Human skeleton system, weights over 10

This review provides a critical and up-to-date assessment of additive manufacturing for zinc-based energy storage, with particular focus on zinc-air and aqueous zinc-ion batteries. The review examines how the leading AM routes, namely DIW, FDM and SLS, address major limitations of conventional battery fabrication, including limited architectural control, weak high-rate performance, short cycling life and difficulties in scalable production. Printable filaments, inks and materials reported for air cathodes, zinc anodes, current collectors, separators and functional interlayers are reviewed, covering carbon frameworks, metal oxides, polymeric binders, solid electrolytes and emerging conductive additives such as MXenes and graphene derivatives. By linking printing parameters and post-processing steps to microstructure, conductivity and wetting behavior, the review clarifies how designed porosity and tortuosity improve oxygen transport in ZABs and ion/electron pathways in ZIBs. Comparative findings indicate that DIW offers the strongest electrode performance, with FeVO/rHGO cathodes reaching 344.8 mAh g⁻1 and 7.04 mAh cm⁻2, while SLS provides stable zinc-anode architectures for up to 420 h at 7.5 mA cm⁻2. Overall, DIW appears most promising for high-performance electrodes, SLS for robust porous metallic structures and FDM for low-cost structural battery components.

Developing flexible sensing materials that integrate high conductivity, mechanical robustness, self-healing capabilities, and environmental stability remains a critical challenge for next-generation wearable electronics. However, conventional hydrogels often suffer from intrinsic trade-offs between these properties and are prone to freezing-induced deactivation. Herein, a multifunctional POAL hydrogel was engineered via a synergistic strategy combining the double-helix network of agar, dynamic Schiff base crosslinking of oxidized sodium alginate (OSA), and ionic coordination of LiCl. This unique multi-network architecture endows the hydrogel with outstanding comprehensive properties, including a tensile strength of 111.9 kPa, an elongation at break of 158%, and a self-healing efficiency of 48.9%. Notably, the hydrogel exhibits exceptional ionic conductivity (2.25 S/m and anti-freezing tolerance down to-42.1 degrees C, ensuring reliable operation in harsh environments. Leveraging its excellent rheological properties, micro-triangular pyramidal arrays were precisely fabricated via Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printing to construct a high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator (POAL-TENG). By maximizing the effective contact area, the device achieved a peak output voltage of 239.9 V and a superior pressure sensitivity of 89.14 mV Pa-1, effectively harvesting mechanical energy. Furthermore, to realize intelligent sensing, a hybrid Deep Learning model (ResNet-18 + Bidirectional LSTM) was integrated to process handwriting signals, achieving a 97% recognition accuracy. This work presents a comprehensive strategy for designing robust, freeze-tolerant, and intelligent self-powered sensing systems, expanding the horizons of human-machine interaction (HMI).

The TPMS structure exhibits excellent mechanical properties and pore connectivity, and can achieve a high porosity, making it highly prospective for applications in bone tissue engineering. Bioceramic photopolymerization can be used to prepare dense bone repair scaffolds with high precision, complex pore structures, and good biocompatibility. This paper systematically summarizes the current research on bioceramic bone repair scaffolds with TPMS lattice structure based on Vat Photopolymerization (VP) from the perspectives of structural design, material preparation, and manufacturing, and also discusses the factors that affect scaffold performance. Finally, a brief summary is provided, and possible future research directions in this field are proposed.

