the serum of the offspring. Taken together, our study showed that this inactivated H9N2 vaccine could be extremely favourable for the prevention of H9N2 in both chickens and ducks.

Tembusu virus (TMUV) is an avian-origined flavivirus that is prevalent in ducks and geese. TMUV causes reduced egg production and neurological problems, resulting in profound economic losses to the waterfowl industry. In the viral life cycle, cellular factors are required for viral entry, replication, assembly, release and so on. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is reported to be involved in the replication of multiple viruses. In this study, we explored the roles of HSP70 in the TMUV life cycle. The results showed that TMUV infection induced HSP70 expression starting 12 h post-infection. An HSP70 inhibitor reduced TMUV viral RNA production and the number of virus particles, whereas an HSP70 activator enhanced the amount of viral RNA and virions that released from the cells. Further analysis revealed that HSP70 played important roles in the postentry stages of the TMUV life cycle, including viral replication, assembly and release. We also found that inhibition of HSP70 expression significantly reduced TMUV-induced apoptosis. Additionally, incubation of TMUV particles with an anti-HSP70 antibody significantly reduced viral infectivity, suggesting an association between HSP70 and TMUV particles. These results implicate HSP70 in the life cycle of TMUV, and therefore, targeting HSP70 may be a strategy for developing an anti-TMUV therapy.

Goose astrovirus (GAstV) leads to viscera and joints urate deposition in 1- to 20-day-old goslings, with a mortality rate of up to 50%, posing a severe threat to entire colonies; however, there is no efficient prevention and control method for GAstV infection. This study describes a prophylactic anti-GAstV strategy based on the specific immunoglobulin Y (IgY) from egg yolk. The specific IgY was produced by 22-week-old laying hens intramuscularly immunized with the inactivated GAstV three consecutive times, with 2-week intervals. The egg yolk was collected weekly after the immunization and the anti-GAstV IgY titer was monitored using an agar gel immune diffusion assay (AGID). The results revealed that the AGID titer began to increase on day 7, reached a peak on day 49, and remained at a high level until day 77 after the first immunization. The specific IgY was prepared from the combinations of egg yolk from day 49 to day 77 through PEG-6000 precipitation. Animal experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of prevention and treatment. The result of the minimum prophylactic dose of the IgY showed that the protection rate was 90.9% when 2.5 mg was administrated. Results of the prevention and the treatment experiments showed prevention and cure rates of over 80% when yolk antibody was administered in the early stages of the GAstV infection. These results suggested that the specific IgY obtained from immunized hens with the inactivated GAstV could be a novel strategy for preventing and treating GAstV infection.

为对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIVs)NS1基因进行原核表达,并对表达产物进行抗原性分析,根据NS1基因合成1对特异性引物,进行PCR扩增,将扩增片段连接至PMD18-T载体,通过序列测定和比对筛选出保真基因克隆;将保真基因克隆至pET32a表达载体,构建重组质粒pET32a-NS1后转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,加入IPTG进行诱导表达;并对IPTG使用浓度和诱导时间进行优化,对表达的重组蛋白用His-tag镍柱进行纯化,利用Western Blot和免疫荧光技术对纯化的重组蛋白进行鉴定及免疫原性的测定.结果显示,本试验成功扩增出H9 N2 AIVs的NS1基因,并筛选到保真克隆;带有NS1保真基因的重组载体pET32a-NS1可在大肠杆菌中进行IPTG诱导表达,其中,IPTG最佳使用浓度为2 mmol/L、最佳诱导时间为8 h时表达量最大,并且表达产物主要存在于包涵体中;纯化后的重组蛋白可被抗His标签识别,利用重组蛋白制备的抗体可识别H9N2 AIVs在细胞内表达的NS1蛋白,说明重组蛋白具有良好的免疫原性,该试验为H9N2 AIVs NS1蛋白的功能特性和免疫学研究奠定了基础.

