金线兰[Anoectochilus roxburghii(Wall.)Lindl.]是一种珍稀的兰科开唇兰属多年生单子叶草本植物,具有重要的药用价值.褪黑素(MT)是一类胺类激素,具有调节机体昼夜规律和机体抗氧化等多种生理功能.试验分别采用5μmol·L-1、500μmol·L-1、5 mmol·L-1褪黑素根灌处理,研究褪黑素对金线兰生长发育和有效成分含量的影响,结果表明,5μmol·L-1的褪黑素根灌技术处理能够显著增加总黄酮和总氨基酸的含量,分别增加了27.27％和21.79％,而500μmol·L-1和5 mmol·L-1褪黑素显著增加了多糖的含量,分别增加了20.79％和23.88％.3种浓度褪黑素处理下,叶绿素总含量显著高于对照41.56％ ～55.84％.5μmol·L-1褪黑素处理下,叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著增加了23.72％、180.00％和33.65％.综上,褪黑素通过影响金线兰叶绿素含量、代谢物积累和抗氧化酶活性,从而增强金线兰的抗逆性,进而增强金线兰移栽后的生命力.

中国有大面积盐碱地分布在东南沿海地区,其改良与利用已经成为确保耕地"红线"不被突破,实现农业可持续发展的重要举措.在综合分析东南沿海新生盐碱地成因的基础上,结合江苏、上海、浙江等地盐碱地治理与综合利用的案例,提出了盐碱地治理与利用的六维改良法.六维改良法实现了盐碱地垦造、改良与种植的一体化.此外,还对未来盐碱地改良措施的优化提出了展望.

运用SWOT分析方法,对杭州都市农业的发展现状进行剖析,提出从发展高效生态农业、推广标准化生产模式、推进农机化发展等方面改善制约杭州市都市农业发展的瓶颈,以促进杭州市都市农业又好又快地发展.

Plant cell walls may play an important role in the uptake and accumulation of heavy metals. This study was undertaken to obtain a better understanding of the role of the root cell walls (RCW) and their subfractions on adsorption of cadmium (Cd) in a promising woody phytoremediation species, Salix jiangsuensis J172. In order to examine how Cd binding was affected by pectin and hemicellulose, RCW were isolated and sequentially fractioned by removing pectin (RCW1), partial removal of hemicellulose (RCW2), and complete removal of hemicellulose (RCW3). The RCW and fractions were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which suggested decomposition of hemicellulose and a decline in nitrogen content following cell wall isolation and fractionation. The adsorption affinity of Cd increased gradually following the sequential extraction of root cells, suggesting that hemicellulose negatively impacted Cd adsorption, while pectin and cellulose enhanced Cd adsorption. Cd adsorption dynamics and isotherms could be best described by the pseudo-second-order (R>0.99) and Freundlich (R>0.97) models, respectively. Thermodynamic properties (∆G, ∆H, and ∆S), determined using the van't Hoff equation, indicated that while Cd adsorption was endothermic, and spontaneous for RCW2 and RCW3, adsorption was not spontaneous for the root, RCW, and RCW1. The results provide evidence for the importance of the root cell walls in the adsorption of Cd by willow roots.

Willow ( Salix sp.) has large biomass production and high resistance to environmental stress. As an important multipurpose tree species in afforestation, it has been proved to be effective in the uptake and accumulation of metals from contaminated waters and soils. Suliu172 ( Salix × jiangsuensis 'J172'), Hanliu ( Salix matsudana ), Weishanhu ( Salix integra 'Weishanhu') and Yizhibi (S. integra 'Yizhibi') were chosen as model plants to evaluate their potential for uptake of cadmium from hydroponic culture and relative uptake mechanism. Cadmium uptake showed a linear increase in the short time course, and a nonlinear and slow increase in the long time course. After one week cultivation, cadmium accumulation in different parts of willows generally followed the order of root > stem > leaf. Cadmium influx in willow roots increased with the increase of cadmium concentration in hydroponic solutions. A modified Michaelis-Menten equation was employed to describe the concentration-dependent kinetics of cadmium uptake through the roots. Cadmium influx could be resolved into linear and saturable components under concentration–dependent kinetics. The saturable component followed Michaelis–Menten kinetics, which indicated that cadmium uptake across the plasma membrane was transporter–mediated. The uptake capacity (V max /K m ) jointly decided by the V max and K m followed descending order of Hanliu > Weishanhu ≈ Yizhibi > Suliu172, indicating that their inherent potential of cadmium uptake reduced in turn. Low temperature and metabolic inhibitor inhibited the apparent uptake of cadmium in willow. Both active absorption and passive absorption occurred in the cadmium uptake by willow roots. Key words : Cadmium, willow, uptake kinetics.