Clear aligner therapy has expanded rapidly, but the conventional thermoforming workflow remains limited by material thinning, dimensional change, viscoelastic force decay, and model-dependent manufacturing inefficiency. Directly 3D-printed aligners (DPAs) and shape-memory polymer (SMP)-based 4D aligners have emerged as promising alternatives that may improve geometric control, enable force customization, and introduce thermo-responsive recovery behavior. This review critically synthesizes current evidence on the transition from thermoformed aligners to directly printed and SMP-based systems, with specific emphasis on how material chemistry, additive-manufacturing variables, and post-processing conditions influence thermo-mechanical behavior, optical and surface stability, biocompatibility, and clinical translation. A structured narrative review was conducted using Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Scopus for studies published between 2016 and 2026. Following staged screening and domain-based eligibility assessment, 150 core records were retained for final synthesis. The evidence was interpreted through predefined analytical domains including material chemistry and resin selection, SMP/4D thermo-mechanical behavior, optical and aging-related performance, biocompatibility and leachable risk, printer-dependent variability, print orientation, aligner design parameters, post-processing protocol, and emerging SMP systems. The available literature suggests that directly printed and SMP-based aligners offer important conceptual advantages over conventional thermoformed systems, particularly in digital thickness control, geometric accuracy, and, for selected SMP resins, temperature-dependent shape recovery and more physiologic force profiles. However, these advantages are not uniformly validated across materials or workflows. Reported findings remain strongly dependent on resin formulation, printer type, build orientation, specimen geometry, cleaning method, curing atmosphere, and aging condition. Optical and surface stability are often reduced after intraoral aging, while biological safety remains closely linked to curing completeness and residual monomer release, especially for urethane dimethacrylate-containing systems. Generally, current evidence supports cautious optimism rather than routine clinical equivalence. The most defensible conclusion is that next-generation directly printed and SMP-based aligners are promising but remain protocol-dependent systems whose long-term reliability, safety, and clinical superiority require stronger standardization, broader independent validation, and well-designed clinical studies.

Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) gyroid lattices are promising lightweight and energy-absorbing polymer structures, but their manufacturability by material extrusion (MEX) depends strongly on cell size, grading direction, and relative density. This study investigates PLA gyroid lattices with uniform and graded cell-size configurations using initial and final cell sizes of 1, 1.5, and 2 mm and target relative densities of 10, 20, and 30%. A full-factorial design was used to construct a printability map, followed by quasi-static compression testing, areal surface-roughness characterization, and SEM observation of representative specimens. The printability results showed that low-density fine-cell configurations were most prone to incomplete wall formation and collapse, whereas the 30% relative-density group was printable for all investigated cell-size combinations. Under compression, the 30% relative-density uniform 1 mm gyroid showed the highest maximum stress among the tested configurations, while graded structures terminating in smaller cells also provided favorable load bearing and energy-absorption behavior. The plateau stability index, calculated from stress fluctuations between collapse and densification, helped distinguish stable progressive collapse from more oscillatory deformation. Surface roughness and SEM observations further indicated that smoother, more continuous wall surfaces were associated with more uniform deformation, whereas rougher and defect-rich surfaces promoted localized buckling, cracking, and brittle collapse. Overall, the results identify experimentally supported relationships between gyroid cell-size configuration, printability, surface integrity, and compressive response within the investigated PLA MEX design space.

Three-dimensional printing is an emerging manufacturing route for lithium-ion battery electrodes. It enables controlled material placement and architectural complexity that conventional slurry casting cannot replicate. The combination of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) as a safer, nickel and cobalt free cathode chemistry with graphene derived conductive networks offers a useful platform for sustainable, design-flexible energy storage devices. However, LFP’s low electronic conductivity (∼10-9 S cm−1) and moderate Li+ diffusion kinetics, together with the printability- performance conflict in additive manufacturing, restrict full electrochemical utilization in thick printed electrodes. This review systematically examines direct ink writing (DIW) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) of LFP and graphene-based electrodes. It analyzes the coupled relationships between material chemistry, ink and filament formulation, printing parameters and electrode architecture, and their effects on ion/electron transport, areal capacity and cycling stability. A scientometric analysis of 307 articles (2011–2026) identifies dominant research clusters centered on hierarchical pore engineering, GO/rGO inks, conductive binders such as PEDOT:PSS and full-cell integration. Architecture-controlled DIW electrodes have achieved areal capacities of 11–14 mAh cm−2 and conductivities up to ∼ 10 S cm−1, while FDM has produced flexible TPU based LFP electrodes with 98.9% capacity retention over 400 cycles. Critical issues including ionic tortuosity, inactive material accumulation at interlayer boundaries and environmental considerations of solvents, additives and polymer feedstocks are also addressed. Key gaps in laboratory-to-industrial transferability, metric comparability, manufacturing efficiency and techno-economic assessment are identified. DIW and FDM therefore offer their strongest near-term value in applications such as micro-batteries, wearable electronics, structural energy storage, and thick high areal capacity electrodes.

