Vibration disease occupies a leading place in the structure of occupational pathology in the Russian Federation. Its progressive course leads to incapacity for work and disability in individuals of employable age. This necessitates the identification of early markers of damage, which is impossible without a detailed understanding of the sequence of pathological changes that precede the appearance of clinical and functional manifestations of the disease.The aim of the study. Generalization and analysis of contemporary data on the molecular and cellular basis of the pathogenesis of vibration disease.The following databases were used to search and select literature sources: eLIBRARY, PubMed, Google Scholar, MedLine, Web of Science, and Scopus. The vibration disease is a systemic pathological process based on a cascade of interconnected molecular and cellular disturbances. Vibration exposure is accompanied by the development of oxidative stress, combined with mitochondrial dysfunction and disruption of bioenergetic processes, creates conditions for damage to cellular structures. The central link in the pathogenesis is endothelial dysfunction, developing from reversible vasomotor disturbances to persistent vascular wall remodeling. It is based on damage to the ultrastructure of endothelial cells, an imbalance of vasoactive molecules, and the activation of proinflammatory and proapoptotic signaling pathways. Activation of the sympathoadrenal system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system further contributes to the aggravation of vasoconstriction and trophic disturbances. Endothelial changes and associated tissue hypoxia trigger immune system involvement, manifested by cytokine profile imbalances, changes in lymphocyte subpopulation composition, and suppression of innate immunity. There the relationship of the formed disorders with damage to the nervous tissue, confirmed by an increase in neurospecific proteins and the development of secondary autoimmune responce. Conclusion. The performed analysis allows expanding our understanding of the pathogenetic basis of vibration disease for the elaboration of up-to-date strategies for early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the disease.Contribution: Bugaeva M.S. – concept and design of the study, collection and analysis of literature data, writing the text, editing; Gostyaeva E.P. – collection and analysis of literature data, writing the text; Zhukova A.G. – collection and analysis of literature data; Gorokhova L.G. – collection and analysis of literature data; Bondarev O.I. – collection and analysis of literature data. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: April 24, 2026 / Revised: May 25, 2026 / Accepted: July 1, 2026 / Published: August 14, 2026

Introduction. Pathological conditions combined under a common term “the great obstetrical syndromes” (preeclampsia, premature birth, fetal egg death or its intrauterine growth retardation) make a significant contribution to infant mortality, affecting the demographic situation in the country. The rate of these pathologies increases in the regions with a high anthropogenic load. The aim of the study is to identify the relationship between the forms of phase II genes of the xenobiotic biotransformation system (GSTM1, GSTT1) and major obstetric syndromes in women who are pregnant in an industrial city with a critically high level of air pollution. Materials and methods. A survey of two hundred twenty two pregnant women with the pathological conditions of the great obstetrical syndromes living in the industrial center of Novokuznetsk was conducted. Of these, 39 patient developed preeclampsia, 16 subjects with intrauterine fetal growth retardation, 38 women gave birth to premature babies, 49 cases had fetal egg death at the early stages of development. 80 women with a standard pregnancy were also examined. Variants of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 phase II genes of the xenobiotic biotransformation system were determined in all the examined patients by polymerase chain reaction. Results. Deletion polymorphisms of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes have been shown to be reliably associated with the great obstetrical syndromes: intrauterine growth retardation GSTM1 (χ2 – 6.23; OR – 5.23), preeclampsia GSTT1 (χ2 – 4.36; OR – 4.91), a missed miscarriage GSTM1 (χ2 – 8.21; OR – 3.67) and GSTT1 (χ2 – 11.70; OR – 16.86). No connection was found between normal polymorphisms of these genes and the pathologies studied. Limitation. The study was of a pilot nature, so it is advisable to increase the sample. Conclusion. The identified genotypes can be considered as markers of reproductive disorders and used in assessing the risk of the great obstetrical syndromes during pregnancy planning and clinical support for women living in industrial regions with critically high levels of atmospheric pollution to reduce reproductive losses.