Two rice genotypes(BY and Z921),which were different in zinc content of grain,were cultivated at different Zn2 + activities(pZn2 + l1.4,l1.0,10.3 and 9.7) in chelator-buffered nutrient solution.The effects of different Zn2 + activities on the zinc partitioning in rice and the chemical forms of zinc in the rice leaves were studied,and the results were shown as follows.(1) The zinc content in each organ was increased with the increasing of Zn2 + activities,and there were differences between genotypes and the organs.Under sufficient Zn supply,Zn accumulated in vegetative organs first;then accumulated in grains.(2) Judging the zinc distribution in grain,when Zn2 + activity was lower than 10.3,the zinc content in brown rice was the highest,but with the Zn2 + activity reached to 9.7 with increasing of the zinc content in grain hull became higher.The zinc ratio of brown rice to milled rice was in range of 0.79 to 0.90,the ratio was the smallest when pZn2 + was 9.7.(3) At all Zn2 + activities the grain zinc content in BY was much higher than that in Z921 which indicated that selecting zinc-rich rice is a cost-effective way to improve zinc in rice and zinc content in rice grain could be improved by increasing Zn2 + activity.(4) In the prophase of vegetative growth,zinc in the leaves exist in form of acetic acid-extractable(heavy metal phosphates);in the later phase of vegetative growth,ethanol-extractable(alcohol-soluble proteins,amino acids,et al) zinc predominated in the leaves.

Studying the physiological mechanism of genotypic difference in tolerance and the tolerance of F_1 hybrids to low zinc stress in rice is one basic work to improve rice zinc efficiency as well as to solve the problem of rice zinc shortage. The Zn-efficient rice cultivars IR8192 and IR36, Zn-inefficient rice cultivars Ce-64 and IR26, and their F_1 hybrids of the crosses IR36×IR8192, IR36×IR26, and Ce-64×IR26 were grown in chelator-buffered nutrient solution at both low zinc level (pZn2+11.0) and normal zinc level (pZn2+9.7), respectively. The relative values of both parents and F_1 rice seedlings under pZn2+11.0 to the ones under pZn2+9.7 in plant height, sheath height, shoot and root dry weights and zinc contents, chlorophyll content in leaves, and activities of SOD, CAT, POD, and MDA could be used as the screening index of Zn-efficient rice. At low zinc level, the four cultivars and their F_1 hybrids showed similar trends in all the indices. However, IR8192, IR36, IR36×IR8192 had smaller decreases in chlorophyll content and activity of SOD, greater increases in activities of POD, CAT and APX, and a smaller increase in MDA content, suggesting that these rice genotypes had a stronger ability to resist low zinc stress. Under the low zinc stress, POD, CAT and APX were the main active oxygen scavenging system, while SOD protective enzyme system was firstly weakened. In the low zinc stress, except root length and APX activity, the relative values of the traits in IR36×IR8192 and IR36×IR26 showed over-parent heterosis whereas Ce-64×IR26 were close to mid-parent values, which indicates that low-zinc-tolerance was controlled by dominant effect and there existed duplicate effect of gene. Therefore, rice cultivars with stronger ability to resist low zinc stress could be obtained by hybridization of Zn-efficient parental rice.

