生态空间的合理划设是科学构建生态安全格局的重要基础之一.以福建省县级市武夷山市为研究区域,在生态系统服务重要性评价和生态敏感性评价的基础上,划设了武夷山市的禁止开发区、限制开发区和一般开发区,面积分别为1079.71、1267.22和375.35 km2,各占全市总面积的39.7％、46.6％和13.8％.整合空间分区结果,结合现有的自然保护地,使用最小阻力模型构建了武夷山市生态安全格局.结果表明:武夷山市识别了生态源地总面积1322.22 km2,占全市总面积的47.3％;确定了生态廊道755 km、生态节点55个;划分了高、中和低3种生态安全水平格局,面积分别为904.89、511.09和1392.15 km2,各占研究区面积的32.2％、49.6％和18.2％.研究结果为武夷山市的国土空间合理管控提供了依据.

[目的]探究雨洪过程中不同降雨重现期下"源—汇"景观的时空动态演变特征,并生成雨洪灾害分布格局,从而为"源—汇"景观单元规划与区域雨洪灾害预防提供科学参考.[方法]以永春县景观因子指标数据为基础,引入可反映格局与过程关系的景观"源—汇"理论,基于最小累积阻力模型从景观因子阻力与径流动力平衡关系的角度重新划分"源""汇"景观.[结果]永春县初始"源"景观空间分布整体特征为"中部最高、西高东低",且集中在戴云山脉附近,易成为山体径流的源头.永春县在自然排水状态下,易转化为"源"景观的土地利用类型排序为:草地>耕地>建设用地>林地>未利用地.草地一直具有较强的"源"作用,耕地在降雨重现期大于10年后"源"作用增强,建设用地与林地在降雨重现期小于20年时吸收雨水的能力较好,超过20年后建设用地的"源"作用偏强,林地的"汇"作用偏强,未利用地的"源"作用几乎无变化,其吸收雨水的能力有待后续的验证.当降雨重现期为100年时,永春西北部雨洪灾害风险较大,高风险区多集中在一都镇、桂洋镇、东关镇,需重点防患.[结论]永春县雨洪灾害受到西北部山体径流影响,未来应从降低"源"景观、增加"汇"景观的角度深入研究.

Wetland is an essential part of global ecosystems. Wetlands store a substantial amount of environmental change information during their evolution and development process. Wetland ecosystems also store large amounts of carbon, making them as important parts of the global ecosystem carbon sink. As an indicator of climate change and a way to sequester carbon in the long-term, phytoliths have attracted much attention in paleoenvironmental and global carbon sink research. The study of phytoliths and their sequestration of organic carbon in wetland ecosystems is of great significance for exploring changes in vegetation types in wetlands, reconstructing the regional paleoecological environment, estimating the long-term carbon sequestration potential, and regulating the global carbon cycle to mitigate global warming. The relevant Chinese and international research literature have been reviewed and summarized and compared from the following three aspects: the morphology and classification, content and distribution, influencing factors and other basic researches of phytoliths, the extraction technology of phytoliths, and the applications of phytoliths in studies on wetland paleoecological environments, as well as in the studies of global carbon sink potential of wetland ecosystems. The useful future directions for phytolith research are summarized. This review could provide a reference for future researches on phytoliths and phytolith carbon sinks in wetland ecosystems.

[目的]构建具有区域特色的生态安全格局,为生态环境的保护及县域尺度下的生态安全格局构建和分区管理提供科学参考.[方法]以福建省永春县为研究对象,参考《生态保护红线划定指南》,选取水土保持、水源涵养、生物多样性保护及对永春县生态具有重要作用的林业保护共4项指标进行定量评估,以识别源地;利用最小累计阻力模型(minimal cumulative resistance,MCR)和重力模型的方法,构建生态廊道并对廊道的重要性进行分级评价,提取生态节点,构建永春县生态安全格局.[结果]识别出的永春县生态源地共11块,总面积为64.8 km2,占区域总面积的4.45％;构建了 55条生态廊道和27个生态节点,其中重要廊道25条,次要廊道30条,集中在中部和东部地区呈网状分布.[结论]依据生态源地识别和廊道划分结果,构建了永春县以源地为核心,廊道为网络,生态节点为重点的生态安全格局框架,生态源地间相互作用强度差异明显,中部地区源地分布密度和生态廊道稳定性大于西部地区,应作为重点保护区域.