Introduction. The perinatal period largely determines the state of human health throughout his subsequent life. Congenital malformations and pathological states combined under the common term “great obstetrical syndromes” (preeclampsia, premature birth, death of the fetal egg or delay in its development) make a significant contribution to infant mortality, affecting the demographic situation. The frequency of these pathologies increases in the regions with high anthropogenic load. Materials and methods. A survey of one hundred thirty one pregnant woman lived in Novokuznetsk was conducted. Out of 93 examined women with “great obstetrical syndromes” there were 39 women with preeclampsia, 16 ones with intrauterine fetal growth retardation, 38 women who gave birth to premature babies. 11 women who gave birth to babies with congenital malformations and 27 women with a standard pregnancy. Using the polymerase chain reaction method, variants of the CYP1A1*2A gene of the first phase of the xenobiotic biotransformation system were identified in all subjects examined. Results. The AG genotype of the CYP1A1*2A (rs4646903) gene was shown to be reliably associated with the development of “great obstetrical syndromes”: intrauterine growth retardation (χ2 = 10.64; OR = 20.22), prematurity (χ2 = 6.68; OR = 10.59), preeclampsia (χ2 = 3.04; OR = 5.69) – and congenital malformations of the fetus (χ2 = 7.3; OR = 14.86). No connection was found between the AA genotype and these pathologies. Limitation. The study was of a pilot nature, so it is advisable to increase the sample. Conclusion. The identified genotypes can be considered as markers of reproductive disorders and used in assessing individual predisposition to the development of “great obstetrical syndromes” and congenital malformations in planning and clinical pregnancy care in women living in ecologically unfavourable regions.

Introduction. Amine-containing heterocyclic compounds are increasingly used in chemical and pharmaceutical production. A special place among them is occupied by the substances of the guanine derivative group, which have antiviral, antifungal, and cytoprotective biological effects. Thus, diacetylguanine is the starting raw material for the synthesis of the anti-tumor Thioguanine drug widely used in the complex leukemia therapy. A preventive measure on the risk avoidance of developing occupational intoxications during synthesis is knowledge of the body’s response to the use of chemical compounds. The aim of the study. To investigate the features of the body metabolic response to sub-chronic intoxication with diacetylguanine in an experiment. Materials and methods. We investigated N2, N9(7)-diacetylguanine, an organic compound of a number of nitrogen-containing heterocycles. The body response to sub-chronic intoxication with diacetylguanine was studied on white male rats. The state of the animals was assessed by integral parameters, indices of peripheral blood and biochemical analysis of blood serum. The obtained results were processed using the Statistic 10.0 software. Results. In the subchronic experiment, a toxic effect on hepatocytes was revealed: increased activity of AST, ALT, elevated total bilirubin, cholesterol, decreased total protein in the blood serum. Increased activity of α-amylase, indicating developing inflammation of the pancreas. Leukocytosis due to segmented neutrophils with relative lymphopenia and eosinophilia was noted in the peripheral blood. Adverse effects of diacetylguanine administration manifested themselves in disruption of basic physiological and, as a consequence, behavioural responses of the body: increased indices characterizing the ability of the nervous system to summarize subthreshold impulses, a reliable decrease in body temperature by 3.2–3.3 ˚C was noted and hypokinesia was detected in experimental animals. Electrocardiographic examination data revealed impaired atrio-ventricular conduction and slower excitation transmission through the ventricles. Limitations. In vivo experiments conducted in accordance with the directive documents on the protection of experimental animals limit their number related to the ethical requirements for in vivo experiments. Conclusion. The conducted experiment showed subchronic intake of diacetylguanine into the body to be a risk factor for the development of pathology, primarily of the hepatobiliary system. At the same time, clinically significant liver damage can be provoked even by small doses of the xenobiotic when entering the body over a long period. The experiment revealed a highly informative complex of biochemical indicators that correctly reflect signs of disturbances in the body’s condition upon contact with N2, N9(7)-diacetylguanine, including: increased activity of ALT, AST, and alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum in combination with an increase in the concentration of urea and bilirubin, neutrophilic leukocytosis with relative lymphopenia in the peripheral blood.

