Y4Al2O9 ceramics were synthesized via the solid-state reaction method across a range of sintering temperatures. The phase-pure composition was identified as monoclinic (space group P21/c), characterized by a structural framework of interconnected [YO6] and [YO7] polyhedral chains. XRD analysis and Rietveld refinement confirmed the formation of single-phase Y4Al2O9 within the sintering temperature of 1450 degrees C to 1650 degrees C. At the optimal sintering temperature of 1625 degrees C, the Y4Al2O9 ceramics exhibited a highly dense and uniform microstructure, correlating with its great microwave dielectric performance. Far-infrared spectroscopy analysis further revealed intrinsically low dielectric loss and a low relative permittivity for Y4Al2O9 ceramics. The Y4Al2O9 ceramic sintered at 1625 degrees C demonstrated the highest relative density (99.89 %) and optimal microwave dielectric properties: epsilon r = 12.09, Qxf = 34,419 GHz, and tau f = -43.6 ppm/degrees C, making it a promising candidate for high-temperature co-fired ceramic (HTCC) applications. To validate its practical utility, a C-band dielectric patch antenna was designed and fabricated using the high-performance Y4Al2O9 ceramic as the dielectric substrate. The antenna achieved a gain of 4.31 dBi and an efficiency of 80.12 % at the center frequency of 4.52 GHz, highlighting its suitability for emerging 5 G communication systems.

Zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramics are widely used in high-end fields, such as aerospace. However, simultaneously achieving high solid loading and low slurry viscosity limits the gelcasting of ZTA ceramics, which leads to defects. To address the above challenges, a "multi-particle size and multi-morphology composite powder synergistic packing" strategy was proposed and developed in this study. The powder system combined three different micron-sized spherical alpha-Al2O3 (d(50) = 98.7, 48.7, and 5.9 mu m), one submicron irregular alpha-Al2O3 (d(50) = 0.8 mu m), and one submicron irregular t-ZrO2 (d(50) = 0.5 mu m), with a fixed four Al2O3 mass ratio of 6.3:56.7:27:10 and a total Al2O3 to ZrO2 mass ratio of 3:1. Using gelcasting and pressureless sintering, the effects of solid loading (50-70 vol%) on ZTA slurries, green bodies, and ceramics were systematically investigated. Rheological tests showed that slurries with 50-65 vol% solid loading maintained low viscosity (<1 Pa s at 100 s(-1)), suitable for molding. At 70 vol%, viscosity rapidly increased to rose sharply to 0.98 Pa s but remained workable range, establishing this 70 vol% as the upper solid loading. For green bodies, higher solid loading reduced porosity and increased bulk density and flexural strength. At 70 vol% solid loading, the green body achieved an optimal packing density of 3.01 g/cm(3) and a flexural strength of 36.8 MPa. After sintering, the 70 vol% slurry-derived ceramic exhibited superior performance: a bulk density of 4.31 g/cm(3), mainly comprising alpha-Al2O3 and t-ZrO2 phases with uniform microstructure. Additionally, the ceramic exhibited excellent mechanical properties, achieving a flexural strength of 632.4 MPa, fracture toughness of 7.1 MPa m(1/2), and Vickers hardness of 12.8 GPa, surpassing most gelcasting-pressureless sintered samples and approaching the performance of some high-pressure sintered counterparts. This strategy provides insight into the production of high-performance and complex-shaped ZTA ceramics.

Over-curing behavior in vat photopolymerization three-dimensional (3D) printing of fused silica ceramics induces dimensional defects and residual stresses. This study introduces a Si3N4-doping strategy to mitigate ultraviolet (UV) overcuring while simultaneously optimizing rheological properties and sintering behavior. The results revealed that slurries with 2 wt% BYK111 achieved a minimal viscosity of 2.06 Pa s (at a shear rate of 30 s(-1)) and 55 vol% solid loading. The incorporation of 3.5 wt% Si3N4 into the slurry effectively reduced the cured depth and improved dimensional resolution. The optimized fused silica ceramic attained peak functional performance, achieving a flexural strength of 18.09 MPa while maintained stable dielectric responses (epsilon = 2.52-2.91) at 8.2-12.4 GHz. However, at a sintering temperature of 1250 degrees C, cristobalite phase formation induced microcracking, which led to a reduction in strength. This study establishes a sintering threshold (<1250 degrees C) and provides critical guidance for fused silica ceramic additive manufacturing through UV-photon regulation and phase-structure modulation.