The effect of seed soaking with zinc sulfate on growth and physiological characteristics of rice seedlings was studied using seeds of IR8192 and BY typed rice as subjects treated with different concentrations of zinc sulfate(0,0.0005%,0.001%,0.005%,0.01%,0.05%,0.10%,0.15%,0.25%).The results showed that rice seeds treated with seed soaking in appropriate zinc concentration promoted plant growth and accumulation of dry matter,increased the amount of chlorophyll a,b and a+b in leaves,enhanced the superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),catalase(CAT) activity,reduced malondialdehyde(MDA) content and increased soluble protein and soluble sugar content.However,the optimal zinc concentrations of seed soaking were different as to different types of rice.IR8192 typed rice treated with 0.001% concentration of zinc sulfate had the best treatment effect,while the optimal concentration of BY typed rice was 0.005% which resulted in toxic effect on IR8192.With the zinc concentration of seed soaking going on increasing until it exceeded plant tolerance,growth of rice seedlings would begin to be inhibited.This experiment indicates that seed soaking in appropriate concentration of zinc sulfate can promote growth of rice seedlings,enhance the level of antioxidant enzyme in the course of growth,slow down the role of lipid peroxidation and enhance the level of material metabolism,yet zinc concentration exceeding plant tolerance will result in toxic effect on rice seedlings.

【Objective】 A field experiment was conducted on rice to evaluate the effect of Zn and Fe foliar fertilization on the concentration of these micronutrients,yield,quality and zinc-iron partitioning in plant.【Method】 Two varieties Liangyoupeijiu and Jiahua1 were used.Yield,nutrients concentration and quality of rice were determined.【Result】 The results indicated that different interactions of zinc and iron had significant effects on yield,harvest index,seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight.The optimal combination of fertilization for yield was Zn1Fe1.Under the optimal application condition,yield of Liangyoupeijiu and Jiahua1 could be significantly increased by 4.5% and5.6%.Under the foliar application condition,amylase content of rice was significantly lower than the control.Phytic acid content of two varieties was significantly lower than others under the Zn2Fe0.Different combinations of fertilizer also had significant effects on grain zinc and iron contents.The optimal combination of fertilization for enhancing zinc was Zn2Fe0.Under the Zn2Fe0 condition,zinc content of Liangyoupeijiu and Jiahua1 was increased by 69.75% and 41.65%.The two varieties had significant difference in distribution of iron.For Liangyoupeijiu,the optimal combination of fertilization for improving iron content of rice was Zn2Fe2,but for Jiahua1,it was Zn0Fe2.When the concentration of zinc sulfate was increased from 0 to 0.2%,the zinc contents in brown rice of Liangyoupeijiu were increased,while that in grain hull was increased and much higher than that in brown rice,and for Jiahua1,the zinc content in grain hull was higher too.With the increase of fertilization,more zinc and iron distributed in grain hull and panicle structures.【Conclusion】 The results indicate that appropriate combined fertilization management can increase micronutrients content in grains and improve nutrition quality of rice.

Two rice genotypes which are different in zinc content(Biyuzaonuo and Zhenong 921) were cultivated at different Zn2+ activities(pZn2+ l1.4,l1.0,10.3 and 9.7) in chelator-buffered nutrient solutions.The rice yield,quality and zinc partitioning in grain response to different Zn2+ activities and the genotypic differences were studied.The results show that different Zn2+ activities have significant effects on rice yield per plant through effective panicles per plant,spikelet numbers per panicles,seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight.Effective panicles per plant is mostly affected,spikelet numbers per panicles is less,and the effect on seed setting rate is relatively little,while they are in obvious differences between the two genotypes.Different Zn2+ activities also have significant effects on grain zinc contents.The zinc content in grain is decreased with the decreasing of Zn2+ activity and the decrease is significant when Zn2+ activity is lower than 10.3,and the zinc content in Biyuzaonuo is much higher than that in Zhenong 921 at any Zn2+ activities.From the distribution of grain zinc,the zinc contents in grain hull,brown rice and milled rice are increased with the increase of Zn2+ activity.When pZn2+ is increased from 10.3 to 9.7,the zinc contents in brown rice and milled rice of Biyuzaonuo are decreased,while that in grain hull is increased and much higher than that in brown rice,and for Zhenong 921,the zinc content in grain hull is higher too.The zinc ratio of brown rice to milled rice is from 0.79 to 0.90,and the ratio is the smallest when pZn2+ is 9.7.In conclusion,it is a cost-effective way to improve zinc in rice by selecting zinc-rich rice genotypes,and the improvement of zinc nutrition by increasing Zn2+ activity can also improve zinc content in rice grain.