Introduction. Currently, the main attention is paid to the detection of genetic diseases, but information on genetic polymorphisms responsible for differences in the human body’s response to the effects of harmful industrial factors is still insufficient. The review systematizes and summarizes contemporary data on the study of genetic polymorphisms as risk markers for the development of occupational diseases (dust lung pathology, chronic occupational intoxication with fluoride compounds and vibration disease). Collecting literary sources was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary, ResearchGate, Web of Science, Scopus, and CyberLeninka, using specific keywords and phrases: single-nucleotide polymorphisms of genes, occupational diseases, dust lung pathology, vibration disease, miners, chronic occupational intoxication with fluoride compounds, aluminum workers. The role of genetic polymorphisms in the development of dust lung pathology in miners. The data on the association of some genetic polymorphisms with the development of dust lung pathology is presented. The connection of a number of genes with the changes in the function of external respiration in subjects working in harmful conditions o It is shown that f coal mining is shown. The role of genetic polymorphisms in the development of chronic occupational intoxication with fluoride compounds. Chronic occupational intoxication with fluoride compounds is shown to occupy a leading position in the structure of occupational incidence in aluminum workers, therefore the main polymorphisms associated with the development of this pathology are given. The role of genetic polymorphisms in the development of vibration disease. Analysis of literature data on predicting the risk for the development of the vibration disease allowed identifying a number of candidate genes reliably associated with the development of this occupational disease – caspase-8 (CASP8 gene), heat shock protein family 70 (HSPA1B gene), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1 gene). Conclusion. The data presented in the review indicate to the significant contribution of genetic polymorphisms to the development of occupational pathology. Information about the risks for developing occupational diseases contributes to more accurate diagnosis, prevention, postponement, and also reduces the intensity of identified symptoms through timely medical and preventive measures.

Introduction. One of the mechanisms of the pathological reaction to prolonged exposure to coal dust is a violation of the balance of pro- and antioxidants in body tissues in the direction of increasing the intensity of oxidative reactions. Perspective way to normalize this balance may be the use of flavonoids, substances of plant origin that have the ability to increase the level of antioxidant protection systems of cells. A widespread flavonoid is dihydroquercetin, for which antihypoxic, antioxidant and organoprotective effects have been shown in various experimental models in this work.The study aims to explore the organ-specific effects of dihydroquercetin on the pro- and antioxidant balance in the dynamics of experimental dust exposure.Materials and methods. Scientists have conducted a study on 90 male Wistar rats exposed to coal dust for 9 weeks with simultaneous administration of the drug dihydroquercetin, followed by studies of the initial level and rate of accumulation of free radical oxidation products, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in the lungs, heart and liver.Results. The organ-specific features of the effect of dihydroquercetin on the pro- and antioxidant balance in the early and late stages of coal-dust exposure are shown. The protective effect of dihydroquercetin can be explained by its ability to induce intracellular antioxidant systems (lungs and liver) in the early stages (1–3 weeks) of dust exposure, and to exhibit superoxide-binding and catalase-like effects (heart) in the late stages (6–9 weeks). With prolonged use of dihydroquercetin for the prevention of damage caused by coal dust, special attention should be paid to liver tissue, which is highly sensitive to excessive activation of free radical processes.Limitations. It is possible that the use of other antioxidant drugs in the dynamics of experimental dust exposure will lead to different results.Conclusion. With prolonged use of drugs with antioxidant properties, it is necessary to study the initial level and rate of accumulation of free radical oxidation products, the activity of antioxidant protection enzymes.Ethics. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases (Minutes of meeting No. 4 §2 dated 11/18/2021). The animals were kept, fed and removed from the experiment in accordance with the requirements of the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrates Used for Experimental or Other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123, Strasbourg, 18.03.1986).Contributions:Zhukova A.G. — research concept and design, text writing, editing;Gorokhova L.G. — material collection and data processing, statistical processing, text writing;Gostyaeva E.P. — collection of material and data processing, statistical processing;Mikhailova N.N. — editing;Sazontova T.G. — editing.Funding. The study had no funding.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Received: 30.09.2025 / Accepted: 02.10.2025 / Published: 21.11.2025

