In inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments, conventional X-ray imaging struggles to achieve high spatial resolution and quantification owing to strong electromagnetic pulses and neutron yields. A novel radioluminescence-based X-ray imaging method is applied in ICF, using Ag-doped phosphate glass (Ag-PG). Ag-PG provides a micrometer-scale resolution and demonstrates excellent transmission, linearity, and spectral response. In ICF implosion experiments, Ag-PG offers an unprecedented capability to capture the self-emission details of the capsule ablator, enabling precise hohlraum drive symmetry adjustments. This advancement significantly enhances the spatial resolution and quantitative accuracy of ICF X-ray diagnostics.

We explored the generation and diagnosis of high-brightness MeV bremsstrahlung radiation caused by intense beam of relativistic electrons propagating in a tantalum converter. The intense electron beam was produced through direct laser acceleration mechanism in the interaction of relativistic high-power sub-ps laser pulse with near critical density plasma. We propose to detect the divergence angle and photon fluence of high-brightness and high-energy y radiation source based on the nuclear activation method. The radioactive 62 29Cu was generated through photonuclear reactions 6329Cu(y, n) 6229Cu and the subsequent fi+ decay of 6229Cu was measured to derive characteristics of the y radiation source. This method provides an express approach to diagnose the laser-driven MeV radiation source and a potential efficient way to produce 62 29Cu isotopes.

The measurement of the electron temperature distribution of hotspot requires bremsstrahlung imaging with both spectral resolution and spatial resolution. The Kirkpatrick–Baez (KB) microscope is an important diagnostic device in inertial confinement fusion experiments, which can realize high spatial resolution imaging of multi-energy. However, conventional KB microscopes face a fundamental trade-off between achieving a quasi-monoenergetic response and maintaining uniform efficiency across the field of view. This inherent limitation leads to difficulties in efficiency calibration and can introduce distortion in hotspot images, thereby preventing their effective application in the quantitative measurement of hotspot radiation intensity. This paper proposes a four-energy-point KB microscope with a self-adjusting spectral response, in which the response energies adapt to the field-of-view position. The design simultaneously achieves a quasi-monoenergetic response and a uniform efficiency distribution, thereby mitigating hot-spot image distortion and simplifying efficiency calibration. Each channel of this microscope achieves a spectral resolution of ΔE/E ∼ 10%, and the efficiency uniformity (relative standard deviation: ση/η̄) within the ±150 μm field of view is 6.27%–9.63%. The spatial resolution at the center of the field of view is better than 5 μm. We deployed this microscope for implosion hotspot imaging, successfully acquiring images at four distinct energy points. These images are suitable for diagnosing hotspot electron temperature.

X-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCI) provides superior sensitivity for the diagnosis of low-Z materials compared with absorption-based techniques. Betatron radiation generated by laser wakefield accelerators, which offers high photon flux, ultra-short duration, and relatively high spatial coherence, is a promising compact source for XPCI. At present, there is a lack of knowledge about how to control wakefield accelerators and realize high-quality XPCI. This study investigates the influence of gas pressure (plasma density) on betatron source characteristics and on the performance of propagation-based XPCI. Through particle-in-cell and wave-optics simulations, it explores the relationship between gas pressure and imaging characteristics such as spatial resolution and brightness and determines an optimal operation window. Experimental results confirm this optimal operation window at 40–45 psi [plasma density ∼3–4×1018cm−3], with which a peak photon flux of 8×1012photons/sr and a contrast of 20.32% at a spatial resolution of 5 μm are realized. This study demonstrates a pathway for the optimization of betatron-based XPCI, enabling synchrotron-comparable spatial resolution in a laboratory-scale setup and shows the potential of XPCI in ultrafast microscopic imaging applications.

With the rapid development of the nuclear energy industry, medical imaging, and industrial non-destructive testing, there is an urgent need for radiation detection and readout technologies with enhanced multi-dimensional performance. Conventional scintillator detectors are limited by sensitivity degradation over time, typically offering a readout lifetime of fewer than 10o cycles; optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) materials are prone to signal interference; and thermoluminescence (TL) materials do not support repeated readouts. These limitations make it difficult for such materials to meet the demands of radiation detection under harsh experimental conditions. In contrast, radiation readout technology based on the radio-photoluminescence (RPL) principle has become a research focus due to its unique advantages. RPL radiation detectors offer high sensitivity, a broad dose-response range, low energy dependence, and long-term stability. The development and study of RPL have established a relatively mature framework. RPLbased readout technology is now widely used in radiation detection and personal dosimetry. Furthermore, in industrial applications, RPL materials are increasingly employed as key materials for dose detection and image recording of high-energy particles and rays, such as X-rays, if-particles, and gamma-rays. This review outlines the principles of RPL, the performance characteristics and applications of RPL materials, and highlights recent advances in RPL-based readout technology and its applications in radiation detection. Finally, the article summarizes the advantages and limitations of RPL-based technology and discusses future development directions and potential fields of application.