在大田条件下研究了不同基础群体和结构对中药元胡产量的影响.结果表明,元胡的产量随着基础群体的增大而增加,且增加的主要是二级品产量(直径≤10 mm);基础群体大小相同,群体结构不同时,产量有明显的差异,并以每穴1棵种茎种植方式的元胡总产量和优质元胡产量最高,但优质元胡所占的百分比则以每穴3棵时最大,为84.17%.

Waterlogging is an important constraint of global production of rape. The effects of seed film coating with 0.0075% uniconazole on the growth and physiology was investigated using seedlings from three varieties of rape (Brassica napus L.) subjected to waterlogging. While seed coating with uniconazole had no significant effect on germination percentage during waterlogging stress, it enhanced root vigour, increased root length, root volume and root dry weight. It also significantly enhanced leaf dry weight and ratio of root to shoot, but induced a significant decrease in shoot height and stem dry weight. Seed film coating with uniconazole also significantly increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, POD, CAT and SOD, and soluble sugar concentration during waterlogging. Thus, it suggests that seed film coating with uniconazole at a suitable concentration can improve rape seedling growth and increase seedling establishment during waterlogging.

Physical properties of five basic seed coating agents were examined in the experiment. The most desirable basic coating agent was selected out for cultivation of rice by direct seeding, followed by addition of different active compounds and various formulae were proposed. The influence of film coating based on these formulae on germination, seedling quality, field growth and development of the directly seeded rice plants were studied. The results indicated that basic coating agent No.5, which was safe for seed germination of the directly seeded rice, was relatively more ideal than the other agents used. The treatments with coating agent formula No.4 or No.5 showed no inhibitory effect on seed germination. They substantially promoted root growth, reduced shoot height in cultivars Jiayu 948 and Zhongzu No.1, and led to significantly increase in proline content and peroxidase (POD) activity in the seedlings. Coating with agent of the formula No.5 also significantly increased the chlorophyll content of the seedlings. Field experiment showed that the seedling establishments were improved, damage due to rice thrips were remarkably reduced and yields were raised by 27.48% and 23.52% as compared to un-coated controls after cultivar Zhongzu No.1 was treated by coating agent formula No.4 and No.5 respectively. The two-plot field experiments in the following year showed that the treatments with coating agent formula No.4 improved the seedling establishment in Jiayu 948 and Zhongzu No.1 and significantly raised the yield in Zhongzu No.1.

烟青虫Helicoverpa assulta(Guenee)又称烟草夜蛾,是烤烟生产的主要害虫之一,在我国各烟区均有发生,其中,以西南、黄淮烟区发生较为严重.在烟株现蕾前,幼虫取食心芽、嫩叶,使顶芽枯死,形成多次分杈,被害后的叶片出现孔洞、破损,严重影响烟叶的产量和质量,大大降低了中上等烟的比例.现蕾后,烟青虫则危害蕾、花和果实,大大降低了留种烟株的种子产量和质量.由于我国各烟区的气候条件不同,种植时期不同和栽培制度各异,有关烟青虫的发生危害和防治技术等研究报道也不尽一致,因此,就近年烟青虫生物学特性和生态学特征的研究作一概述,以便为各烟区做好烟青虫的综合防治提供参考.

The relationship between zinc and human health was presented,and the background of researches in zinc-dense rice was reviewed.The potential of breeding zinc-dense rice to improve human zinc nutrition was stated.Finally,the primary process of research was summarized.