The population of resource–producing regions is exposed to a complex complex environmental impact — the combined effects of adverse factors of industrial and non-industrial origin. In coal mining and metallurgical areas, pathology of the bronchopulmonary system is especially common, which primarily reacts subtly to hypoxia in conditions of atmospheric air pollution. It is known that hypoxia underlies the pathogenesis of many occupational diseases, and is often a triggering factor in the development of the pathological process and, as a result, disorders of the energy balance in tissues. In this case, the pathways of intracellular signaling are disrupted, including the redox signaling system, whose action is mediated by the activation of free radical processes and changes in the level of protective proteins in cells. The physiological state and stability of these systems determine the adaptive capabilities of an organism in conditions of environmental disadvantage. In this regard, it is important to search for methods of treatment and prevention of occupational diseases based on the modulation of the redox signaling system. Such methods include interval normobaric hypoxic training, which is based on adaptation, in fact, to hypoxia, as well as to periods of reoxygenation at the time of returning to breathing air with a normal oxygen content. In this review, the authors have systematized studies on the use of adaptation of the human body to different oxygen levels in the prevention of occupational diseases of the bronchopulmonary system.For this purpose, a search was conducted for literary sources on the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary, ResearchGate, Web of Science, Scopus and CyberLeninka. The authors used specific keywords and phrases: occupational diseases, pathology of the bronchopulmonary system, prevention of interval normobaric hypoxic and hyperoxic training, redox signaling system, antihypoxic and antioxidant protective proteins. The experimental and clinical data presented in the review on the body's adaptation to different oxygen levels indicate that interval hypoxic and hyperoxic training can be an effective method of preventing occupational lung pathology with significant therapeutic potential for clinical practice in occupational health.Contributions:Zhukova A.G. — the concept and design of the review, collection, analysis and interpretation of data (literary sources), writing the text;Kizichenko N.V. — collection, analysis and interpretation of data (literary sources);Bugaeva M.S. — collection, analysis and interpretation of data (literary sources);Mikhailova N.N. — the concept and design of the review, collection, analysis and interpretation of data (literary sources), writing the text;Filimonov E.S. — collection, analysis and interpretation of data (literary sources);Sazontova T.G. — the concept and design of the review, collection, analysis and interpretation of data (literary sources), writing the text.Funding. The study had no funding.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Received: 09.07.2025 / Accepted: 22.09.2025 / Published: 30.10.2025

Introduction. Experimental toxicological studies of industrial chemical compounds are a mandatory step in the elaboration of sanitary and hygienic standards. Among the wide variety of substances used by the industry, a special place is occupied by 2-diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride (DACH), an intermediate product in the synthesis of many drugs. Despite the fact that there is data on the quantitative indices of the DAHG toxicity, information on the specific features of its toxic effect on the body is absent. The purpose of the investigation was to study the toxic effect of 2-diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride on the body in experimental animals. Material and methods. The toxic effect of DAHG was studied on white outbred rats and mice under acute and subacute intragastric exposure regimens. The specificity of the toxic DACH effect was studied in a subacute experiment on rats (oral administration of 0.1 LD50 5 times a week). The condition of the animals was assessed by functional parameters, biochemical blood indices, and histological studies of internal organs. The obtained results were processed using the Statistica 10.0. Results. The average lethal doses of DAHG when administered intragastrically, it was 16 mg/kg for rats and 230 mg/kg for mice. In the subacute experiment, a decrease in motor activity in the labyrinth was revealed. In the blood serum in animals that survived the poisoning, a decrease in the activity of AST and cholinesterase, a one and a half-fold increase in the level of urea was noted. Leukopenia with relative lymphocytosis was noted in the peripheral blood. Morphological changes were observed as follows: in the brain – vascular congestion and neuronal edema; in the liver – moderate fatty degeneration; in the kidneys – granular degeneration of the epithelium of the convoluted tubules; in the small intestine – phenomena of epithelial irritation. Limitations. In vivo experiments conducted in accordance with the Guidelines for the protection of experimental animals limit their number in accordance with the ethical requirements for in vivo experiments. Conclusion. 2-Diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride according to LD50 values belongs to the substances of hazard class II. The activity of AST and cholinesterase, the concentration of blood urea and the analysis of white blood parameters are markers of the risk of developing pathological disorders in the body upon contact with DACH. The results of morphological studies indicate the possibility of damage to the brain, liver, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract upon prolonged contact even with small doses of 2-diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride. The obtained information on the specifics of the toxic effect of DACH is recommended for use in the elaboration of the measures to create safe working conditions.