High power laser facility can generate intense electromagnetic pulse (EMP) radiation fields during laser experiments process. This laser-generated EMP bring serious interference to various diagnostics operating at the high power laser facility. This article proposes a three level electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) evaluation method to solve the EMP problem for diagnostics. This three-level evaluation method integrates electromagnetic testing within the whole diagnostics development process and will greatly improve the equipment's ability to resist electromagnetic interference and effectively save research and development costs.

Dielectric laser accelerators (DLAs), as compact particle accelerators, rely critically on their structural design to determine both the energy gain and beam quality of accelerated bunches. Although most existing DLAs are driven by near-infrared lasers with a wavelength of approximately 1 mu m, the use of long-wave infrared (LWIR) lasers at a wavelength ten times that of this wavelength indicates that it is possible to achieve excellent beam quality without sacrificing acceleration gradient. To address the lack of optimized structural designs in the LWIR band where long-distance acceleration poses unique challenges-we introduce a deep learning-based design method for LWIR dielectric grating accelerator structures. Our approach integrates geometric parameters, material properties, and optical-field energy metrics into a unified evaluation framework and uses a surrogate model to predict particle energy gain with high precision. Optimal structural parameters are then extracted to realize the final design. The simulation results show that the energy gain is 99.5 keV (a year-over-year increase of 19.9%), the transmission efficiency is 100%, the beam spot radius of 14.5 mu m, and the average beam current is 20.4 fA, which is 6.9 times higher than similar near-infrared gratings, while maintaining equivalent beam brightness. This work provides a feasible technical route for designing high-netgain LWIR dielectric grating accelerators and a novel framework for optimizing the structure of complex optoelectronic devices.

A narrow-bandwidth, short-pulse, equal-intensity dual-beam monochromatic soft X-ray source based on laser-produced gold plasma was developed. It utilizes soft X-ray radiation of plasma generated by nanosecond laser irradiation of a gold planar target, with two mirror-symmetric one-dimensional reflective zone plates (1D RZPs) serving as monochromating elements. Measurements of parameters demonstrate that these twin beamlines exhibit an energy bandwidth of about 34 eV @ 395.4 eV and a pulse width of about 13.2 ns, with an intensity ratio of 0.98 : 1. Three different 1D RZPs were fabricated on a single silicon substrate, enabling switching between different energies (395.4 eV, 1.96 eV and 524.9 eV) via translation. This source holds significant potential for rapid testing and online calibration of soft X-ray components such as filters, mirrors, detectors and so on.

In this paper, an analysis and monitoring algorithm is proposed for mold health evaluation using vibration data. Two inertial measurement units (IMUs) and an embedded system are first used to acquire vibration data from a powder metallurgy molding machine. These data are collected on an Internet of Things (IoT) platform using the Message Queueing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. For data analysis, the vibration signal on the Z axis is segmented to label the contact section of the upper and middle molds, and the corresponding vibration data of the stamping friction on the X, Y, and Z axes are extracted. Using only historical vibration data from normal stamping, a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) model with an attention mechanism is trained to predict normal stamping vibrations several minutes in advance. By comparing the predicted stamping vibrations with the observed data at the current time, the mean square errors (MSEs) are calculated to evaluate the health status of the mold. Several ablation experiments were conducted to assess the performance of the trained model. The average MSE values for normal samples and abnormal samples were smaller than 0.5 and larger than 1.0, respectively. The experimental results confirm that the trained prediction model and evaluation indicators can effectively notify operators in advance. An early warning system using vibration data for mold damage was successfully implemented, enhancing predictive maintenance.

Currently, with the advent of high-repetition-rate laser-plasma experiments, the demand for online diagnosis for the X-ray spectrum is increasing because the laser-plasma-generated X-ray spectrum is very important for characterizing electron dynamics and applications. In this study, scintillators and silicon PIN (P-type–intrinsic-N-type semiconductor) diodes were used to construct a wideband online filter stack spectrometer. The X-ray sensor and filter arrangement was optimized using a genetic algorithm to minimize the condition number of the response matrix. Consequently, the unfolding error was significantly reduced based on numerical experiments. The detector responses were quantitatively calibrated by irradiating the scintillator and PIN diode with various nuclides and comparing the measured γ -ray peaks. A prototype 15-channel spectrometer was developed by integrating an X-ray detector with front- and back-end electronics. The prototype spectrometer could record X-ray pulse signals at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. Furthermore, an optimized spectrometer was employed to record the real-time spectra of laser-driven bremsstrahlung sources. This optimized spectrometer offers a compact solution for spectrum diagnostics of ultrashort X-ray pulses, exhibiting improved accuracy in terms of spectrum measurements and repetition rates, and could be widely used in next-generation high-repetition-rate high-power laser facilities.