Dielectric capacitors have attracted broad interest due to their ultra-fast charge/discharge rates and ultrahigh power density. However, the inherent trade-off between breakdown strength (Eb) and polarization (P) often limits further improvements in recoverable energy density (Wrec). In this study, the ions with distinct inherent characteristics were sequentially introduced into Bi4Ti3O12 to optimize the dielectric energy storage performance. The ferroelectrically active ions (Fe3+ and Nb5+) led to an enhancement in local polarization. As a result, the Wrec of the Bi3.2Nd0.8Ti2.8Nb0.1Fe0.1O12 (33.2 J cm−3) film is improved by nearly 50% compared to the Bi3.2Nd0.8Ti3O12 film. The local polarization enhancement caused by out-of-phase boundaries (OPBs), combined with the relaxation characteristic induced by local compositional heterogeneity, can jointly contribute to the excellent overall energy storage performance in the Bi3.2Nd0.8Ti2.8Nb0.1Fe0.1O12 film. Furthermore, the film also demonstrates high efficiency (74.8%), excellent frequency stability (500 Hz–2 kHz) and thermal stability (20–140 °C). This study presents an effective strategy for enhancing the overall energy storage performance of Aurivillius phases.

Transition metals (TMs) are considered more promising dopants than Sn in In2O3 for further enhancing carrier mobility. Given that DC magnetron sputtering is a commonly used deposition technique for transparent conductive oxide (TCO) films, developing high-quality ceramic targets with TMs as donors becomes a burning issue. In this study, a novel In2O3-based ceramic targets with GeO2-ZrO2-TiO2 as dopants was designed. The GeO2 promotes densification by forming liquid phase during the sintering process. The ZrO2 as donors can increase the carrier concentration and consequently lowers the resistivity of In2Ge0.025-xZrxO3 targets, to 1.95 & times; 10-4 S2 center dot cm for In2Ge0.01Zr0.015O3. The TiO2 inhibits abnormal grain growth and the formation of In2Ge2O7, contributing to superior grain uniformity and improved electrical conductivity in In2Ge0.025-xZrxTi0.005O3 targets. Ultimately, the In2Ge0.02Zr0.005Ti0.005O3 target sintered at 1520 degrees C simultaneously feature high density (98.42 %), low resistivity (1.78 & times; 10-4 S2 center dot cm), as well as uniform microstructure and composition distribution. Compared to In2Ge0.025O3 target sintered at the same temperature (density of 98.31 %, resistivity of 4.66 & times; 10-4 S2 center dot cm), it exhibits a significant 61.8 % reduction in resistivity and improved density. This proposed strategy provides guidance for designing high-quality ceramic targets, paving the way for sputtering high-performance TCO thin films.

Achieving high energy storage performance under moderate electric fields is essential for the practical use of pulsed power capacitors. Herein, a high-entropy composition design in Bi(Ti0.5Mg0.5)O-3-based ceramics via the addition of NaNbO3 and BaTiO3 synergistically refines grain morphology and polar structure. The optimized ceramic delivers a recoverable energy density of similar to 5.5 J/cm(3) with efficiency similar to 88.9% at 35 kV/mm, outperforming most state-of-the-art moderate-field lead-free ceramics. Multiscale characterization reveals that the synergy of entropy-driven grain refinement and disrupted ferroelectric order simultaneously enhances breakdown strength and polarization dynamics. Weibull analysis confirms a significantly enhanced breakdown strength, while impedance spectroscopy reveals increased resistivity, directly supporting the mechanistic role of refined grains. The ceramic also exhibits excellent temperature stability (25-200 degrees C, Delta W-rec approximate to 3.05%, Delta eta approximate to 3.72%) and superior discharge performance (t(0.9) approximate to 60 ns, P-D approximate to 104 MW/cm(3)). These attributes establish it as a highly competitive candidate for reliable moderate-field pulsed power capacitors in compact and high-power electronic systems.

Multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) are essential components in pulsed power systems, requiring optimized bulk ceramics to ensure optimal performance. For this purpose, we choose the NaNbO3-based antiferroelectric (AFE) ceramics as a promising candidate. Among AFE materials, NaNbO3 exhibits considerable potential; however, the field-induced metastable ferroelectric (FE) phase at relatively low applied fields results in large hysteresis, which causes high energy dissipation. Antiferroelectric materials are often characterized by the field-induced antiferroelectric-ferroelectric (AFE-FE) phase transition, which remains a significant challenge. Therefore, in this work, we develop inhomogeneous, weakly polar AFE nanodomains through the engineered polymorphic nano-phases, owing to effectively suppressing the AFE-FE phase transition within a wide range of electric fields and temperatures. This strategy is well implemented in the design of highly efficient MLCCs, which display nearly eliminated hysteresis loss. This strategy paves the way for the designing of highly-efficient MLCCs, which would advance their potential for next-generation pulsed power applications.

Achieving simultaneously high energy density and efficiency in lead-free dielectric capacitors for pulse power applications remains challenging. To address this, a NaNbO3-based relaxor ferroelectric (FE) is designed by incorporating FE-active (Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3 and non-polar SrZrO3, achieving exceptional energy storage performance driven by heterogeneous short-range ferroic orders. Atomic-scale structural characterization reveals coexisting polymorphic polar nanoregions with complex superlattice structures, confirming local diversity of FE symmetries and antiferrodistortive (AFD) modes. The short-range ordering of both FE and AFD distortions effectively reduces polarization switching barriers and suppresses the formation of long-range FE ordering under high electric fields, as evidenced by in situ piezoresponse force microscopy analysis of field-induced domain evolution dynamics. Consequently, polarization hysteresis is minimized and polarization saturation is delayed, enabling an ultrahigh recoverable energy density of approximate to 19.1 J cm-3 coupled with an outstanding efficiency of approximate to 89.2% in NaNbO3-(Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3-SrZrO3 multilayer ceramic capacitors. This work establishes a promising materials design strategy for optimizing energy storage in ferroic dielectrics.

Lead-free relaxor ferroelectrics (RFEs) are considered desirable candidates for achieving superior energy storage capabilities. However, a well-balanced performance of improved energy density (Urec) and maintained high efficiency (eta) under high electric fields remains a major challenge. In this study, a fragmented lattice structure with large lattice distortions and dislocation is constructed by combining A-site vacancies and multi-element modulated Aurivillius phase Bi2.8(Pr0.2La0.2Nd0.3Sm0.3)Ti3O12 with typical perovskite-structured BiFeO3. The films exhibit a combination of desirable features, including enhanced breakdown strength, improved polarization, reduced leakage current and suppressed hysteresis loss, which synergistically contribute to the overall energy storage performance. Consequently, a remarkable recoverable energy storage density (Urec) up to 66.0 J cm-3 with a high efficiency (eta) of 73.2 % under an electric field of 3436 kV cm-1 is achieved in the Bi2.8(Pr0.2La0.2Nd0.3Sm0.3)Ti3O12-0.08BiFeO3 film. Furthermore, the film demonstrates excellent fatigue performance (106 switching cycles) and thermal stability (20-140 degrees C). This proposed strategy provides a promising approach for material structure design in advanced high-power energy storage applications.

The researcher focuses on low temperature cofirable ceramic because LTCC technology, with its advantages in compact design, low transmitting loss, excellent integrated capability, and compliance with low-melting-point electrode materials, plays an important role in advanced microwave communication systems. However, the low temperature cofirable ceramic (LTCC) simultaneously possessing low permittivity, low sintering temperature, high quality factor and near zero τ f value is still a tremendous challenge for microwave applications. In this study Ba 1−x Ca x Mg₁.₉₈Zn₀.₀₂V₂O₈–yLi₂CO₃ (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, y = 0.005, 0.0075, 0.010, 0.0125) ceramics were prepared via the use of solid state reaction method. The incorporation of Ca and Li 2 CO 3 simultaneously successfully overcome the LTCC challenge of obtaining low sintering temperature without significant reduction in microwave dielectric properties. Out of all the investigated samples in this study, the composition with x = 0.20 and y = 0.0125 exhibit encouraging (ε r ~ 8.5), (Q u f o ~38500 GHz), and temperature coefficient of resonance frequency (τ f ∼ −2.6 ppm/◦C) after sintering at 900°C for 4 h. The results of this study suggest that this ceramics are feasible alternatives for antenna applications and LTCC-based dielectric substrates utilized in modern microwave communication systems.