Cancellous bone implants require materials that not only exhibit adequate mechanical strength but also possess suitable elasticity to minimize stress shielding and ensure efficient osseointegration. This study addresses these challenges by optimizing the 3D printing parameters and cellular lattice configurations of Super Tough Polylactic Acid (ST-PLA), targeting improved mechanical properties and suitability for cancellous bone regeneration. The optimization process employed Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in combination with a multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) predictive model, with a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) utilized to assess the effects of layer thickness, print speed, and cellular wall thickness across 17 experimental conditions. The results demonstrated a compressive strength range from 0.25 MPa to 1.41 MPa, with an optimal predicted strength of 1.38 MPa. Surface roughness was found to be 6.98 μm (Sa) and 8.38 μm (Sq), suitable for enhancing osseointegration. The elastic modulus of the fabricated ST-PLA scaffolds was measured at 0.075 GPa, which is remarkably close to the lower range of human cancellous bone (0.1-0.5 GPa), significantly reducing the potential for stress shielding. Compared to previous studies, this work showed approximately 28 % improvement in compressive strength and around 25 % improvement in getting near cancellous bone elastic modulus, highlighting the potential of ST-PLA scaffolds as a viable solution for bone grafting. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed the optimized lattice structures exhibited reduced porosity, minimized microstructural defects, and improved interlayer bonding, ensuring enhanced mechanical integrity. These findings demonstrate that ST-PLA scaffolds offer a promising balance between mechanical performance, surface finish, and compliance, making them ideal candidates for biomedical implants. This work not only advances the design of bone grafting materials but also has significant clinical applications for improving surgical outcomes and accelerating patient recovery.

The design and mechanical performance of 3D-printed lattice scaffolds are critical for biomedical applications, particularly when replicating the trabecular architecture of bone. This study evaluated the mechanical and biological performance of collagen-infused PLA 3D-printed lattice scaffolds designed for trabecular bone regeneration. Four geometries-body-centered cubic (BCC), diamond, gyroid, and rhombic-were fabricated with cellular wall thicknesses of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mm. BCC lattices achieved a maximum compressive strength of 14.66 MPa, while Diamond-2 samples recorded a yield strength of 2.61 MPa. Gyroid scaffolds, though not the strongest, exhibited optimal porosity (up to 9.98 %) and the highest surface roughness (Sa = 12.51 μm), features that enhance cell attachment. In vitro assays with L929 fibroblast cells revealed that transparent PLA analogues of the gyroid design achieved relative growth rates of 109.4 % and 125.7 % at 50 % and 100 % extraction concentrations, respectively, compared to 37.3 % and 31.1 % for green PLA analogues at 60 % and 100 % extraction concentrations. These results underscore that while BCC structures excel in mechanical support, gyroid lattices provide a superior balance between mechanical integrity and biological performance, rendering them promising candidates for bone tissue engineering. These findings offer important insights for optimizing collagen-enhanced, 3D-printed scaffolds tailored to meet the dual mechanical and biological demands of trabecular bone regeneration.

