Noising methods (NMs) include a set of local search methods and can be considered as simulated annealing algorithm or threshold accepting (TA) method when its components are properly chosen. This paper studies how to utilize NMs for solving the 0–1 knapsack problem (0–1 KP). Two noising strategies, noising variation of objective function and noising data, are used to help NMs escape from local optima. When noising variation of objective function is used, probabilistic acceptance or deterministic acceptance is used to decide whether to accept neighbor solutions. Two decreasing strategies, arithmetical decreasing and geometrical decreasing, are used to control the change of parameter noise-rate. In total, six variants of NMs including two TAs are designed to solve the 0–1 KP. In those variants, a hybrid greedy repair operator, which combines density-based and value-based greedy drop and add operators, is designed to get better balance between intensification and diversification. Extensive experiments were performed to compare the performances of the six variants of NMs. The performances of the six variants of NMs were also compared with some state-of-the-art metaheuristics on a wide range of small size, medium size, and large size 0–1 KP instances. Simulation results show that NMs are better than or competitive with other state-of-the-art metaheuristics.

In this paper, a hierarchical region merging method is proposed for partitioning synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image into un-overlapping scene area, such as forest regions, urban regions, agricultural regions, and so on. The proposed method mainly consists of two steps: initial over-segmentation and hierarchical regions merging. The over-segmentation uses the watershed transform to the thresholded Bhattacharyya-coefficient-based edge strength map (BESM), and the hierarchical regions merging applies a new region merging cost weighted by a gradually increasing orientated edge strength penalty. There is a defect that the ratio-based edge detector widely used in homogeneous SAR image fails to distinguish the transitions between uniform and texture regions in high spatial resolution SAR image, and yields an initial over-segmentation result with some regions straddling multiple uniform or texture areas. To overcome this, the Bhattacharyya coefficient is used to replace the ratio-based edge detector for extracting the ESM of a SAR image by using a bi-rectangle-window configuration. Multi-scale windows are utilized to capture additional edge information. A new region merging cost is proposed based on the Kuiper's distance, weighted by a new gradually increasing orientated edge strength penalty term. The hierarchical region merging criterion is obtained with the increasing of the strength of the edge penalty. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparing it qualitatively and quantitatively with several state-of-the-art methods.

List-based simulated annealing (LBSA) algorithm, which uses list-based cooling scheme to control the change of parameter temperature, was first proposed for traveling salesman problem. This paper extends the application of LBSA algorithm for 0-1 knapsack problem (0-1 KP). A hybrid greedy repair and optimization operator, which combines density-based and value-based greedy repair and optimization operators, is designed to get better balance between intensification and diversification. Extensive experiments were performed to show the effectiveness and parameter robustness of a list-based cooling scheme and to verify the advantage of using hybrid greedy repair and optimization operator. Comparing experiments, which were conducted on small-scale, medium-scale, and large-scale 0-1 KP instances, have shown that LBSA algorithm is better than or competitive with other state-of-the-art metaheuristics.

Artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which has explicit strategies to balance intensification and diversification, is a simple and effective swarm intelligence algorithm for both continuous and combinatorial optimisation problems. Selection scheme, which is used by onlooker bees to select employed bees to follow, is an important factor for ABC algorithm to keep good balance between intensification and diversification. In this paper, a normalised fitness function for minimisation problem is first proposed for roulette wheel selection, so ABC can still have enough selection pressure in late stage. And then, aim to analyse the effect of different selection schemes, systematic experiments were carried for roulette wheel selection, rank selection, tournament selection, and disruptive selection on a set of test functions with different dimensions and different computation resources. Simulation results show that the suitability of a selection scheme depends not only on the features of test functions and but also on the computation resources used. No selection scheme can always outperform other selection schemes on all test functions.