Synergistically achieving high recoverable energy density (Wrec) and ideal efficiency (η) in lead-free dielectric capacitors is crucial for the advancement of next-generation pulsed power electronics. However, the persistent trade-off between polarization enhancement and hysteresis suppression in most relaxor ferroelectrics (RFEs) remains a formidable challenge. Herein, a Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3-SrTiO3-xNaNbO3 (BSMT-xNN) lead-free solid-solution system is designed to address this bottleneck via an entropy-driven regulation strategy. The system configuration entropy (ΔSconfig) significantly increases with NN incorporation, accompanied by continuously linearized polarization response and enhanced insulation performance. Crucially, heterogeneous polarization fluctuations, manifested as variations in both magnitude and orientation within polar nanodomains (ranging from several unit cells to ∼3 nm), are tailored owing to the pronounced lattice distortion in the high-entropy x = 0.3 ceramic (ΔSconfig ∼2.15 R). While the broad domain-size distribution facilitates a stepwise polarization response, the intensified lattice distortions concurrently suppress domain coalescence under high electric fields. These synergistic mechanisms delay polarization saturation and mitigate hysteresis loss. As a consequence, the BSMT-0.3NN ceramic delivers a superior Wrec of 10.4 J cm−3 and an outstanding η of 93.4%, together with outstanding thermal (25–200 °C), frequency (1–160 Hz), and reliability (105 cycles) stability. This work elucidates the structural origin of the optimized polarization response and a robust design paradigm for high-performance dielectric energy storage materials.

Silicon carbide nanowires (SiCnw) were fabricated employing a carbothermal reduction method governed by a vapor-solid (V-S) growth mechanism. The effects of raw material ratio (R = Msilicone oil/(Mcoconut shell activated carbon + Msilicon powders)) and sintering temperature on the phase composition, morphological evolution, dielectric, and electromagnetic wave (EW) absorption performance of SiCnw were systematically investigated. All SiCnw samples exhibited 3C-SiC as the primary crystalline phase coated with a SiO2 layer, while cristobalite formed in the samples sintered at 1400 degrees C. An increase in sintering temperature enhanced the SiCnw yield, and both sintering temperature and R value regulated the morphological evolution of SiCnw. The SiCnw synthesized at 1200 degrees C and 1300 degrees C displayed a linear morphology independent of the R value, whereas at 1400 degrees C, the morphology became dependent on the R value. While a linear shape was maintained at R = 1:10, 5:10, and 6:10, a distinct beaded morphology emerged within the R = 2:10 to 4:10 range. Characterized by a small diameter, high aspect ratio, and a thin SiO2 coating, the linear SiCnw exhibited superior EW-absorption capabilities compared to the beaded form. This was best exemplified by the L6 sample (1200 degrees C and R = 6:10), which achieved a reflection loss (RL) of -52.07 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 4.14 GHz at a matched thickness of 2.5 mm, demonstrating strong potential for high-frequency EW-absorption applications.

In this study, the effects of ZnO-B2O3-SiO2 (ZBS) glass on the structural and microwave dielectric properties of ZnTiNb2O8 ceramics were investigated. The addition of 2 wt% ZBS glass was found to promote the formation of a single-phase ZnTiNb2O8 solid solution ceramic, with no secondary phases detected within the sintering temperature range of 850 degrees C-900 degrees C. Increasing the sintering temperature enhanced the densification process. The dielectric constant (epsilon r) was strongly affected by variations in relative density and volume fraction. A slight discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental epsilon r values was observed using the serial mixing model. Although densification played a significant role, the improvement in the Q x f value was more closely associated with the packing fraction and average grain size. Overall, ZnTiNb2O8 ceramics with 2 wt% ZBS glass sintered at 900 degrees C for 4 h exhibited excellent microwave dielectric properties, with epsilon r = 31.65 and Q x f = 22879 GHz. These results indicate that the material holds considerable promise for applications in low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology.