With the rapid development of flexible electronic skin materials, the demand for ion-conductive hydrogels is constantly growing. Specifically, these ion-conductive hydrogels are required to simultaneously exhibit excellent mechanical properties, high conductivity, and multifunctionality. Moreover, this performance requirement needs to be met in complex environments. However, the rapid production of hydrogels that combine high conductivity and photochromic properties remains a major challenge. In this study, a simple one-pot method was employed to successfully prepare multifunctional photochromic hydrogels by incorporating ammonium molybdate (Mo7) and lithium chloride (LiCl) into a dual-network hydrogel composed of polyacrylamide (PAAm) and sodium alginate (SA). PAAm/SA/Mo7/LiCl (PSML) hydrogels exhibit excellent comprehensive performance, including superior conductivity (average value of 164 S/cm), rapid UV response time (<20 s), good color-changing reversibility, outstanding high stretchability (peak value of 2800%), and high transparency (>70%). The design ingeniously combines two types of synergistic effects: the synergistic effect of the dual-network structure and that of the multifunctional component functional additives (Mo7, LiCl). Specifically, the PSML hydrogel integrates photochromic properties, excellent mechanical properties, good anti-freezing properties, and 3D printability through this design. Due to these outstanding properties, the PSML hydrogel shows broad application prospects in fields such as flexible strain sensors, information storage, and encryption devices.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based hydrogels are widely used in the fields of tissue engineering, biomedicine, and flexible sensors due to their low cost, excellent biocompatibility, and simple gelation methods. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles are essential for the preparation of such hydrogels. Although this process can enhance the mechanical properties of the hydrogels to a certain extent, it can also result in opacity and limited tensile performance, significantly restricting their application in wearable devices and electronic skin. This study introduced cellulose nanofibers into polyacrylamide (PAM)/PVA double interpenetrating network hydrogel system, achieving the preparation of a multifunctional composite hydrogel with a "triple-network interlock" structure. Under the synergistic effects of multiple networks, multiple hydrogen bonds, and nano-reinforcement, this composite hydrogel requires only a single freeze-thaw cycle to achieve a tensile strength exceeding 1 MPa, which is significantly higher than that of PVA hydro-gels subjected to multiple freeze-thaw cycles. The PVA-based hydrogel prepared in this work balances tensile strength (1.41 MPa), elongation (1332 %), transparency (89.8 %), and toughness (6.73 MJ m-3). Additionally, this composite hydrogel exhibits high sensitivity (GF = 8.74), rapid response (108 ms), fatigue resistance, and antibacterial properties, making it a reliable strain sensor over a wide strain range. When encapsulated on human joints, it can monitor body movements in real-time, such as movements of fingers, wrists, elbows, and knees, and can be integrated into peripheral circuits to achieve precise real-time control of robotic hands. This work presents a multifunctional composite hydrogel with great potential as a candidate material for tissue engineering, human-machine interaction, and high-performance wearable sensors. (c) 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.

Preparing regolith-based composites for 3D printing is crucial in lunar base construction, leveraging costeffective and mechanically favorable materials for lunar construction by utilizing lunar regolith as the reinforcing phase. This research focuses on developing lunar regolith simulant as a matrix for 3D printing, which is crucial for in-situ resource utilization on the Moon. Resin-based composites, well-established in aerospace, are explored for their simple manufacturing and robust properties. The formulation involves simulated regolithbased polymer for direct ink writing printing. Rheological properties, including yield stress and plastic viscosity, are characterized across various cementite-sand ratios and printing temperatures. The relationship between extrudability, the time interval of the printing material and its rheological attributes is investigated. Quantitative assessment of material buildability employs three-dimensional scanning of the printed parts. Freeze-thaw cycle tests explore its temperature resilience. The influence of varying the printing infill rate on printing efficiency and the performance of the printed parts was assessed. It was found that modulating the printing infill rate affects the efficiency and performance of parts, with a 1:4 cementite-sand ratio and a 40 degrees C print temperature demonstrating optimal printing workability. These findings offer an efficient scheme for the automated production of regolithbased epoxy composites with precise structural, temperature-resistant, and favorable mechanical properties.

With the growing demand for green and biocompatible flexible sensors, hydrogels have drawn attention as a new material for flexible wearable devices. However, it remains a challenge to develop hydrogel flexible sensors with excellent mechanical properties, high toughness, high sensitivity and fast response through a simple approach. In this work, hydrophobic associations and cellulose nanofibers were introduced into a polyacrylamide/polyvinyl alcohol (PAM/PVA) dual-network hydrogel. The incorporation of a hydrophobic system strengthens the first polymer network, while cellulose nanofibers (CNF) enhance the second PVA freeze-thaw network. Notably, CNF tightly bridges the dual networks, forming extensive hydrogen bonds with the reinforced double-network structure. Under the synergistic effects of multiple networks and hydrogen bonding interactions, the composite hydrogel exhibits superior mechanical performance (1.82 MPa), outstanding toughness (5.41 MJ/m3), excellent fatigue resistance, and good recovery properties. Additionally, the composite hydrogel demonstrates superior electrical conductivity, high sensitivity (GF = 7.89), and stable electrical signal output. It performs exceptionally well in practical applications, such as monitoring motion at human joints and integrating with peripheral circuits to control robotic hands. In summary, this work presents a simple and cost-effective method for fabricating high-performance composite hydrogels, which show great potential in tissue engineering, flexible electronics, and human-computer interaction.