Introduction. Miners have a high incidence of occupational and industrial-related diseases. Combined pathology of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems is most often observed. Atherosclerosis occupies a central place in cardiovascular diseases, the pathogenesis of which has a complex nature, including inflammatory, autoimmune, neurohumoral, and molecular genetic mechanisms. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the contribution of polymorphisms of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes to the formation of atherosclerosis of various location in coal miners with occupational dust lung pathology. Materials and methods. There were examined one hundred ninety four coal mine workers with long-term labour experience. All cases were divided into 2 groups at stage 1: the main group – 129 miners with a previously proven diagnosis of “dust lung pathology”; the comparison group – 65 miners of the same coal enterprises working in similar conditions, but without occupational disease of the bronchopulmonary system. At the second stage of the study, all patients with dust lung pathology were divided into subgroups matched by sex, age, and ethnicity. The first subgroup included the miners with dust lung pathology burdened with atherosclerosis (n=77), the second group consisted of the persons with dust lung pathology without atherosclerosis (n=52). DNA was isolated from the venous blood of all the examined patients, followed by genotyping using the Real-Time allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. Results. A statistically significant relationship was found between the presence of dust lung pathology and the formation of atherosclerosis in long-term labour experience miners (χ2=5.02; p=0.026; OR=2.08; 95% CI=1.14–3.82). The contribution of the rs1800795 polymorphism of the IL-6 gene and the rs2243250 one of the IL-4 gene to the formation of occupational dust lung pathology had been detected. The genotypes of risk (homozygote for the T allele of the IL-4 gene and the G/C heterozygote of the IL-6 gene) and resistance (homozygote for the C allele of the IL-4 gene and homozygote for the G allele of the IL-6 gene) were identified. An analysis of the frequency of distribution of the studied genotypes between the miners with dust lung pathology in combination with atherosclerosis and a group of people with occupational pulmonary pathology without atherosclerosis revealed no significant differences. Limitations. The investigation conducted has limitations in the number of studied genes that contribute to the formation of atherosclerosis. The limitation is the relatively small number of the subjects obtained by dividing the total sample of the patients with dust pathology into subgroups with or without atherosclerosis. Conclusion. The results obtained may indicate an indirect effect of the rs1800795 polymorphism of the IL-6 gene and the rs2243250 one of the IL-4 gene on the development of atherosclerosis in miners with occupational bronchopulmonary pathology, which proves the need for further study of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis among coal industry workers with the determination of not only individual genetic markers of predisposition and resistance, but also intergene interactions.

Introduction. 90% of the Kuzbass population lives in an industrial zone with a high level of anthropogenic load. Novokuznetsk is classified as a city with a critically high level of environmental pollution and the risk of developing diseases. The incidence of congenital malformations in the Kemerovo region is on average 3–5 times higher than in the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. The average annual concentrations of pollutants in the Novokuznetsk urban district for 2020–2022 were calculated. A survey of sixty young primigravida women living in Novokuznetsk was conducted. In more than 50% of cases, gestational sac death was diagnosed. Variants of the CYP1A2 and GSTM1 genes of the xenobiotic biotransformation system were determined in these women by polymerase chain reaction, and their combinations were considered. Results. A significant excess of the maximum permissible concentrations of benz(a)pyrene, formaldehyde, suspended substances, and nitrogen dioxide was revealed while reducing the total volumes of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere of Novokuznetsk. There was a five-fold increase in the share of congenital malformations and a twenty-fold gain in the number of missed miscarriages over the past 20 years. A statistically reliable association of gestational sac death was found in women with the C/ACYP1A2*1F genotype in combination with a deletion polymorphism of the GSTM1 gene (χ2 = 3.94; OR = 7.00), while the C/ACYP1A2*1F genotype in combination with the normally functioning GSTM1 ”+” gene is associated with the resistance to miscarriage (χ2 = 9.16; OR = 0.19). Limitations. The study was of a pilot nature, so it is advisable to increase the sample in the future. Conclusion. There have been identified combinations of gene forms of phases I and II of the xenobiotic biotransformation system associated with unfavourable pregnancy outcomes which can be used as markers of reproductive losses and taken into account when planning and carrying a pregnancy.