ABSTRACT Aluminum nitride (AlN) ceramic substrates are essential for advanced electronics due to their high thermal conductivity and electrical insulation. However, tape‐casting fabrication of dense, high‐thermal‐conductive AlN substrates is often hindered by difficulties in preparing high‐solid‐loading, low‐viscosity, and stable slurries. This study optimized rheological and antisedimentation behaviors by adjusting additive compositions (dispersant, binder, plasticizer) of the tape‐casting AlN slurries. A ternary dispersant system (glycerol trioleate/castor oil/KH560 at a mass ratio of 2:2:2 wt.%) enhanced the rheology and stability of AlN slurry through synergistic chemical anchoring, physical adsorption, and steric hindrance, reducing agglomeration. Optimizing the binder‐to‐plasticizer ratio further improved slurry rheology and stability, as well as enhanced the flexibility, strength, and surface quality of AlN green tapes. Using this approach, slurries with AlN solid loadings of 64–68 wt.% were produced and cast into uniform green tapes, then sintered into dense ceramics. The slurry with 68 wt.% AlN solid loading yielded a substrate with a bulk density of 3.25 g·cm − 3 , apparent porosity of 1.02%, and thermal conductivity of 176.14 W·m − 1 ·K − 1 . These results demonstrate a clear correlation between formulation of AlN slurry and tape‐casting ceramic performance, offering a practical guideline for manufacturing high‐performance ceramic substrates for next‐generation electronics.

The development of high-performance lead-free energy storage capacitors is crucial for sustainable technologies, yet hindered in NaNbO 3 -based antiferroelectric (AFE) ceramics because of significant polarization hysteresis from field-induced AFE-ferroelectric (FE) phase transitions. This hysteresis fundamentally limits the simultaneous optimization of recoverable energy density (W rec ) and efficiency (eta). Herein, we demonstrate that lamellar nanodomain engineering via compositional design in a (0.87-x)NaNbO 3 -0.13Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 TiO 3 -xBi(Mg 0.5 Ti 0.5 )O 3 system effectively overcomes this bottleneck. The optimized composition (x = 0.05) delivers exceptional energy storage performance with a W rec of -8.2 J/ cm 3 , a eta of -88.9%, and a power density of -207 MW/cm 3 . Analysis on multiscale structure evolution reveals that this compositional tuning induces a phase transformation from AFE P to AFE R symmetry, accompanied by an enhanced local structural disorder. Critically, the formation of lamellar AFE R-phase nanodomains with width ranging from 2 nm to 6 nm drives a quasi-linear polarization response with minimal hysteresis. Concurrently, the refined grain size improves the ceramic resistivity, substantially enhancing dielectric breakdown strength. These synergistic effects collectively yield outstanding energy storage properties, demonstrating that engineering lamellar AFE R-phase nanodomains is an efficient strategy to optimize overall energy storage performance of NaNbO 3 -based materials. (c) 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Chinese Ceramic Society. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Lightweight yet strongly attenuating microwave absorbers remain in urgent demand. In this article, polymer-derived C-f/C/SiC ceramic aerogel composites (CACs) with hierarchical porous structure have been prepared via a sol-gel route followed by freeze-drying. The C-f/C/SiC CACs were composed of polyacrylonitrile fibers/hydroxyethyl cellulose (PAN/HEC) derived carbon framework and polycarbosilane derived SiC aerogel. The incorporation of PAN/HEC was used to tailor the conductivity and impedance matching characteristics of CACs, and the permittivity of C-f/C/SiC CACs could be adjusted by changing the quantity of PAN fibers introduced or by altering the pyrolysis temperature. After pyrolysis at 900 degrees C, a ceramic yield of similar to 38 % was obtained, together with a BET surface area of 95.63 m(2)/g. Moreover, the C-f/C/SiC exhibited an outstanding reflection loss (RLmin) of -75.19 dB at 12.82 GHz (d = 2.52 mm), whereas its effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) was further broadened to 5.9 GHz at 2.24 mm. The superior microwave absorption (MA) performance of C-f/C/SiC CACs stems from: (i) hierarchical porous structure that multiply internal reflections, (ii) PAN/HEC-derived carbon framework that optimize the impedance matching, and (iii) synergistic effect of conductivity loss and interfacial polarization loss. The optimal preparation temperature is 700 degrees C, lower than that of comparable ceramic-based absorbers. Therefore, this research provides a low-cost and convenient method to fabricate MA materials with lightweight and high-performance.

