本研究以"腾格里"牛枝子（Lespedeza potaninii Vass.）种子为试验材料,研究了不同的处理方法对去除宿存萼片和破除种子硬实的影响,旨在明确牛枝子种子去除宿存萼片和破除硬实的方法。结果表明:种子破皮机处理4遍和浓硫酸处理12 min时,宿存萼片全部去除;所有处理均能显著提高种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数,降低硬实率（P＜0.05）;种子破皮机在处理9遍时,发芽率最高（66.33%）,发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数也较高;浓硫酸处理20～30 min,发芽率最高在80.00%以上,发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数也较高。综上所述,由于浓硫酸是一种具有高腐蚀性的强矿物酸,属于危险化学品,生产中操作存在安全风险,而种子破皮机处理4遍可以完全去除宿存萼片,将种子处理9遍可以有效降低硬实率,发芽率可达60.00%以上,且操作方便和安全,易于规模化处理,建议在牛枝子种子生产中推广应用。

以玉米杂交种隆平206为材料,研究果穗不同烘干温度对玉米杂交种隆平206种子活力的影响,分析不同发芽条件下的种子活力差异,以探索该品种果穗的最佳烘干温度.结果表明,在标准发芽试验条件和人工老化条件下,隆平206种子保持活力最适宜的果穗烘干温度为35～41℃.在低温发芽条件下,果穗烘干温度为37～39℃,以保持幼苗健壮生长.在冷浸发芽试验条件下,保持种子活力和幼苗生长量最适宜的果穗烘干温度为37℃.

以3个白菜型冬油菜为材料,采用完全随机区组设计,比较其返青后品种的生长特性和产量表现.结果表明:陇油8号的返青数,抽薹数和开花数表现最优.返青期陇油8号的主根长,侧根数,根系体积,地下部鲜重,地下部干重和根冠比表现最优;陇油7号的茎粗,地上部鲜重和地上部干重表现最优;天油4号侧根数和叶片数表现最优.初花期陇油8号的主根长、茎粗、侧根数、根系体积和叶片数表现最优;而天油4号的主根长、茎粗、根系体积和叶片数表现为最少.盛花期天油4号的株高、茎粗、叶片数和叶宽表现最优;陇油8号的分枝数最多.终花期陇油8号主根长、茎粗和根系体积表现最优;天油4号的侧根数和根冠比表现最优.盛花期和终花期叶绿素含量表现为陇油7号＞陇油8号＞天油4号;经济性状比较表明陇油7号的有效分枝数和主花序产量最优.相关分析表明陇油7号的主花序产量与主花序千粒重呈极显著的正相关(P＜0.01),与主花序有效角果数呈显著的正相关(P＜0.05),陇油8号和天油4号的主花序产量与经济性状无显著相关.

为探索绿孔雀的夜宿地选择模式及其成因,笔者于2007年3～4月和10～ 11月,在云南元江上游石羊江河谷绿孔雀的分布区内,采用样线法和样方法调查了绿孔雀的夜宿地生境,测定了19个生态因子.生态因子比较结果表明,夜宿地利用样方的坡度、乔木盖度、乔木胸径、落果密度、藤本密度与对照样方存在显著差异;夜宿地的海拔高度显著高于觅食地.判别分析结果表明,绿孔雀夜宿地和对照样地之间存在着明显的分化.逻辑斯蒂回归分析结果表明,绿孔雀选择坡度大、落果多、乔木的盖度和胸径大的地区作为夜宿地.隐蔽条件和食物等关键性生态因子的配置和可获得性决定了绿孔雀的夜宿地选择行为,而人为干扰压缩了其可利用的适宜生境,降低了生境的利用程度.