Fallen logs are essential structural and functional components of the forest ecosystem,but the decomposition of fallen logs is very slow.Until recently,there has been a lack of knowledge about the effect of fallen logs on soil biological properties.The objective of this study was to determine the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of soil enzyme activities under fallen logs and how they were influenced by environmental variables during log decomposition in the Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve.A multivariate analysis was performed to investigate the connections between environmental variables and soil enzyme activity.This study took place in Tsuga longibracteata forest,which is in the Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve,Fujian Province,China.In the forest,the coefficient of variance for soil enzyme activity shows a high degree of variation.The cellulase spatial distribution pattern showed the greatest change,whereas changes to protease,urease,and invertase activities were lower.The increase in decay class caused a decreasing trend in protease and urease activities,but cellulase activity increased.Soil enzyme activities were positively associated with soil organic carbon (SOC)and total nitrogen (TN).Among the environmental variables,soil chemical properties had the greatest effect on soil enzyme activities,which suggested that soil chemical properties should be taken into account when assessing the effect of fallen logs on soil enzyme activity.These activities were positively associated with TN,SOC,elevation,and slope.We identified the interactive relationship between fallen logs and soil enzyme activities and showed that the presence of fallen logs plays an important role in forest C recycling.

The rhizosphere, distinct from bulk soil, is defined as the volume of soil around living roots and influenced by root activities. We investigated protease, invertase, cellulase, urease, and acid phosphatase activities in rhizosphere and bulk soils of six Nothotsuga longibracteata forest communities within Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve, including N. longibracteata + either Phyllostachys pubescens, Schima superba, Rhododendron simiarum, Cunninghamia lanceolata, or Cyclobalanopsis glauca, and N. longibracteata pure forest. Rhizosphere soils possessed higher protease, invertase, cellulase, urease, and acid phosphatase activities than bulk soils. The highest invertase, urease, and acid phosphatase activities were observed in rhizosphere samples of N. longibracteata + S. superba. Protease was highest in the N. longibracteata + R. simiarum rhizosphere, while cellulase was highest in the pure N. longibracteata forest rhizosphere. All samples exhibited obvious rhizosphere effects on enzyme activities with a significant linear correlation between acid phosphatase and cellulase activities (p < 0.05) in rhizosphere soils and between protease and acid phosphatase activities (p < 0.05) in bulk soils. A principal component analysis, correlating 13 soil chemical properties indices relevant to enzyme activities, showed that protease, invertase, acid phosphatase, total N, and cellulase were the most important variables impacting rhizosphere soil quality.

针对目前《数据通信原理》传统的实验箱教学模式的不足,提出借助微信平台,将微课和MATLAB应用于《数据通信原理》实验教学.以差分曼彻斯特编码实验为例,详细阐述如何利用微课对基于MATLAB的《数据通信原理》实验进行翻转课堂教学.结果表明,通过微信平台上的微视频这种新模式可以更好地调动学生学习的积极性,同时也增加了老师和学生之间的交流.

为解决SIFT算法在视角变换、对比度变换、尺度变换及旋转变换混合复杂情况下匹配精准度低的问题,提出一种结合SIFT和RILBP(rotation invariant LBP)的特征匹配算法.首先在图像SIFT特征点集上提取局部图像区域的RILBP特征向量;然后将SIFT的特征向量和RILBP特征向量融合成一个新的特征向量;其次,利用高维可扩展最近邻匹配算法实现两幅图像特征向量集之间的匹配;最后,使用VFC算法的筛选匹配策略对特征向量集进行筛选,找到两个特征向量集中的匹配对.实验结果表明,在视角变换和对比度较大的复杂情况下,该算法匹配精准度比SIFT算法提升了19.83%.

Forest litter plays a central role in water inception, nutrient cycling and soil conservation. To elucidate the regeneration problem of Tsuga longibracteata seedling, a preliminary study on water-holding characteristics of litter in 4 types of T.longibracteata-based mixed forests was carried out in Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve. Results showed that average litter thickness ranged from 19 to 34 mm, and storage capacity varied between 11.91 and 34.42 t??hm-2 , with the thickest litter and largest storage capacity be-ing in forest that dominated by mix forest of T.longibracteata and Rhododendron simiarum hance. Variations in water-holding capaci-ty, water absorption rate and immersion time of litter were basically similar among 4 forest types, which was that water-holding ca-pacity of litter peaked 6 hours after immersion and after that absorption rate slowed down. Maximum water-holding rate, water-hold-ing capacity, interception capacity and modified interception capacity of litter in 4 forest types approximated at 149.94%~223.47%, 11.91~34.42 t??hm-2 , 15.32~48.84 t??hm-2 and 8.38~18.43 t??hm-2 , respectively. Water-holding capacity of litter had a visible logarithmic correlation with immersion time (R2>0.96), and there existed a significant power function relationship between water absorption rate and immersion time ( R2>0.99) .

Simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is a popular intelligent optimization algorithm which has been successfully applied in many fields. Parameters’ setting is a key factor for its performance, but it is also a tedious work. To simplify parameters setting, we present a list-based simulated annealing (LBSA) algorithm to solve traveling salesman problem (TSP). LBSA algorithm uses a novel list-based cooling schedule to control the decrease of temperature. Specifically, a list of temperatures is created first, and then the maximum temperature in list is used by Metropolis acceptance criterion to decide whether to accept a candidate solution. The temperature list is adapted iteratively according to the topology of the solution space of the problem. The effectiveness and the parameter sensitivity of the list-based cooling schedule are illustrated through benchmark TSP problems. The LBSA algorithm, whose performance is robust on a wide range of parameter values, shows competitive performance compared with some other state-of-the-art algorithms.

Based on literature review on landscape ecology modeling in China and in the world between 2001 and 2010,it was showed that landscape ecology modeling had already been a hot and key research spot in the field of landscape ecology.The major characteristics,advantages,disadvantages and application scope of the landscape models in the current research field of landscape ecology were analyzed in this paper.The present landscape models were divided into four categories,i.e.,spatial probability models,neighborhood rule models,process-based landscape models,and landscape intelligent coupling models.Among which the process-based landscape models were subdivided into spatial eco-system models,spatial patch dynamic models,spatial explicit landscape models,and individual-based models.The principal problems related to landscape ecology modeling such as the contradiction between modeling and data acquisition,neglecting model inspection but stressing on model simulation,shortage of studies on impact of the ecological process on the model pattern,and there were no key breakthroughs on the model scale interpretation were summarized.The prospects of the future studies on the aspects of landscape ecology model test and assessment,model scale conversion,model simplification and practical application,model universality and subsidiary support were discussed in the paper.

Based on 3S technology,relationships and muti-scale effects between environmental factors and landscape pattern in the Wuyishan Scenery District was studied by using CCA(Canonical Correspondence Analysis).The results showed that the total eigenvalue of ordination axes increased with upscaling by 9.626,7.814,5.708,4.019,3.386 and 2.310 in six scales(30 m×30 m、 90 m×90 m、 150 m×150 m、 210 m×210 m、 300 m×300 m、 450 m×450 m),respectively.The cumulative variance of landscape-environment relationship ranged from 97.3% to 98.8% in the first four ordination axes,and that of the first two ordination axes had an average of 89.4%.Landscape-environment correlation coefficients decreased at first and then increased.The average correlation coefficients between environment factors and landscape pattern were in order as canopy density(0.7989**) humus thickness(0.7248**) elevation(0.6083**) slope(0.6132**) longitude(-0.4064**) soil thickness(0.3696**) latitude(0.0614) aspect(0.0295).Landscape types in Wuyishan Scenery District could be classified into three types,such as elevation related landscape,including bare land,water body,construction land,and farmland,soil related landscape,including Cunninghamia lanceolata forest,Pinus massoniana forest,broad-leaved forest,and human managed landscape,including Camellia sinensis plantation,economic forest,bamboo forest,shrub and grassland.Therefore,muti-scale effect existed between landscape pattern and environment factors,and the response law of environment factors to ordination axes could be scaling within six scales.

Based on the construction of network engineering professional laboratory in Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,we introduce the construction objection and principles of the laboratory,analyzes design plan of the laboratory,then describe the characteristics,network topology structure and experimental items,at last propose some suggestions on the laboratory father construction.It is proved that the plan can be satisfied with the request of professional teaching in practice.