Introduction. Damage to the liver under the conditions of long-term exposure to coal-rock dust on the body leads to significant impairment of its metabolic, detoxification, synthetic, and other functions. In this regard, it is relevant to search for early methods of prevention and correction of developing pathological changes in this organ. The purpose of the study is to experimentally study the effect of a complex drug with dihydroquercetin on the activity of free radical processes in the liver of laboratory rats over the dynamics of long-term exposure to coal-rock dust. Materials and methods. The work was carried out on male white rats weighing 200–250 g. The control group was kept under the standard vivarium conditions. The experimental group included rats that inhaled coal-rock dust in a priming chamber daily for 4 hours for 1, 3, 6, and 9 weeks and rats that received a daily complex drug with dihydroquercetin immediately before dust exposure. In the liver tissue, the activity of free radical oxidation and antioxidant defense enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) was determined. Results. Priming rats with coal-rock dust for three weeks led to the gain in the intensity of free radical processes in the liver tissue: the initial level of accumulation of TBA-active oxidation products reliably raised by almost 2 times over the 1st week and 3 times over the 3rd week of the experiment compared to the control. An increase in the intensity of free radical oxidation was accompanied by activation of antioxidant defense enzymes - catalase - by 2.4 times at the 1st week and 1.6 times at the 3rd week of dust exposure. Raising the period of priming with dust up to 9 weeks led to multidirectional changes in oxidative metabolism in the liver tissue: at week 6, a decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase was almost 3 times; at week 9, to a slight activation of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase by 55% and catalase by 36%.The most effective use of a complex drug with dihydroquercetin had been shown in short-term mode for three weeks, but not long-term (more than 6 weeks). The maximum antioxidant defense effect of dihydroquercetin was detected at the 3rd week of dust exposure – the level of free radical products decreased by 2 times and the activity of superoxide dismutase increased by 4 times. Limitations. Since the issue of organ-specific effects and the optimal duration of use of dihydroquercetin to increase resistance to free radical damage has been little elaborated, this imposes certain restrictions on its use for the correction and prevention of occupational diseases. Conclusion. The results obtained should be taken into account with long-term use of exogenous antioxidants in the correction and prevention of occupational diseases to support the level of endogenous antioxidant systems in the cell and the protective effect of dihydroquercetin for tissues most sensitive to the action of free radical processes.

Introduction. Every second conception in the population ends in failure, in 20% of the cases the cause is a non-developing pregnancy. In the overall structure of early reproductive losses, missed miscarriage accounts for 80%. The development of this pathology is influenced by both endogenous and exogenous factors. Exogenous factors with a teratogenic effect lead to the occurrence of mutations and the formation of an abnormal embryo, which is poorly predicted. The peculiarities of the biotransformation system of xenobiotics of the maternal organism directly affect the severity of the impact of these factors on the embryo. Materials and methods. A survey of eighty six young primigravida women living in Novokuznetsk was conducted. 33 of them were diagnosed with the gestational sac death, 53 women had a standard developed pregnancy. Variants of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes of the second phase of the xenobiotic biotransformation system were determined in these groups by polymerase chain reaction. Results. Novokuznetsk, a city with a critically high level of environmental pollution, has recorded a 20–fold increase in the number of missed miscarriages over the past 25 years. A statistically reliable association of deletion polymorphisms of the genes of the second phase of the xenobiotic biotransformation system with the death of the gestational sac - GSTM1 (χ2 – 5.37; OR – 3.18) and GSTT1 (χ2 – 10.85; OR – 16.64) was revealed, while the normal alleles were associated with a successful outcome of pregnancy - GSTM1 (χ2 – 5.37; OR – 0.13) and GSTT1 (χ2 – 10.85; OR – 0.06). Limitations. The study was of a pilot nature, so it is advisable to increase the sample in the future. Conclusion. The dependence between the activity of enzymes of the second phase of the xenobiotic biotransformation system and the increased risk of miscarriage of the first pregnancy in young women living in the conditions of ecological distress was revealed. The results of the study make it possible to predict possible pregnancy complications and elaborate algorithms for full-fledged pregravid preparation.

The study of the influence of various chemical elements on the human body is an important direction because it allows determining the patterns of the distribution and migration of these elements in tissues, as well as their role in the development of specific diseases. Among inorganic chemical compounds, a special place is occupied by lithium salts, which are widely used in industry, agriculture, and medicine. The search and selection of literature sources to identify the physiological effects and characteristics of the toxic effects of lithium salts on the human body and experimental animals was carried out using the bibliographic databases: Scopus, MedLine, Web of Science, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, RSCI, Cyberleninka. Data analysis has showed lithium salts to be classified as moderately hazardous substances (hazard class 3) and in high concentrations have a damaging effect on the functions of the nervous system, kidneys, thyroid and parathyroid glands.