[Objective] An ecological security pattern with regional characteristics was constructed in order to provide a scientific reference for the protection of the ecological environment and the construction and zoning management of ecological security patterns at the county level. [Methods] Referring to the Guide for Delimitation of Ecological Protection Red Lines, we selected four indicators for quantitative evaluation of ecology at Yongchun County in Fujian Province: soil and water conservation, water conservation, biodiversity protection, and forestry protection. The minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model and the gravity model were used to build the wildlife corridor, evaluate the importance of the corridor by grades, extract ecological nodes, and construct the ecological security pattern of Yongchun County. [Results] A total of 11 ecological source areas were identified in Yongchun County, with a total area of 64.8 km2, accounting for 4.45% of the total area. Fifty-five ecological corridors and 27 ecological nodes were constructed, including 25 important corridors and 30 secondary corridors that were concentrated in the central and eastern regions with a reticular distribution. [Conclusion] According to the results of ecological source identification and corridor division, an ecological security pattern framework for Yongchun County was constructed, with source as the core, corridor as the network, and ecological nodes as the focus. The interaction intensities between ecological source areas were obviously different. The distribution densities of source areas and the stability of the wildlife corridor in the central region were greater than in the western region, and should be regarded as key protection areas.

生态空间的科学划设是国土空间用途管制的基础.以福建省永春县为例,选择生物多样性保护、水源涵养、土壤保持,并集成林业生态工程、已划设禁止开发区和城镇内的自然生态空间构建生态系统服务重要性指标,同时与生态敏感性指标综合,构建县域自然生态空间划设方法.结果 表明:永春县国土空间划定为3类空间,将其中禁止开发区、限制开发区划为永春县生态空间;生态空间面积为679.15 km2,占永春县县域面积的46.65％;其中,禁止开发区面积为258.42 km2,占永春县县域面积的17.75％;限制开发区面积为420.73 km2,占县域面积的28.90％;通过对比,发现将林业生态工程、已划设禁止开发区以及城镇内重要生态用地的评价纳入生态服务重要性评价,使得划设工作能够在县域小尺度上合理实施,可与相关规划有效协调,并避免产生较多破碎斑块,对后期生态保护勘界与监管提供更现实依据.

虚拟地理环境平台技术的发展,为地理学过程的再现表达、集成建模、模拟预测提供技术支撑,也为区域分析与区域地理课程教学时面临的全局认识实践、抽象的区域地理概念与过程、教学资料的补充与拓展、教学理念的更新等提供新机遇.分析地理学虚拟仿真教学平台建设的研究现状与问题,归纳总结课堂虚拟仿真建设的意义,探讨区域分析与区域地理虚拟仿真建设的环境要素与框架,提出虚拟仿真教学平台4个子环境(数据环境、建模及模拟环境、交互环境和协同环境)建设的建议,并给出基本的建设框架和课程教学模式,以期为虚拟区域地理环境平台的研制与开发提供参考,并为学生学习表达地理环境、发现区域问题、总结区域规律、再现和模拟区域现象提供平台支撑.

以福建天宝岩国家级自然保护区内长苞铁杉〔Nothotsuga longibracteata(W.C.Cheng)Hu ex C.N.Page〕纯林、长苞铁杉-青冈(Quercus glauca Thunb.)混交林、长苞铁杉-猴头杜鹃(Rhododendron simiarum Hance)混交林和长苞铁杉-毛竹〔Phyllostachys edulis(Carriere)J.Houzeau〕混交林为研究对象,分析了不同林型林窗内的土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量差异及其与土壤含水量的相关性.结果显示:4种长苞铁杉林林窗和非林窗内的土壤MBC含量的季节差异总体达到了显著水平,季节动态变化特征总体表现为春季和冬季高于夏季和秋季;林窗的形成可明显提高土壤MBC含量,林窗与非林窗间的土壤MBC含量差异总体达到了显著水平,大部分林窗内的土壤MBC含量高于非林窗,而林窗间的土壤MBC含量总体差异不显著.各林窗内土壤MBC含量在不同林型间存在显著差异;与长苞铁杉纯林相比,长苞铁杉-青冈混交林春季和秋季的大、中林窗内土壤MBC含量较高,长苞铁杉-猴头杜鹃混交林春季和夏季的大、小林窗内土壤MBC含量较高.总体上看,长苞铁杉-青冈混交林和长苞铁杉-猴头杜鹃混交林林窗内的土壤含水量明显高于长苞铁杉纯林和长苞铁杉-毛竹混交林.相关性分析结果显示:长苞铁杉-猴头杜鹃混交林和长苞铁杉-毛竹混交林林窗内的土壤MBC含量与土壤含水量分别呈极显著和显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.788和-0.638.综上所述,相较于长苞铁杉纯林和长苞铁杉-毛竹混交林,长苞铁杉-青冈混交林和长苞铁杉-猴头杜鹃混交林林窗内的土壤MBC含量和土壤含水量较高,这2种混交林以及林窗的形成均能较好地改善林内小气候,增强土壤肥力,促进保护区内长苞铁杉林的土壤碳循环过程.