以山岳型旅游地武夷山风景名胜区为例,估算了风景区景观生态服务价值,分析1986年、1997年、2009年风景区景观生态服务价值时空变化特征,并运用相关分析和逐步回归分析方法对生态服务价值与环境因子的关系进行了探讨,以期揭示风景区景观生态服务价值与环境因子间的作用规律.结果表明:1.武夷山风景名胜区景观类型单位面积生态服务价值最高为水体(9 3707元/(hm2·a)),最低为裸地(354元/(hm2·a)),建设用地价值(12 000元/(hm2·a))仅高于裸地、农田、灌草等景观类型,杉木林、马尾松林、竹林、阔叶林等森林景观服务价值相差不大；2.风景区内景观生态服务价值在1986-1997年间服务价值有较大损失,在1997-2009年间得到一定程度弥补,但1986 - 2009年间景观生态服务价值变化呈亏损趋势,植被景观类型向建设用地的转变导致景观生态服务价值的降低；3.风景区内景观类型生态服务价值与环境因子(坡向除外)间呈现中等相关性,其中,郁闭度与生态服务价值相关系数最高(0.7**),环境因子中蓄积量与郁闭度相关系数最高(0.86**)；4.植被景观生态服务价拟合结果(R2=0.7524,p ＜0.0001)值优于非植被景观(R2=0.5370,p＜0.0001),拟合效果能较好地揭示景观类型生态服务价值与环境因子间的数量关系.

This paper issues visual modification technique for woodworking milling cutter CAD system.Design parameters and modeling parameters were embedded in dimension entities by Xdata of AutoCAD,and a VBA program could read(or write) the data embedded in entity which having been picked by user,and then regenerate model,finally the vision modification function was achieved.

Vegetation landscape,as the important scenery resources,gets more and more disturbed with visitors increasing in Wuyishan scenery district.Some evaluating standards of vegetation landscape characteristics including sensitive level,landscape importance value and information index of species diversity are adopted to analyze the correlation between tourist influencing factors as well as vegetation landscape characteristics and geographical factors.It shows that human geographical factors have more effects on tourist influencing factors than physical geographical factors.And human geographical factors also possess more impact on vegetation landscape characteristics in Wuyishan scenery district.Finally,as the world nature and culture heritage site,local decision maker in Wuyishan scenery district must strengthen scientific management and unified planning of tourism development to protect the vegetation landscape.

Scenic corridor is an important corridor landscape in tourism destinations.It is not only the necessary tourist pathway but also a linear interference to landscape matrix.The structure of scenic corridor strongly influences landscape ecological processes.In order to understand the impacts,the Wuyishan Scenery District of Fujian Province,China was selected to study for the temporal-spatial characteristics of scenic corridor(including visit trails and roads),as well as their effects on the landscape,animals and plants of this district,with digital maps from 1986,1997,and 2009.The result showed that total lengths of the scenic corridors in 1986,1997 and 2009 were 94.218,156.725 and 197.574 km,respectively.The roads increased by 64.659 km from 1986 to 1997,and were the main scenic corridor element that increased during the period.From 1997 to 2009,there were only 22.172 km increment for roads,while the length of trails increased by 18.687 km.From 1986~2009,the construction ratio of road increased from 0.31 to 0.60,the density of corridor increased from 1.34 to 2.81 km/km2,and curvature increased from 1.19 to 1.56.The ratio of line to node,circuitry and connectivity had an increasing trend during the period of 1986 to 2009,which made network structure more complicated,especially at the mountain’s north scenic zone,and the three indices of this zone in 2009 were 1.387,0.494,0.228,respectively,all higher than other scenic zones.Visitor trails,curvature,density and construction ratio of road were significantly associated with garbage quantity,Shannon-Wiener diversity index,plant Simpson diversity index,plant evenness index and landscape important value,respectively.Network structure indices didn’t significantly affect ecological environment index.In the end,scenic corridors were reclassified to three function subareas according to the former work and planning designs.