ABSTRACT High‐temperature piezoceramics, as key electronic components, are the cornerstone of reliable operation for many important electronic systems under harsh conditions. Piezoceramics with high Curie temperatures ( T c ), excellent piezoelectricity ( d 33 ), and high resistivity (ρ) are well‐suited for satisfying the requirements of high‐temperature applications. Herein, a series of LiCe co‐doped Na 0.25 K 0.25 Bi 2.5 Nb 2 O 9 ceramics with high T c (>600°C), large d 33 (>25 pC/N), and ρ (about 10 6 Ω·cm at 500°C) is reported. The improved d 33 is ascribed to the pseudo‐tetragonal distortion and refined ferroelectric domain. In addition, the electrical heterogeneity of LiCe‐modified Na 0.25 K 0.25 Bi 2.5 Nb 2 O 9 ceramics is a contribution from both grain and grain boundary. The high‐temperature conductivity mechanism is related to oxygen vacancies, as indicated by the activation energy. This study developed Na 0.25 K 0.25 Bi 2.5 Nb 2 O 9 ‐based high‐temperature piezoceramics with excellent comprehensive performance, elucidating the sources of their excellent piezoelectricity and the mechanisms of conductivity and relaxation.

Developing structure-function integrated microwave-absorbing materials (MAMs) is highly desirable for advanced electronic and engineering applications. Herein, titanium carbonitride (TiCN) is employed as a functional absorbent to fabricate TiCN/Al2O3 composites via a two-step optimisation strategy, aiming to synergistically enhance mechanical strength and microwave absorption. First, the Al2O3 matrix was optimised using a fixed TiCN content of 4 wt% to exhibit a bimodal particle size distribution (one-third 300 nm + two-third 1 mu m particles); this improved sintering densification by enhancing particle packing efficiency and reducing internal defects. This micro-nano synergistic structure promoted atomic diffusion and pore elimination, thereby establishing a robust mechanical foundation. Subsequently, the TiCN content was systematically regulated to tailor the microstructure and dielectric response. Moderate TiCN addition served as a hard dispersed phase in the Al2O3 matrix, effectively pinning grain boundaries and hindering crack propagation, while inducing strong interfacial polarisation at TiCN/Al2O3 hetero-interfaces and conduction loss via conductive pathways. Specifically, the composite with 6 wt% TiCN exhibited the optimal comprehensive performance, with a flexural strength of 293.47 MPa, tensile strength of 181.37 MPa, minimum reflection loss (RLm(i)n) of-32.65 dB at 10.72 GHz (2 mm thickness), and effective absorption bandwidth (EAB, RL <=-10 dB) of 1.18 GHz (1.8 mm thickness). Furthermore, this composite showed excellent high-temperature microwave absorption stability from 200 to 600 degrees C, with stable dielectric parameters and favourable absorption efficiency. This study demonstrates that TiCN incorporation into the Al2O3 matrix simultaneously acts as a structural reinforcement and an electromagnetic loss phase via composition-structure regulation, providing a feasible strategy for designing high-performance integrated ceramic MAMs.

Magnesium aluminate spinel (MAS) ceramics have been successfully produced using vat photopolymerization 3D printing. The MgO/Al2O3 slurries could achieve the lowest viscosity and shear stress, as well as the maximum solid loading of 55 vol% when the dispersant concentration was 2 wt%. During the printing and degreasing stages, the MgO/Al2O3 ceramics without plasticizers exhibited susceptibility to deformation and surface cracking during printing/degreasing, whereas those containing plasticizers demonstrated improved structural integrity. Sintering temperature governed the formation of the MAS phase, achieving a peak flexural strength of 191.37 +/- 25.07 MPa (1600 degrees C) through porosity reduction. Evaluation of thermal shock resistance identified a critical temperature differential (Delta Tc) of 646.09 degrees C, with residual strength degradation proportional to the severity of thermal cycling. Post-shock fracture analysis indicated predominant tensile failure modes. Thermal shock temperature and thermal shock cycles collectively govern the evolution of thermal shock damage and the degradation of mechanical properties.