粗死木质残体(CWD)是森林生态系统重要的结构性与功能性单元,作为连接植被碳库与土壤碳库的关键纽带,对全球森林生态系统碳循环发挥着重要而独特的作用,越来越多的学者开始关注CWD碳储量相关研究.系统阐述了国内外CWD碳储量研究的发展历程、研究范围与基本特征等内容,总结概括了CWD体积测算、CWD碳浓度估算等碳计量相关方法的研究进展.通过梳理发现:国内外学者对CWD碳储量的研究仍处于初级阶段,主要集中于探讨不同树种、不同林龄、不同腐解等级、不同海拔、不同存在形式的森林CWD碳储量分布特征,而较少关注CWD碳库对土壤碳库和植被碳库的作用机制以及对未来气候变化的响应和反馈机制;CWD碳计量方法较为单一,普遍采用的是传统的"生物量-碳浓度法",而运用机器学习算法对CWD碳储量进行估算的研究尚不多见.此外,相对国外研究而言,国内研究主要局限于小尺度范围.文章据此提出未来CWD碳储量研究的发展方向:(1)拓展研究尺度,建立CWD碳储量长期观测体系;(2)深入开展不同森林生态系统CWD碳储量对气候变化的响应机制研究;(3)探索更加多元化的CWD碳储量计量方法;(4)深入探讨CWD碳库对土壤碳库与植被碳库的影响与作用机制.

运用景观格局指数、缓冲带分析和移动窗口法相结合的方法,分析了福建东山岛18年来从沿海到内陆和海岸地带的景观破碎化梯度变化特征.结果 显示:东山岛各缓冲带的景观破碎化程度总体随时间在不断增强,但不同区域有所差异;近海岸地带、西北部及南部的有林地带的破碎化程度持续降低,而中北部和南部城镇农田集中区人为干扰日益强烈,破碎化程度不断增加;采用半变异函数和移动窗口相结合的方法,确定东山岛景观破碎化分析的特征尺度为1000m;在此尺度下,发现景观破碎化指数的变化率随时间存在明显的空间差异,而运用设置样线并提取样点的景观破碎化指数的方法,则发现距离海岸线500m和1000m处的地带破碎化程度不断加剧,是东山岛沿海人为干扰的强烈地带;东山岛人工干扰随时间趋向分散,破碎化指数曲线波动趋向显著;城镇化、旅游和农业发展应该是东山岛景观破碎化的主导驱动因子;采用Pearson相关系数分析景观破碎化与景观格局其他方面特征的相关性,发现它们具有较强相关性,说明运用景观破碎化指数能够反映东山岛景观格局变化的基本特征.

为深入了解不同评估方法在县域尺度上生物多样性评估的效果,选取净初级生产力(NPP)定量指标评估法(模型1)、NPP改进模型法(模型2)和综合评估法(模型3)3种生物多样性评估模型,对福建省武夷山市生物多样性重要性指数和空间格局特征予以比较分析.结果表明:3种评估模型计算得到的生物多样性重要性指数分别在0-93.7、0.54-63.06和38.56-86.31之间;模型1和模型2的评估获得的生物多样性指数空间分布破碎化明显,模型3聚集度较高;3种评估模型获得的各乡镇平均值分别为32.93-46.22、35.62-45.27和67.28-79.25;标准差分别处于17.12-25.63、6.81-12.85和3.84-7.33之间;模型1、2和3的更重要和最重要面积分别占研究区总面积32％、90.34％和77.93％;在约7 km尺度范围以内,自相关性表现为模型3＜模型2＜模型1;大于7 km则空间自相关系数模型3＞模型1和模型2.从空间分布规律、重要性等级面积、空间自相关来看,模型3在研究区评估效果最好,最符合武夷山现实情况,其次是模型2,最后为模型1.可见,评估模型的参数选择是评估结果不确定的主要来源之一且直接影响评估结果.