新型鹅星状病毒(goose astrovirus,GoAstV)感染引起的鹅痛风病,是近年严重危害我国养鹅业的传染病之一,给我国养鹅产业造成严重经济损失,快速准确诊断有助于更好地防控该病.为了建立一种鉴定新型GoAstV的一步法RT-PCR方法,根据新型GoAstV ORF2基因序列设计特异性引物,构建质粒标准品,并对引物用量和退火温度等反应体系和条件进行了优化.结果表明,该方法能特异性扩增新型GoAstV 512 bp基因片段,其他鹅常见病毒性病原扩增结果均为阴性,具有较高的特异性.敏感性试验结果提示,最小检测限量达4.54×102拷贝/μL.此外,该方法重复性良好,应用所建立的方法对新型GoAstV临床样品进行检测,102份鹅泄殖腔拭子的阳性率为46.08％,24份痛风症状患病鹅内脏样本阳性率为91.70％.本研究建立的新型GoAstV一步法RT-PCR检测方法具有良好的特异性、敏感性和重复性,且操作简便、经济、快速,可用于新型GoAstV的临床鉴别诊断和流行病学调查.

旨在对鸭坦布苏病毒NS5蛋白功能基团RNA依赖RNA聚合酶进行真核表达,同时对其蛋白结构和功能进行生物信息学分析.首先查找GenBank数据库中收录的DTMUV基因序列,以RdRp基因为研究对象,通过软件设计并合成特异性引物,RT-PCR技术扩增RdRp基因,回收PCR产物并与pCMV-N-Flag真核表达载体相连接,构建真核表达质粒pCMV-Flag-RdRp,将测序无误的质粒转染至BHK-21细胞,通过Western Blot和间接免疫荧光技术检测该蛋白在BHK-21细胞内的表达.同时针对RdRp蛋白,利用生物信息学软件进行序列分析、结构解析及功能预测.通过PCR方法成功扩增RdRp基因,构建的真核表达质粒pCMV-Flag-RdRp经双酶切鉴定证明正确,进一步通过间接免疫荧光技术与Western Blot检测发现,重组质粒pCMV-Flag-RdRp在BHK-21细胞内正常表达,生物信息学分析发现,RdRp蛋白编码606个氨基酸,分子式为C3091 H4810 N870 O894 S41,编码蛋白亲水性平均系数为-0.536,不稳定指数为42.15,含有丰富的磷酸化位点及O-糖基化位点.其二级结构包含46.37％的α-螺旋、12.54％的延伸链以及35.31％的无规则卷曲.上述结果为进一步研究坦布苏病毒致病性打下了基础.

Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is a newly emerging pathogenic flavivirus that has caused huge economic losses to the duck industry in China since 2010. Moreover, the infection has spread rapidly, resulted in a potential public health concern. To improve our understanding of the host cellular responses to virus infection and the pathogenesis of DTMUV infection, we used RNA-Seq to detect the gene changes in DF-1 cells infected and mockinfected with DTMUV. A total of 663 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in DTMUV-infected compared with mock-infected DF-1 cells at 24 h post-infection (hpi), among which 590 were up regulated and 73 were down regulated. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that the DEGs were mainly involved in cellular process, immune system processes, metabolic processes, and signal-organism process. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly involved in several signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptor signaling, Jak-STAT signaling, RIG-I-like receptor signaling and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway. Moreover, some selected DEGs were further confirmed by real-time PCR and the results were consistent with the sequencing data. To our knowledge, this study is the first to analyze the transcriptomic change in DF-1 cells following DTMUV infection. We believe that our research provides useful information in better understanding the host response to DTMUV infection and the inherent mechanism of DTMUV replication and pathogenicity.

为筛选出理想的鸭TMUV-AIV(H9亚型)二联灭活疫苗免疫佐剂,将灭活的坦布苏病毒液和禽流感病毒(H 9亚型)尿囊液分别与白油佐剂、卡波姆佐剂、铝胶佐剂、蜂胶佐剂制成抗原含量相同的TMUV-AIV二联灭活疫苗.应用阻断ELISA方法和血凝抑制方法测定免疫鸭血清中坦布苏病毒和禽流感病毒抗体,比较不同佐剂疫苗对试验鸭的免疫效力.结果表明,以白油作为佐剂的灭活疫苗组免疫效果最好,抗体产生快、抗体水平优于其他各组,免疫2周后60％(6/10)血清样品HI抗体可达1:8以上,80％血清样品呈TMUV抗体阳性,是制备鸭TMUV-AIV(H9亚型)二联灭活疫苗的理想佐剂.