Lower extremity exercises are considered a standard and necessary treatment for rehabilitation and a well-rounded fitness routine, which builds strength, flexibility, and balance. The efficacy of rehabilitation programs hinges on meticulous monitoring of both adherence to home exercise routines and the quality of performance. However, in a home environment, patients often tend to inaccurately report the number of exercises performed and overlook the correctness of their rehabilitation motions, lacking quantifiable and systematic standards, thus impeding the recovery process. To address these challenges, there is a crucial need for a lightweight, unbiased, cost-effective, and objective wearable motion capture (Mocap) system designed for monitoring and evaluating home-based rehabilitation/fitness programs. This paper focuses on the development of such a system to gather exercise data into usable metrics. Five radio frequency (RF) inertial measurement unit (IMU) devices (RF-IMUs) were developed and strategically placed on calves, thighs, and abdomens. A two-layer long short-term memory (LSTM) model was used for fitness activity recognition (FAR) with an average accuracy of 97.4%. An intelligent smartphone algorithm was developed to track motion, recognize activity, and calculate key exercise variables in real time for squat, high knees, and lunge exercises. Additionally, a 3D avatar on the smartphone App allows users to observe and track their progress in real time or by replaying their exercise motions. A dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm was also integrated into the system for scoring the similarity in two motions. The system’s adaptability shows promise for applications in medical rehabilitation and sports.

The X-ray sources for Compton radiography of ICF experiments are generated by using intense picosecond lasers to irradiate wire targets. The wire diameter must be designed thin enough, for example ∼ 10 µm in many published works, to comply a high spatial resolution. This results in a low laser-target interception, which limits the photon yield. We investigated a technique of coded-source radiography based on laser-driven annular sources via Monte Carlo and PIC simulations. The annular X-ray source is formed by laser irradiating tube target in which the effect of electron recirculation plays an important role. We proved that this technique has an increased spatial resolution and contrast than that using the Gaussian source produced by wire targets. Therefore, the diameter of the backlighter target can be significantly increased to uplift laser-target interception without compromising on spatial resolution. This contributes towards a reconciliation between the spatial resolution and photon yield for Compton radiography. The results predict the possibility of improving source photon yield by several times in future experiments.

High-power laser interacting with matter generates intense electromagnetic pulses (EMPs), which are closely associated with laser and target parameters. In this study, EMPs induced by picosecond (ps) laser coupling with solid targets are recorded at the XG-III laser facility. Gold wire targets produce more intense EMPs with a maximum EMP value of 608 kV/m compared to some planar targets. EMP propagation in the normal direction is highly coincident with the expansion of detected hot electrons, which is verified by the particle-in-cell simulations. This work is expected to pave, to our knowledge, a new avenue for directional guidance of training, and similar technologies, are reserved.

The phenomenon of mass ejection from shocked surface is a crucial issue in high-energy density physics and shock compression science. Ejecta from double-shock loaded metallic targets is important in some practical applications, but there are only a few research types on this aspect due to experimental difficulty. We proposed a new method of double-shock loading based on intense laser, that is, the laser is injected into a vacuum hohlraum to generate strong radiation and plasma jet simultaneously, and the target are respectively subjected to two shocks by these two different mechanisms. In the experiment, double-shock process was clearly observed by photonic Doppler velocimetry system, and the recompression of target due to the second shock was presented by x-ray photography. After the free surface was broken, the ejecta showed a unique multi-layer density structure for the first time. This work achieves effective double-shock loading with only one single laser pulse, which is valuable for understanding the metal damage under multiple shocks and the evolution of ejected materials. It also provides an experimental design for studying the material response in complex environments.

This research focuses on developing a low-cost automated demand response controller (DRC) with OpenADR 2.0a capability to enable existing infrared-controlled (IR-controlled) air conditioners (ACs) in homes and buildings to participate in automated demand response programs (ADRPs). The DRC consists of four modules: a smart socket module, an infrared module, a temperature sensor, and a voltage/current module. It can receive, analyze, and respond to demand response (DR) events and perform necessary demand and energy control strategies via IR. Power line communication (PLC) is used for communication without additional wiring. The system is tested under two conditions: participating in ADRPs via OpenADR and not participating in ADRPs. An 8.8% load reduction is observed with different temperature settings when not participating in ADRPs, and energy reductions of 21% to 46% are achieved using various cooling/fanning duty cycles in ADRPs. The proposed system can be integrated with any DR algorithm to meet demand management requirements under the OpenADR program, contributing to significant demand reductions.