在运用3S技术对世界自然文化和文化遗产地——武夷山风景名胜区进行景观生态分类的基础上,比较分析了风景区1986、1997、2009年三个关键时期的景观要素、空间格局及其演变规律,揭示了武夷山风景名胜区不同发展阶段景观格局变化特征,进一步探讨了导致格局演变的驱动机制。结果表明:①近23年来,风景区茶园、建设用地大面积持续增加,马尾松林、农田、裸地大面积减少;②1986—1997年,马尾松向茶园、农田向建设用地、杉木林向茶园转移面积居前三位,分别为294.80 hm2、176.73 hm2、152.68 hm2;茶园面积增加量最大（增加了577.93hm2）,建设用地次之（增加了358.73 hm2）,杉木林面积减少量最多（减少了431.87 hm2）,农田次之（减少了248.01hm2）;此阶段茶园只为输入景观,风景区景观变幅大,受人为干扰特别显著。③1997—2009年,杉木林向茶园、农田向茶园、灌草层向马尾松林转移面积居前三位,分别为280.82 hm2、96.65 hm2、76.15 hm2;此期间茶园增加面积最多（增加了360.81 hm2）,农田面积减少最多（减少了318.87 hm2）;该阶段景观变化幅度较1986—1997年减小,人为干扰有所减弱。④23年来不同景观类型特征及其变化各异,主要表现为农田破碎度增加,建设用地趋于规则化,茶园受到干扰显著,河流景观形状最为复杂且受干扰小;景观多样性程度提高,景观类型空间分布呈均匀化趋势。⑤自然环境的制约作用、经济利益驱动下的生产行为模式转变、人口和旅游发展带来的开发建设、政策法规和管理的导向作用等是武夷山风景名胜区景观格局演变的主要驱动原因。

Located in the northwestern part of Fujian Province,Wuyi Mountain is the most outstanding area for biodiversity conservation in southeast China and refuge for large number of ancient,relict species,many of them endemic to China.In December 1999,Wuyi Mountain was included on the World Natural and Cultural Heritage List by the 23rd Session of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO and described as a natural landscape so unique,rare and marvelous, is the beauty of nature and embodiment of the harmonious relations between human being and environment.Wuyi Mountain is now the largest of China′s World Heritage sites,which together cover 999.75 square kilometers.Wuyi Mountain is divided into four areas,the Biodiversity Preserve to the west,the Nine-twist Stream Ecological Preserve in the center,the Natural Beauty Cultural Landscape Preserve to the east(i.e.Wuyishan Scenery District),and the ancient Chencun Minyue Relics to the southeast. Landscape patterns embody both landscape heterogeneity and the accumulation of ecological processes.Changes in landscape patterns and their distributions are comprehensive reflections of the ecological environment,which is impacted by both natural disturbance and human intervention.Where human activities dominate landscapes,the impacts of our different uses and usage intensities in different landscape types ultimately reflect ecosystem or landscape structures and patterns.Changes of large-scale structure and pattern can change landscape ecological security in time and space.Therefore,the landscape level is an appropriate scale at which to study the impacts of human activities on the environment. Although all four of the Wuyi Mountain regions have been well protected in accordance with the strict management criteria for world heritage site,the Wuyishan Scenery District has been more severely disturbed than the other three regions.In this study,the degree of landscape ecological security was established based on landscape disturbance and fragility indices.Spatial statistics were used to evaluate the temporal-spatial differentiation and patterns of change of ecological security in 1986,1997 and 2009.The results show that between 1986 and 2009,the ecological security degree gradually increased in Wuyishan Scenery District.Moran′s I showed positive spatial autocorrelation,and this correlation was most apparent between 1986 and 1997.The general autocorrelation of landscape ecological security degree had scaled response.Between 1997 and 2009,the local autocorrelation pattern was consistent.However,the cluster structure and significance level of ecological security degree obviously changed between 1986 and 1997.The strong spatial correlation of ecological security degree resulted from the combined influences of structural and non-structural factors.Structural factors such as topography,landform and agrotype had significant impacts on spatial distribution.Non-structural factors,including tourism,development and construction,reclaiming forest land,and shifting farmland to tea plantations,strongly influenced changes in spatial distribution.