The spatiotemporal patterns and strength of Dendrolimus punctatus Walker attacks were identified at the landscape level. Climate factors influenced pest damage more than stand or topographic factors. Dendrolimus punctatus Walker (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) routinely infests pine species in southern China and inflicts heavy damage on resources or monetary earnings. Evidence is required to facilitate a better understanding of spatiotemporal infestation patterns at the landscape level and the influence of various factors on its outbreaks from multiple spheres. We quantified the landscape-level spatiotemporal pattern of D. punctatus occurrence and examined the impacts of climate, stand and topographical factors on pest infestations in a Pinus massoniana natural forest in a mixed world heritage site in southeastern China. Our findings indicated that pest infestations had a relatively strong temporal continuity and a weak spatially aggregated distribution at a landscape level. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that climate variables had a greater influence on the degree of damage caused by D. punctatus infestations than stand or topographical variables. A decrease in annual average precipitation or humidity may cause an increased risk of pest outbreaks.

Soil microbial communities play a vital role in soil carbon and carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems.In this study, soils were sampled in Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve in southeastern China from four Nothotsuga longibracteata forests, including a pure N. longibracteata forest (NF), N. longibracteata + hardwood mixed forest (NHF), N. longibracteata + Rhododendron simiarum mixed forest (NRF), and N. longibracteata + Phyllostachys pubescens mixed forest (NPF).Our objective was to precisely quantify soil physicochemical properties, microbial biomass, microbial communities, and to evaluate their interrelationships.We used biochemical measurements, a fumigation-extraction method, and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis method to show that -except for pH and soil bulk density (SBD) -soil physicochemical properties differed markedly among the forest types.Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) were highest in NHF soils, while the ratio of microbial biomass carbon to nitrogen (MBC:MBN) was highest in NRF and NPF soils.Moreover, the microbial communities of the four forest types exhibited distinct profiles: the highest total PLFA content and content of Grampositive bacteria (Gram(+)), Gram-negative bacteria(Gram(-)), and fungi were found in NRF.Additionally, NHF soil exhibited the highest actinomycetes content, while the highest protozoal content was found in NF soil.The analysis of individual PLFAs using principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated a clear association of distinct soil PFLA characteristics for each forest type.In conclusion, the soil microbial community structure can be significantly influenced by changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and MBN.Comparing soil microbial properties in different N. longibracteata forests can help us understand the influence of forest types on the structure of microbiota within a system.

The evaluation of ecosystem health is a hotspot in macro-ecology and ecosystem management. The objective of this paper is to introduce an ecosystem health assessment framework that combines ecosystem service concepts and indicators. We analyzed ecological services on Dongshan Island for regulating heavy rainfall by explicitly addressing the spatial distribution of ecosystem service demand and supply. An index system was then developed for both the areas that provide the ecological service and those that benefit from it. These areas are linked by small watersheds that were extracted using the hydrological analysis function in ArcGIS 10.2. Weights of the indicators were assigned and calculated based on principal component analysis. Finally, at the small watershed scale, the forested area and "other" land area ratios were weighted to assess the overall health of the areas that provide and benefit from this ecological service. The results revealed that the forest health conditions in the northwestern and northern parts of the island were weak, especially in the vicinity of the county seat. The analysis indicated that forested areas in the regions were relatively small, and the functional ecological service related to the redistribution of rainfall provided by these forested areas was minimal. The health states of areas benefiting from this ecological service generally appeared problematic. Areas benefiting from the service were characterized by dense populations, intense urbanization, and high risk of rain-related disaster. Moreover, only small and scattered forests were observed in the urban areas and towns on Dongshan Island. These urbanized areas rarely support large forest patches, and they fail to provide adequate green corridors or significant green space. This forest condition in urban areas cannot provide commendably protective functionality to mitigate heavy rain disasters. Therefore, to improve the ecological health of Dongshan Island, a system of green areas within urban landscapes must be planned and developed.