High-energy gamma-ray radiography has exceptional penetration ability and has become an indispensable nondestructive testing (NDT) tool in various fields. For high-energy photons, point projection radiography is almost the only feasible imaging method, and its spatial resolution is primarily constrained by the size of the gamma-ray source. In conventional industrial applications, gamma-ray sources are commonly based on electron beams driven by accelerators, utilizing the process of bremsstrahlung radiation. The size of the gamma-ray source is dependent on the dimensional characteristics of the electron beam. Extensive research has been conducted on various advanced accelerator technologies that have the potential to greatly improve spatial resolution in NDT. In our investigation of laser-driven gamma-ray sources, a spatial resolution of about 90 µm is achieved when the areal density of the penetrated object is 120 g/cm2. A virtual source approach is proposed to optimize the size of the gamma-ray source used for imaging, with the aim of maximizing spatial resolution. In this virtual source approach, the gamma ray can be considered as being emitted from a virtual source within the convertor, where the equivalent gamma-ray source size in imaging is much smaller than the actual emission area. On the basis of Monte Carlo simulations, we derive a set of evaluation formulas for virtual source scale and gamma-ray emission angle. Under optimal conditions, the virtual source size can be as small as 15 µm, which can significantly improve the spatial resolution of high-penetration imaging to less than 50 µm.

The equilibrium charge state distribution of laser -accelerated carbon ions traversing a tri-cellulose-acetate (TCA, C 9 H 16 O 8 ) foam target was measured experimentally. The ions were generated through the target normal sheath acceleration mechanism. This allowed us to obtain the equilibrium charge state for a wide energy range near the maximum energy loss within a single laser shot. The foam had a porous structure with 2 mg / cm 3 volume density, which is between the typical density of gas- and solid-state matter. We found that the measured average equilibrium charge states were significantly underestimated by theoretical models applicable for gas targets, while were in close agreement with both semiempirical formulas and rate equation predictions based on ion -solid interactions. The solid -density fiber filaments in the current foam structure were attributed and demonstrated. The target density effects, which increase the ionization probability through frequent collisions and decrease the electron capture probability, were proven to play an important role in the foam target. Since the foam targets are widely used in laser plasma interaction experiments, our findings are relevant for a broad range of applications.

We propose a positron acceleration scheme in which a laser-driven positron beam is injected into a solid target hit by a laser beam and accelerated in the sheath field on the target back side. The positron beam injection and acceleration in the target have been investigated with numerical simulation. The feasibility of such an acceleration scheme was proved according to the simulation results, which show that a 10 MeV positron beam can be accelerated up to 30 MeV. The dependency of the positron beam properties on the positron injection location, injection time, and target thickness was studied. Related acceleration details were obtained and analyzed. The acceleration scheme provides a method in positron energy controlling and its related applications.

We present an application of short-pulse laser-generated hard x rays for the diagnosis of indirectly driven double shell targets. Cone-inserted double shell targets were imploded through an indirect drive approach on the upgraded SG-II laser facility. Then, based on the point-projection hard x-ray radiography technique, time-resolved radiography of the double shell targets, including that of their near-peak compression, were obtained. The backlighter source was created by the interactions of a high-intensity short pulsed laser with a metal microwire target. Images of the target near peak compression were obtained with an Au microwire. In addition, radiation hydrodynamic simulations were performed, and the target evolution obtained agrees well with the experimental results. Using the radiographic images, areal densities of the targets were evaluated.

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has widely used in industrial production. Most cases focused on designing new equipment or processes. However, small and medium enterprises especially the powder metallurgy manufacturers in Taiwan would not replace existing production equipment due to the finical problems. In this study, an IoT-based platform is conducted to extract the sintering parameters for technology to augment sintering furnaces by installing sensors and data transmission modules, setting a sintering parameter extraction platform for powder metallurgy sintering furnace. Long-term monitoring and remote control are the main technologies for solving three problems during the sintering process, i.e., temperature, atmosphere, and time. Monitoring targets include checking whether the heaters are damaged, ensuring stable air flow meter readings, and verifying the normal speed of the conveyor belt. Additionally, remote control technology has been developed to execute cooling and reheating processes on the sintering furnace. The staying time on-site for personnel is reduced and the sintering time is increased for production increase during working hours.