An exponential rise in demand for artificial implants has emphasized the need for novel biomaterials with good biocompatibility and mechanical properties comparable to human cortical and cancellous bone, to mitigate stress shielding and other post implantation challenges. This study investigated the processing performance of biomedical beta-Ti alloys (Ti-12Ta-23Nb-24Zr, Ti-32Nb-25Zr) fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) under optimal working conditions. These processing conditions included laser power (200 W), scanning speed (1000 mm/s), hatch distance (0.065 mm), layer thickness (40 mu m), and exposure time (50 mu s). It was found that Ti-12Ta-23Nb-24Zr exhibited the highest compressive strength (864 MPa), near bone elastic modulus (45.2GPa), higher bone regrowth rate (111.6%), minimum process induced porosity (3.681%), and reduced surface roughness (0.462 mu m), making it ideal for Orthopedic implants. On the other hand, Ti-32Nb-25Zr also demonstrated good compressive strength (842 MPa), near bone elastic modulus (53 GPa), minimum process induced porosity (4.285%), and good bone regrowth rate (94.7%), suitable for initial bone integration. It was found that beta Ti alloys have improved bio-mechanical performance compared to conventional Ti, in the order Ti-12Ta-23Nb-24Zr>Ti-32Nb-25Zr>Ti-6Al-4V. The findings underscore the adaptability of optimized L-PBF settings across biomedical beta-Ti alloys, paving the way for advanced patient-specific orthopedic implants.

The development of wearable electronic devices presents significant challenges to develop flexible power supplies and sensors that are efficient and convenient, highly sensitive, and adaptable to complex environments. In this study, dual-network ionic PSL hydrogels were successfully synthesized and characterized, which have excellent cyclic tensile properties (maximum stress fluctuation <8 % over 50 tensile times), anti-freezing (-47.2 degrees C), electrical conductivity (175.8 S/cm), and sensing properties (the highest GF value is 0.82). Leveraging the favorable the good rheological properties of PSL hydrogels, a quadrangular cone hydrogel-based TENG with ultra-high sensitivity (75.65 mV Pa-1) was constructed by 3D printing. Under continuous impact excitation, the PSL-QTENG is capable of generating an open-circuit voltage of up to 201.4 V and powering to 100 LEDs. Furthermore, the PSL-QTENG has been demonstrated to power a thermo-hygrometer, which has the potential to be used in the fields of mechanical energy harvesting, human motion monitoring, human-computer interaction, and self-powered electronic skin.

Biomaterials derived from decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) contain a complex mixture of proteins, proteoglycans, and signaling molecules that mimic the native tissue microenvironment and provide important cues for regulating cell function. However, dECM-based materials often lack mechanical integrity and tuneability, which limits their applications in tissue engineering. In this study, we modified skin-derived dECM with methacryloyl functional groups (MA-dECM) to support photo-crosslinking and the formation of mechanically tunable hydrogels with up to a 30-fold increase in the elastic modulus. In addition, we generated granular MA-dECM hydrogels by fragmentation into microgels and compaction by centrifugation. Granular MA-dECM hydrogels displayed shear-thinning properties, were compatible with extrusion 3D printing, and could be stabilized by secondary photo-crosslinking. In vitro studies confirmed good adhesion, viability, and proliferation of endothelial cells in both the bulk and granular gels. In skin wound healing studies in mice, application of either bulk or granular MA-dECM gels to the wound bed significantly increased wound closure compared to untreated control mice, and this response was associated with elevated vascularization at early time points. These findings demonstrate that modification of dECM materials with photo-crosslinkable moieties introduces mechanical tuneability and compatibility with advanced biofabrication processes, while retaining their unique biological activity. MA-dECM hydrogels may therefore be attractive biomaterials for improving wound healing and skin repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials derived from decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) contain a rich mix of biologically active macromolecules but often lack the mechanical integrity and tunability required for regenerative medicine applications. In this study, we develop robust methods to modify and process dECM from the skin into granular hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties and improved printability compared to unmodified dECM-based materials. We further demonstrate that skin-derived ECM is not only biocompatible but also accelerates healing in acute wounds in vivo. The granular dECM hydrogels may therefore have therapeutic potential for promoting skin repair and regeneration in the future.