选用锌营养特性不同的4个水稻基因型,采用HEDTA螯合缓冲营养液培养,研究了不同锌离子活度对水稻细胞膜透性的影响.结果表明,低锌离子活度会严重伤害水稻秧苗的细胞膜结构,但水稻不同基因型间存在明显差异,锌敏感基因型IR26受伤害的程度明显大于耐低锌基因型IR8192,籽粒富锌基因型碧玉早糯居前两者之间,而籽粒低锌基因型浙农921受伤害程度最低.在相同的缺锌条件下,各水稻基因型根系H+分泌量增多,耐低锌基因型IR8192的增加幅度显著大于锌敏感基因型IR26,籽粒富锌水稻基因型碧玉早糯也能够分泌较多的H+,增加幅度介于耐性基因型和敏感基因型之间.

Four genotypes of rice (IR8192, IR26, BY and Z921) with different Zn-efficiency were cultivated in chelator buffered nutrient solution at four Zn levels (pZn i. e. -log[Zn 2+ ]) was 11.4,11.0,10.3,9.7, respectively to study the regulation of absorption, translocation and utilization of Zn at rice seedlings. As Zn2+ activity decreased, the amount of Zn uptake by rice seedlings decreased, while translocation rate of Zn from root to shoot, Zn utilization efficiency increased in all genotypes. There was obvious genotypic difference on changing range among four genotypes. At low Zn activity, Zn-efficient rice genotype (IR8192) was stronger in utilization efficiency of Zn and promoting the efficiency than Zn-inefficient(IR26) and Zn-dense in grain rice genotype (BY). At high Zn 2+ activity, Zn-dense in grain genotype was stronger in Zn-uptake and accumulation in rice plant, maybe was one of the mechanisms of Zn-dense in grain genotype. It also could be concluded that nutrient traits of rice seedlings, such as total Zn uptake and accumulation in rice plant and could be used in screening Zn-dense in grain genotypes.

The hereditary characteristic of agronomic trait of Zn-efficiency rice genotype was analyzed from the relative value of total dry matter, shoot dry matter root dry matter, grown leaf number, plant height, and root length of rice seedling in different Zn 2+ activity by using a dilled cross with Zn-efficiency and Zn-inefficiency rice genotype. It was revealed that the dominant effects variance of all studied trait were significant or very significant with the ratio being more than 65.35% of total variance. The additive effect variance of other traits except for root length were also significant or very significant, with the average ratio being 21.85% of total variance; The epistatic effect variance of root length was significant, with a ratio of 48% of total variance. The relative root length in different Zn 2+ active was governed by dominant and additive effect of hereditary gene; The relative value of grown leaf number, plant height, dry matter weight and Zn concentration of rice seedling were mainly governed by dominant effect of gene, secondarily by additive effect of gene. If the rice genotypic ability of tolerance to Zn deficit was valued by these agronomic traits, it was mainly governed by dominant effect of gene, secondarily by additive effect of gene, and might be influenced by epistatic effect of gene.

采用HEDTA螯合缓冲营养液培养法,研究了水稻锌营养高效基因型IR34、IR36、IR8192和锌敏感基因型IR26、测64-7、碧玉早糯在不同锌离子活度(pZn2+>11.5,11.3, 11.0, 10.6, 10.3, 9.7)下的生理特性.结果表明,锌离子活度在对不同水稻基因型秧苗生理特性影响上有明显的区别,其中叶绿素含量、光合速率、MDA含量和根系H+分泌量差异比较明显.在供锌水平较低情况下,水稻锌营养高效基因型叶绿素含量下降速度慢,光合速率降低幅度小,MDA含量升高的幅度小,根系能分泌更多的H+,这些指标可以作为衡量水稻锌营养效率的指标.

本试验以耐低锌能力不同的6个水稻基因型为材料,采用双列杂交,在不同锌离子活度下研究了水稻锌高效营养的遗传特性.结果表明,水稻秧苗含锌量和单位锌营养效率虽然存在不同程度的遗传变异,但主要受基因型与环境互作效应的影响,显性与环境互作效应方差在总方差中占57.50%～68.35%,加性与环境互作效应方差在总方差中占10.49%～24.44%.水稻的耐低锌能力与干物质分配(冠/根比)、锌运输能力和锌利用效率有关,它们主要受基因的显性效应控制,其次受基因的加性效应控制.