Russia is implementing an import substitution program in the pharmaceutical industry, which is especially important against the background of a restrictive policy towards the Russian Federation. Amoxicillin is one of the most popular antibiotics; it is represented on the market by both original and generic drugs. At the same time, the safety issues of produced substances for humans, regardless of the manufacture’s company, are vitally important, since the health of the population depends on their intake. The purpose of the investigation was to study the common toxic properties of domestically produced amoxicillin in comparison with the drug manufactured abroad. Materials and methods. Amoxicillin produced by Barnaul Plant of Medical Preparations LLC was investigated in comparison with the «Hemofarm» amoxicillin (Serbia). Acute toxicity was studied in mice, sub-chronic toxicity was investigated in white male rats. The state of the animals was assessed by integral parameters, indices of peripheral blood and biochemical blood serum analyses, morphological data of the study of internal organs. The results were processed using the program «STATISTICA 10.0». Results. The acute toxicity study did not reveal a difference between the Russian amoxicillin and the comparison drug, the median lethal dose of both drugs exceeded 10,000 mg/kg, which classifies them as low-toxic substances. In a sub-chronic experiment, the presence of a toxic effect on hepatocytes was revealed when large doses of the drug were administered: the activity of AsAT, AlAT was increased (more significantly – by 64 % - when using an imported sample), total and conjugated bilirubin, triglycerides were raised, total serum protein was decreased. There were no significant changes in peripheral blood. Histological studies did not reveal pathological disorders in all the studied internal organs. It is obvious that the identified biochemical abnormalities are not irreversible. Conclusion. The studies have shown that amoxicillin of Barnaul Plant of Medical Preparations LLC and the drug of the «Hemofarm» Company are low-toxic substances. Intragastric administration to rats in doses exceeding a single therapeutic dose for humans did not reveal significant changes in hematological parameters. The nature of the changes in blood biochemical parameters indicates the initial reversible stages of functional disorders of the hepatobiliary system, which were more clearly expressed in the study of the «Hemofarm» amoxicillin.

Background. Indole and its derivatives are widely used in all areas of pharmaceutical production. The toxicometry of indole compounds has been sufficiently studied. At the same time, there is still no information on the toxic effect on individual organs and systems during long-term intake of most compounds.The aim. To carry out an experimental study of the toxic effect of indole and its derivative 1-benzylindole on the functional state of the heart and blood values.Materials and methods. The work was carried out on 46 white rats, divided into groups: control group (n = 22); animals receiving indole once a day for 1 month (n = 12); animals receiving 1-benzylindole once a day for 1 month (n = 12). The substances were administered intragastrically 5 days a week. The condition of the animals was assessed by integral parameters, peripheral blood parameters and biochemical serum tests, and morphological data.Results. Administration of indole and 1-benzylindole caused an increase in the electrical activity of the atria, a decrease in the duration of the QRS complex, and a statistically significant decrease in blood pressure and body temperature compared to the control group. The intake of indole and 1-benzylindole decreased the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin, increased the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and increased the concentrations of urea, total cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Against the background of long-term exposure to indole and 1-benzylindole, dystrophic disorders, hypertrophic and atrophic changes in individual fibers with a pronounced congestion of the microcirculatory vessels were revealed in the heart of rats.Conclusion. Indole and 1-benzylindole in case of long-term intake lead to functional disorders of the cardiovascular system, which cause the development of arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerotic vascular lesions. Preventive measures in industries with possible contact with indole and its derivatives should include regular medical examinations of workers with mandatory monitoring of electrocardiography and advanced indicators of general and biochemical blood tests.

Introduction. The aluminum industry occupies a leading position among non-ferrous metallurgy industries in revealing somatic pathologies in workers that occur against the background of chronic fluoride intoxication. Long-term exposure to fluorides on the body has a cardiovasotoxic effect, leads to structural and functional disorders of the myocardium and the development of comorbid cardiovascular pathology. This dictates the need for a risk-oriented approach to its diagnosis, including one based on molecular genetic analysis, for the timely identification of risk groups for the development of atherosclerosis and the elaboration of preventive measures aimed at preserving the health and maintaining working longevity of the studied occupational cohort. Materials and methods. There were examined ninety seven metallurgists with a previously proven diagnosis of chronic occupational intoxication with fluoride compounds, engaged in aluminum production. The comparison group consisted of 33 workers of this enterprise without a proven occupational disease. All respondents underwent ultrasound investigation of the main arteries. Genotyping of the rs2010963 polymorphic locus of the VEGF-A gene was carried out in a 96-well format using TaqMan technology (allele-specific real-time PCR). Results. The associative connection of the G/G VEGF-A genotype is determined in metallurgists with the risk of developing chronic occupational intoxication with fluoride compounds and heterozygous G/C genotype in subjects with multifocal atherosclerosis. The high level of predictive value of the polymorphism -634 G/C (rs2010963) of the VEGF-A gene allows considering it a marker of the risk for the developing atherosclerosis in workers exposed to long-term impact to fluoride compounds on the body. Limitations. The study was limited to the number of long-term work experienced subjects undergoing periodic medical examinations and undergoing inpatient treatment at the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Conclusion. It is recommended to conduct a screening molecular and genetic analysis in a clinical hospital setting for timely assessment of the prognostic significance of risk markers for the development of atherosclerosis and its complications in workers of basic occupations engaged in aluminum production.