甲基转移酶(methyltransferase,MTase)是鸭坦布苏病毒(duck Tembusu virus,DTMUV)非结构蛋白5的重要功能基团,在病毒复制及致病过程中发挥重要作用.为了对鸭坦布苏病毒甲基转移酶进行真核表达,并对其生物学功能进行鉴定,以GenBank中收录的DTMUV JS804株基因序列为模板,设计针对MTase的特异性引物,提取TMUV RNA,反转录得到cDNA,以其为模板进行扩增,得到MTase的基因片段,然后亚克隆至pCMV-Flag真核表达载体中,构建重组质粒pCMV-Flag-MTase,提取去除内毒素的重组质粒,并转染至BHK-21细胞,通过间接免疫荧光观察和Western Blot鉴定该蛋白的表达.结果显示,质粒pCMV-Flag-MTase经双酶切鉴定证明构建正确,通过间接免疫荧光与Western Blot检测,重组质粒在BHK-21细胞内正常表达,表达的蛋白与天然坦布苏病毒MTase具有相同的反应原性.

[目的]检测坦布苏病毒在雏鸭体内诱导未折叠蛋白反应的信号通路(PERK、IRE1和ATF6),为揭示坦布苏病毒致病机制提供理论基础.[方法]取1日龄SPF雏鸭,腹腔接种坦布苏病毒(JS804株),于接种后12、24、36和48 h从对照组和攻毒组各取5只剖杀,分别取肝脏、心脏和脑组织,利用组织总RNA提取试剂盒提取各个组织样品总RNA,反转录获得cDNA.根据未折叠蛋白反应的3条信号通路,选取不同通路中的标志性分子,设计合成特异性引物,利用荧光定量PCR方法检测靶基因.以GAPDH为内参基因,采用相对定量法(2-ΔΔCt),分析靶基因的表达水平.[结果]雏鸭肝脏中坦布苏病毒含量最高,心脏次之,脑最低.对未折叠蛋白反应标志性分子GRP78的检测结果显示,脑和肝脏中GRP78表达量持续升高,并在攻毒后36 h达到顶峰(4.21倍和10.14倍),心脏中GRP78表达量仅在攻毒后36 h短暂升高(1.32倍).PERK信号通路标志性分子ATF4表达水平在肝脏和脑中分别从攻毒后24 h和36 h持续升高至攻毒后48 h,并在攻毒后36 h达到顶峰(2.71倍和6.02倍),心脏中ATF4的表达量则仅在攻毒后36 h时升高(1.57倍).IRE1信号通路标志性分子XBP1s在肝脏中的表达量升高最为显著(9倍),而脑中EDEM的表达量升高最为显著(3.87倍)且持续时间最长(从攻毒后12 h至攻毒后48 h).与对照组相比,ATF6信号通路标志性分子GRP94和XBP1u均出现升高现象,虽然两种蛋白在不同组织中表达量变化的时间点和趋势不同,但均在攻毒后36 h出现峰值.[结论]首次报道了坦布苏病毒感染可在雏鸭体内激活未折叠蛋白反应的3条信号通路,本研究将有助于深入研究坦布苏病毒与宿主之间的相互作用机制.

为研究坦布苏病毒(Tembusu virus,TMUV)不同途径感染对樱桃谷鸭致病性的影响,以脑内注射、肌肉注射、皮下注射、静脉注射及口服五种途径接种TMUV JS804株5×104pFU,每天观察临床症状,并对各组鸭体重、血液病毒栽量、脾脏病理学变化进行分析.结果 显示:五组试验鸭均出现精神沉郁、食欲不振、拉绿色稀粪等临床症状,其中脑内注射组最为严重;各组鸭体重均呈下降趋势,肌肉注射组体重下降最为明显;五种攻毒途径均可使鸭出现明显的病毒血症,其中肌肉注射组血液中病毒含量最高,口服组病毒血症出现时间最晚;各组鸭脾脏均出现组织结构破坏及细胞坏死等变化.提示TMUV对樱桃谷鸭的致病力与感染途径相关,肌肉注射途径致病力较强.

坦布苏病毒是我国新发易引起家禽出现严重产蛋下降和中枢神经系统异常的重要传染病病原.通过特异性的化学阻断剂预处理DF-1细胞,噬斑计数法检测其对病毒滴度的影响,相对荧光定量RT-PCR检测其对病毒核酸表达的影响,并对影响显著的结果进行吸附和内吞试验.结果显示,网格蛋白抑制剂氯丙嗪和动力蛋白抑制剂dynasore可显著降低病毒滴度和病毒核酸表达,且主要作用于内吞过程,对病毒吸附无影响.胆固醇抽提剂甲基-β-环糊精、小窝蛋白抑制剂genistein及胞吞抑制剂EIPA对病毒滴度无明显影响.结果表明,坦布苏病毒入侵DF-1细胞依赖于网格蛋白和动力蛋白,而不依赖于胆固醇、小窝蛋白和胞吞作用.

Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is a newly emerging pathogenic flavivirus that has caused significant economic losses to the duck industry in China since 2010 due to egg production losses and neurological dysfunction. DTMUV is a public health concern because the infection spreads rapidly among birds. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)serves as an innate immune sensor and plays a key role in host antiviral defenses. Tripartite motif-containing protein 25 (TRIM25), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is pivotal for RIG-I ubiquitination and activation. In addition, TRIM25 acts as an interferon-stimulated gene and mediates the antiviral activity. However, the effect of duck TRIM25 on DTMUV has not been assessed. Herein, we reportthe antiviral function of TRIM25 against DTMUV. First, we constructed the pcDNA3.1-c-myc-duTRIM25 plasmid. TRIM25 has a 2052 bp open reading frame that encodes a predicted 684 amino acid protein consisting of a RING finger domain, a B-box domain, a coiled-coil domain, and a PRY/SPRY domain. The protein sequence identity with chicken, mouse, and human TRIM25 is 69.7, 47.8, and 48.3%, respectively. TRIM25 was upregulated in BHK-21 cells, duck embryo fibroblasts, and 293T cellsupon DTMUV infection. The expression of viral RNA and proteins was significantly lower in cells over expressing TRIM25 than in control cells. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated silencing of TRIM25 increased the production of viral progeny. These results help elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the host response to DTMUV infection and suggest potential control measures for DTMUV outbreaks.

This data article reports the global gene expression analysis data of chicken DCs infected with H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) compared with mock infection. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and the data of GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis for DEGs were reported here. In addition, some of these DEGs associated with innate immune response and antigen presentation were also verified by qPCR. The replication of H9N2 AIV in DCs, and the viability kinetic of DCs during H9N2 AIV infection, and the primers for qPCR were also reported in this data article. The data presented here was used on the research article entitled "Transcriptomic profile of chicken bone marrow-derive dendritic cells in response to H9N2 avianinfluenza A virus".

The outbreak and spread of Tembusu virus (TMUV) has caused very large losses in the waterfowl-breeding industry since 2010. The viral envelope (E) protein, the principal surface protein of viral particles, plays a vital role in viral entry and fusion. In this study, two peptides derived from domain II (DII) and the stem of the TMUV envelope protein, TP1 and TP2, respectively, were tested for their antiviral activity. TP1 and TP2 inhibited TMUV infection in BHK-21 cells, and their 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were 14.19 mg/L and 7.64 mg/L, respectively. Viral inhibition assays in different cell lines of avian origin showed that the inhibitory effects of TP1 and TP2 are not cell type dependent. Moreover, TP2 also exhibited inhibitory activity against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. The two peptides inhibited antibody-mediated TMUV infection of duck peripheral blood lymphocytes. Co-immunoprecipitation assays and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) indicated that both peptides interact with the surface of the TMUV virion. RNase digestion assays confirmed the release of viral RNA following incubation with TP1, while incubation with TP1 or TP2 interfered with the binding between TMUV and cells. Taken together, these results show that TP1 and TP2 may be developed into antiviral treatments against TMUV infection.

Tembusu virus (TMUV) is a newly emerging flavivirus and has caused significant economic loss to the poultry industry in China. To date, the entry of TMUV into host cells remains poorly understood. Here, the mechanism of TMUV entry into BHK-21 cells was investigated. The depletion of cellular cholesterol by methyl-β-cyclodextrin led to a significant decline in the titers and RNA levels of the infectious TMUV. This reduction was restored by supplementation of exogenous cholesterol. Membrane cholesterol depletion mainly blocked viral internalization but not attachment. However, viral infection was unaffected by genistein treatment or caveolin-1 silencing by small interfering RNA. In addition, clathrin-mediated endocytosis might be utilized in TMUV entry given that the viral infection was inhibited by knockdown of clathrin heavy chain and treatment of chlorpromazine (CPZ). Moreover, the number of internalized virus particles decreased under CPZ treatment. Dynasore inhibited TMUV entry suggesting a role for dynamin. Our results reveal that TMUV entry into BHK-21 cells is dependent on cholesterol, clathrin and dynamin but not caveolae.