Processing of interferon gamma antibodies, which involves gradual reduction of the concentration, induces the formation of deuterium-stabilized giant heterophase clusters (GHCs) of water characterized by the specific size spectrum and kinetics of formation/decay. An investigation into the formation/decay kinetics of GHCs of water by a 2D light scattering method using topological descriptors allows distinction between various dilutions of protein nanoparticles, in particular interferon gamma antibodies, and similar dilutions of glycine buffer (control). The possibility of analytical control of highly diluted pharmaceuticals is currently under discussion. The method may therefore find potential applications in the manufacturing control of ultrahighly diluted pharmaceuticals and express quality analysis.

The calibration and verification of liquid and aerosol particle counters are described. Aerosol particle counters are calibrated using latex spheres of known size. Depending on the design of the counters, the light scattered by the particles is detected at different angles. It is shown that detection of the scattered light at an angle of 90° leads to large measurement errors if the refractive index of the detected particles is not specified a priori. When the scattered light is detected over the entire solid angle, the error is substantially reduced. The metrological characteristics of counters with different designs are analyzed.

Рассмотрены основные алгоритмы обработки автокорреляционных функций для метода динамического рассеяния света, как наиболее эффективного при определении размеров частиц. Предложены алгоритмы обработки функций для случая полидисперсного распределения частиц. Приведены результаты измерений параметров частиц в водных средах, в частности, в природных минеральных водах, предложена методика их идентификации.

Basic algorithms for processing autocorrelation functions for the method of dynamic light scattering, the most efficient method for the determination of the sizes of particles, are considered. Algorithms for processing the functions for the case of a polydisperse distribution of particles are proposed. Results of measurements of the parameters of particles in liquid media, in particular, natural mineral waters, are presented and a technique for their identification is proposed.

The refractive index of colloidal particles formed by nanodiamond in water (average diameters of 106, 122, and 854 nm) was measured by Fabry-Perot interferometry as n = 1.78, 1.74, and 1.79, respectively, which suggests the molar ratio of water to carbon within these particles of 0.16:1, and the effective thickness of interfacial (nano) water shells around a 5 nm diamond particle of 0.48(5) nm. Structural implications of this are discussed.

Описаны методы измерений, аппаратурный состав и результаты сличений усовершенствованного государственного первичного эталона единиц дисперсных параметров аэрозолей, взвесей и порошкообразных материалов ГЭТ 163–2010 предназначенного для воспроизведения, хранения и передачи единиц размера частиц аэрозолей, взвесей и порошкообразных материалов в диапазоне 0,03–1000 мкм и счетной концентрации частиц в диапазоне 10 5 – 10 12 м -3.The measurement methods, instruments composition and the results of comparison of the advanced state primary standard of units of the disperse parameters of aerosols, suspensions and powdery materials 163–2010 developed and created in VNIIFTRI are described. The primary standard is intended for reproduction, storage and the transfer of units size of aerosols, suspensions and powdery materials particle sizes in the range 0,03–1000 microns and of number concentration of particles in the range 10 5–10 12 m -3.

The measurement methods, instrumentation, and results of comparisons for the improved national primary standard for the units of the dispersion parameters of aerosols, suspensions, and powdered materials, GET 163-2010, intended for reproduction, storage, and transfer of the units for particle size of aerosols, suspensions, and powdered materials in the 0.03–1000 μm range and for particle number density in the 105–1012 m−3 range, are discussed.

The techniques and measurement tools used to measure the disperse parameters of nanoparticles applied in reference equipment are described. Experimental results of the measurements of nanoparticle parameters in water and air environments, as well as the results of interlaboratory comparisons confirming the declared metrological characteristics, are presented.

The structure of the secondary standard VET 163-1-2010 created at VNIIFTRI for the units of the dispersion parameters of suspensions is described. The secondary standard is designed to reproduce the units of particle size in suspensions over the range 0.01–5 μm and of the number density of the particles over 108–1014 cm–3. In terms of its metrological characteristics, this secondary standard corresponds to the state verification scheme for instruments for measuring the dispersion parameters of aerosols, suspensions, and powdered materials and supplements it in the section on measuring particle sizes within the nanometer range.

The properties of water in suspensions of diamond powders with particle sizes from 125–160 μm to 2–10 nm were studied. The dielectric constant of water in these suspensions changed from 1.3 × 10 3 to 2.6 × 10 6 . The particle sizes correlated with the dielectric constants. The sound velocity of “diamond” water exceeded the initial velocity by 15–20 m/s. The crystals isolated from “diamond” water after prolonged storage had specific diffraction patterns and IR spectra. Their composition was not determined.