У статті досліджено особливості педагогічної компетентності вчителів опорних закладів навчально-виховних комплексів, що виконують свою професійну діяльність в умовах дистанційної освіти. Актуальність статі полягає у вивченні педагогічної компетентності, яка виступає одним із головних чинників високої ефективності освітнього процесу під час дистанційного навчання. У сучасних умовах в нашій країні виникає особлива потреба в дистанційному навчанні. У зв’язку з модернізацією освіти та створенням опорних закладів виникає проблема вивчення впровадження у них дистанційної форми навчання. На базі Опорного закладу навчально-виховного комплексу “Загальноосвітня школа І-ІІІ ступенів – навчальний дошкільний заклад – позашкільний навчальний заклад – гімназія” ми провели дослідження особливостей роботи педагогів. Для цього було проведено-онлайн дослідження, за яким визначено основні форми взаємодії учасників навчального процесу під час дистанційного навчання. Ми дослідили форми роботи вчителів, аспекти удосконалення їх педагогічної майстерності. З огляду на спостереження та спілкування з працівниками опорного закладу освіти висвітлили основні моменти педагогічної діяльності в умовах окупації та в контексті дистанційного навчання.

Стаття присвячена розгляду педагогічної діяльності та педагогічних поглядів видатного українського педагога, громадського та культурного діяча Бориса Дмитровича Грінченка. Актуальність заявленої у статті проблеми зумовлена тим, що педагогічна спадщина Бориса Грінченка містить цікаві ідеї, думки та висновки, які очікують на глибоке осмислення, детальне вивчення та духовне поцінування. Мета статті полягає в здійсненні аналізу педагогічних поглядів Бориса Грінченка та проблем сучасної педагогічної науки. Головними результатами, які були одержані в межах цього наукового дослідження, слід вважати обґрунтування особливостей педагогічних поглядів Бориса Дмитровича, а також його внеску у розвиток національної культури виховання та педагогічної системи України. Особливу увагу приділено педагогічній спадщині Бориса Грінченка, яка віддзеркалює його думки, переконання та ключові ідеї щодо навчання та виховання молодого покоління. У даній публікації здійснено аналіз поглядів видатного педагога на особистість вчителя тих часів, його особистісні та професійні якості. Визначено вимоги, які висував Борис Грінченко до навчання школярів, проведення уроків, основних форм організації навчання. Авторка статті наголошує, що це педагог-гуманіст, з непереборним бажанням розвивати українську школу та великим прагненням навчати дітей рідної мови, який зробив неоціненний внесок у розвиток української школи та є прикладом наслідування для вчителів і у наш час. Підкреслено, що ідеї Бориса Грінченка не втрачають своєї актуальності до сьогодні, оскільки як вчитель, він поєднав найкращі надбання світової педагогічної думки з національними традиціями виховання та з невідкладною потребою духовного відродження української нації. Зроблено висновок, що Борис Дмитрович Грінченко зробив неоціненний внесок у розвиток педагогічної системи України, його праці, думки та погляди не втрачають своєї актуальності, а його життя та діяльність для багатьох поколінь служить дієвим прикладом подвижництва на теренах національної ідеї та української культури. Результати цього наукового дослідження, а також сформульовані на їхній основі висновки, становлять практичну цінність для викладачів, літературознавців, а також інших фахівців, які займаються вивченням діяльності та творчості відомих представників українського народу, аналізом їх численних праць та їх внеску у розвиток української культури.