基于协同发展作用机理,构建福建省新型城镇化系统与旅游产业系统的评价指标体系,采用耦合协调度模型,测评二者协调发展程度,进而利用计量经济学模型,深入剖析旅游产业与城镇化协调发展的驱动机制.结果表明:2000—2015年福建省新型城镇化和旅游产业综合水平呈现波动增长态势,2013年以前城镇化发展滞后旅游业发展.两者具有显著的耦合协调发展特征,且存在正向的长期均衡关系,短期中,旅游产业对城镇化拥有反向修正作用,旅游产业发展是新型城镇化建设的格兰杰原因,反之不是.研究对促进福建省旅游业与城镇化深入协同发展具有重要意义.

针对福州市“快排式”雨洪管理模式出现的洪涝灾害等水问题,结合自然渗透、净化、积存的海绵城市建设理念,以福州市“三坊七巷”的雨洪管理系统为例,对其传统排水系统和海绵体排水系统的结构与成效进行了分析与比较,结果显示:海绵体排水系统具有更好的排水效果,而传统与海绵体雨洪管理措施的共同运作使得效果最大化,从而对福州市建设海绵城市提供参考.

在对福建省2006-2016年4-10月NDVI影像进行MVC最大值合成的基础上,利用像元二分模型计算植被覆盖度,分析福建省植被覆盖度的时空变化特征及其与气候因子的相关性.结果表明:2006-2016年间福建省植被覆盖度总体上是呈增加趋势的,并在2015年达到最大值;在空间分布上,植被覆盖显著增加的区域在闽西南(龙岩、漳州附近)、长汀等地,而植被覆盖度减少的地区则在经济发展速度较快的厦门、泉州、福州等地区;植被覆盖度的变化与气温因子的相关性要比降水因子大.

《时间序列分析》课程是统计学专业必修的学位课程,本文深入分析该课程当前的教学现状和存在问题,在"互联网+教育"背景下,从教学内容、教学模式、考核方式探讨课程教学改革思路.

借助分形与混沌理论,对1990-2014年武夷山特大暴雨降水量的时间序列进行分析,重构其嵌入相空间,得出关联维数和饱和嵌入维数,进而确定了模拟相应动力系统所需的基本变量数目为8.基于R/S分析法计算了Hurst指数为0.8195,表明武夷山特大暴雨降水量的时间序列存在长期记忆性的特征.最后通过加权零阶局域法,对武夷山短期的特大暴雨降水量进行预测.研究结果客观、合理地反映了特大暴雨降水量的分形特征,可为建立特大暴雨降水量的时间序列预报模型提供有力的理论依据.

Integrating a qualification of ecosystem services into a decision-making for conservation of a world heritage site at the landscape level remains a new challenge so far, especially for China that has abundant and valuable heritage sites with the development boom in China's economy and society. In this paper, we took the Wuyishan Scenery District (WSD), a core part of the cultural and nature world heritage site Mount Wui, as our case study site to explore how a modeling of land use changes and spatial qualification of ecosystem services may facilitate local authorities' decision-making. Here, a binary logistic regression was performed to quantify the impacts of selected driving factors on the distribution ofland uses. Then, we adopted a CLUE-S model to spatially analyze changes in the landscape pattern and ecosystem services by simulating the following three scenarios: a historical trend, non-selective management of tea plantations, and selective management of tea plantations. The seven selected driving factors (elevation, aspect, slope, distance to the nearest road, distance to the closest river, distance to the closest settlement, and distance to the closest parking lot) were found to be associated with high prediction accuracy for all types of land use (ROC >= 0.857) other than non-matrix forests (ROC = 0.735) and tea plantations (ROC= 0.638). The results demonstrated that the third scenario entailing selective management of tea plantations offers a potential solution that can effectively mitigate expansion of tea plantations, while addressing serious issues relating to managerial needs at the landscape level. Implementing this measure would facilitate the protection of high quality tea plantations that form a crucial part of the world cultural and natural heritage site of Mount Wuyi. It can further help to restore Pinus massoniana matrix forests in WSD, and potentially increase the value of ecosystem services. Moreover, it could establish base-line conditions for future management and policy making in this site. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.