We have proposed the classification of nanoparticles in natural waters by the mechanism of the formation and chemical composition. We have obtained data according to the dimensional spectrum and the content of microelements aluminosilicate particles of artesian waters.

Methods for the measurement of the parameters of aerosol particles with the use of an analyzer based on the differential mobility of nanoparticles and with a diffusion aerosol spectrometer are described and tested. A comparison of the results of measurements of the diameters of nanoparticles by the two methods is performed. Results of inter-laboratory comparisons of the analyzers based on the differential mobility of nanoparticles and studies of the electric motors of household appliances which are generators of the aerosols of nanoparticles with dimensions in the range 6–50 nm are presented.

Описаны и апробированы методы измерений параметров аэрозолей с использованием анализатора на основе дифференциальной подвижности наночастиц и диффузионного аэрозольного спектрометра. Проведено сравнение результатов измерения диаметров наночастиц обоими методами. Представлены результаты межлабораторных сличений анализаторов на основе дифференциальной подвижности наночастиц и исследований электродвигателей бытовых приборов, которые являются генераторами аэрозоля наночастиц размером 6 - 50 нм.The methods of aerosols parameters measurement are described and tested with use of differential mobility analyzer and diffusion aerosol spectrometer. Comparison of the results of nanoparticles diameters measurement by these two methods is presented. The results of interlaboratory comparisons of analyzers based on differential mobility of nanoparticles are presented. The results of household appliances electric motors study are presented. It is shown that these electric motors are the generators of aerosol with the size of nanoparticles in range from 6 to 50 nm.

Описан состав вторичного эталона единиц дисперсных параметров взвесей ВЭТ 163-1-2010, созданного во ВНИИФТРИ. Вторичный эталон предназначен для воспроизведения единиц размера частиц взвесей в диапазоне 0,01 - 5 мкм и счетной концентрации частиц в диапазоне 108 - 1014 см-3. Эталон по своим метрологическим параметрам соответствует государственной поверочной схеме для средств измерений дисперсных параметров аэрозолей, взвесей и порошкообразных материалов и дополняет ее в части измерения размеров частиц взвесей нанометрового диапазона.The structure of a secondary standard of units disperses parameters of suspensions 163-1-2010 was described. Standard is designed and developed in VNIIFTRI. Secondary standards designed to reproduce units of the particle size of suspensions in the range 0,01 - 5 microns and counting concentration of particles in the range 108 - 1014 sm-3. The standard of its metrological parameters corresponds to the State verification schedule for measuring instruments of disperse parameters of aerosols, suspensions and powdery materials and complements it in terms of measuring the particles sizes of suspensions the nanometer range.

Приведены результаты пилотных сличений ВНИИМ им. Д. И. Менделеева и ВНИИФТРИ в области измерения размеров аэрозольных частиц в рамках проекта КООМЕТ № 378/RU/06. Объектами исследований являлись сферические частицы средними диаметрами в диапазоне 0,5-1,5 мкм. Измерения проводили методами оптической и электронной микроскопии и, дифракционным.The pilot comparisons were led between «D.I. Mendeleyev All-Russian Institute for Metrology» and «National Research Institute for Physicotechnical and Radio Engineering Measurements» in the field of particles size measurement under the project «COOMET» were carried out. The area of research were spherical particles with average diameters from 0.5 to 1.5 µm. The measurements of particles average diameters were done by optical microscopy method, a diffraction method and electronic microscopy method.

Описана и апробирована методика выполнения измерений размеров наночастиц в природных минеральных водах с использованием анализатора на основе динамического рассеяния света. Приведены результаты измерения дисперсного состава образцов некоторых вод. Показано, что спектр дисперсного состава наночастиц является индивидуальным для каждого вида природной минеральной воды и может служить идентификационным признаком при ее сертификации.The method of nanoparticles sizes measurement in natural mineral waters with the use of nanoparticles analyzer, based on of dynamic light scattering, is described and tested. The results of sample disperse composition for some natural mineral waters are presented. It is shown, that the spectrum of disperse composition of nanoparticles is individual for each type of natural mineral water and can be used as the identification sign for mineral waters certification.

Nanoparticles detection and concentration gradient of trace elements in natural waters after nanoparticles destruction and without it are main aims of this paper. Nanoparticles were detected in spring waters using dynamic light scattering and measured about 200 nm in the samples of essentuki No17 and 10 nm in the samples of Novoterskaya and Narzan. Determining the concentration of Ni, Cr and Mn after mineralization in hard conditions (microwave mineralization) showed increasing concentration of trace elements in 10 times. Destruction of nanoparticles and elements release cause this increasing of concentration.