The component ratio of a material is the key factor determining the quality of three-dimensional (3D)-printed scaffolds. This study aimed to investigate the basic properties of hydroxyapatite (HA)/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffold material with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a binder. The interfacial binding energies, bonding behaviors, and mechanical characteristics of the materials were investigated by molecular dynamics simulation (MD), and it was found that the types of functional groups and the molar occupancy of elements affected the interfacial binding behaviors of the materials. Moreover, the properties of the slurry and structural characteristics of the scaffolds at different HA/β-TCP component ratios were analyzed. The variation in the shear-thinning capacity of the slurry was explained by investigating the zeta potential, solid content, and interfacial binding energy of the materials. The basic properties of the material were not the only factors determining the mechanical properties of scaffolds; the pore and bonding characteristics, and the interfacial binding energy of the material together determine the mechanical properties of scaffolds. These analyses elucidated the impact of the component ratio on the scaffolds from both microscopic and macroscopic perspectives. Finally, the biological characterization study of the material was verified by in vitro simulation experiments, and it was found that scaffolds containing β-TCP demonstrated relatively better performance in supporting bone tissue formation compared with β-TCP-free controls. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the selection and optimization of material combinations in 3D printing applications.

Hydrogels with excellent flexibility, conductivity, and controllable mechanical properties are the current research hotspots in the field of biomaterial sensors. However, it is difficult for hydrogel sensors to regain their original function after being damaged, which limits their practical applications. Herein, a composite hydrogel (named SPBC) of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/sodium alginate (SA)/cellulose nanofibers (CNFs)/sodium borate tetrahydrate was synthesized, which has good self-healing, electrical conductivity, and excellent mechanical properties. The SPBC0.3 hydrogel demonstrates rapid self-healing (<30 s) and achieves mechanical properties of 33.92 kPa. Additionally, it exhibits high tensile strain performance (4000%). The abundant internal ions and functional groups of SPBC hydrogels provide support for the good electrical conductivity (0.62 S/cm) and electrical response properties. In addition, the SPBC hydrogel can be attached to surfaces such as fingers and wrists to monitor human movements in real time, and its good rheological property supports three-dimensional (3D) printing molding methods. In summary, this study successfully prepared a self-healing, conductive, printable, and mechanically superior SPBC hydrogel. Its suitability for 3D-printing personalized fabrication and outstanding sensor properties makes it a useful reference for hydrogels in wearable devices and human motion monitoring.

The flexibility and adaptability of soft robots enable them to perform various tasks in changing environments, such as flower picking, fruit harvesting, in vivo targeted treatment, and information feedback. However, these fulfilled functions are discrepant, based on the varied working environments, driving methods, and materials. To further understand the working principle and research emphasis of soft robots, this paper summarized the current research status of soft robots from the aspects of actuating methods (e.g., humidity, temperature, PH, electricity, pressure, magnetic field, light, biological, and hybrid drive), materials (like hydrogels, shape-memory materials, and other flexible materials) and application areas (camouflage, medical devices, electrical equipment, and grippers, etc.). Finally, we provided some opinions on the technical difficulties and challenges of soft robots to comprehensively comprehend soft robots, lucubrate their applications, and improve the quality of our lives.

This research addresses the dearth of real-world data required for effective neural network model building, delving into the crucial field of industrial control and automation system (ICS) cybersecurity. Cyberattacks against ICS are first identified and then generated in an effort to raise awareness of vulnerabilities and improve security. This research aims to fill a need in the existing literature by examining the effectiveness of a novel approach to ICS cybersecurity that draws on data from real industrial settings. Real-world data from a variety of commercial sectors is used in this study to produce a complete dataset. These sectors include power systems, freshwater tanks, and gas pipelines, which together provide a wide range of commercial scenarios where anomaly detection and attack classification approaches are critical. The generated data are shown to considerably improve the models’ precision. An amazing 71% accuracy rate is achieved in power system models, and incorporating generated data reliably increases network speed. Using generated data, the machine learning system achieves an impressive 99% accuracy in a number of trials. In addition, the system shows about 90% accuracy in most studies when applied to the setting of gas pipelines. In conclusion, this article stresses the need to improve cybersecurity in vital industrial sectors by addressing the dearth of real-world ICS data. To better understand and defend against cyberattacks on industrial machinery and automation systems, it demonstrates how generative data can improve the precision and dependability of neural network models.