In order to investigate the causes of degradation and the difficult problems in seedlings breeding of Amygdalus mongolica,the response characteristics of the seed germination and seedling growth of Amygdalus mongolica to adverse ecological factors were investigated,using a method of indoor control of drought stress,mixed salt stress,variable temperatures and seed husking,with the seeds of A.mongolica in the middle section of the Qilian Mountain.The results showed insignificant difference in the germination rate (P＞0.05) of the A.mongolica seeds processed in clean water for control and-0.15 MPa PEG solution,and significant sequential decrease in the germination rate (P＜0.01) processed in the water potentials of -0.32,-0.54,and-0.81 MPa,and non-germination processed in-1.15 MPa,and non-germination processed in-1.15 MPa.As the drought worsened and water potential decreased,the germination was delayed,the germination and vitality indices,the primary bud rates,root lengths,number of secondary roots and fresh weights of seedlings were on a significantly decreasing trend (P＜0.01).But the sound seedling index were significantly increased in case of treatment in-0.32 MPa.And the lowest thresholds of osmotic potential for seed germination was-0.81 MPa.The lowest mixed salt stress threshold for seed germination was 1.6 ％.Under light mixed salt stress (0.2 ％-0.4 ％),the length of primary buds and the number of secondary roots increased.With the increase in the mixed salt stress,the dry weight of primary buds and the fresh weight of seedlings were decreased,indicating that the seedlings responded and adapted to light mixed salt stress by reducing growth to promote root growth.After the stress of low osmotic potential or high-concentration mixed salt,a certain amount of the seeds developed into dormancy to maintain life force.The ungerminated seeds showed a germination rate of 62 ％-96 ％ after rewatering,and the total of the primary germination rate and the re-germination rate was not different from the germination rate of the control seeds (P＞0.05).The obstacle of seed coat is the main factor restricting seed germination.Seed dormancy can be interrupted by mechanical peeling.Stratification of seeds in low temperature (2-5 ℃) can significantly enhance seed vitality,and stratification in variable temperatures (5-10 ℃) can significantly improve the germination rate and vigor.The causes of degradation of A.mongolica include low water potential,high salt stress,high temperature,sensitive dormancy of seeds,and poor cold resistance of seedlings.For saving and manual breeding of A.mongolica,an area with irrigation conditions and of low temperature in spring should be selected for raising of seedlings,and sowing of seeds is suggested to occur at the time of soil thawing,to take advantage of the low temperature in early spring to and wake the seeds from their dormancy and cultivate strong seedlings.

Objective To investigate the effects of single salt stress on seeds germination and seedlings growth of Amygdalus mongolica.Methods The single salt stress condition was simulated with various concentration of NaC1,Na2SO4,and CaCl2 solutions;And the indexes of seeds germination and seedlings growth was tested under this condition according to the requirements of paper bed germination test.The study material used in this study was the seeds (without endocarp) of Amygdalus mongolica which was an endangered plant species from the Nature Reserve of Qilian Mountain.Results The germination rate of seeds,the fresh weight,and dry weight of the seedlings increased with the increase of the solution concentration when the concentration is in the range of 0.024.04 mol/L;The three indexes mentioned above decreased with the increase of the solution concentration when the concentration was in the range of 0.06-0.18 mol/L;And this correlation was consistent among all the three salts used in this study.Seeds germination index,seeds vigor index,saturated moisture content of the seeds,seedlings height,length of primary roots,root length,total number of the secondary roots,saturated moisutre content of the roots,and the root dry weight of the seedling decreased significantly when the condition of the salt stress was intensified (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The seeds ofA.mongolica is very sensitive to the changes of the salt concentration and the results showes that when NaC1 and CaC12 solution is used,Ps0 concentration for seeds germination is 0.12 mol/L,and for seedling growth is 0.10 mol/L;When Na2SO4 solution is used,the P50 concentration for seed germination and for seedling growth is 0.10 mol/L and 0.06 mol/L respectively.Stress of high concentration of signal salt could make some seeds to be dormant,thus the viability of those seeds could be remained and the germination rate of the seeds which failed to germinate under the condition of single salt stress was up to 82％-89％ afer rewatering.

为了解不同置种方式对玉米种子发芽试验结果的影响,本试验设置胚面向上,胚面向下,果柄向下,果柄向上,胚面斜向上,胚面斜向下等6种置种方式,对玉米种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、平均发芽率等指标及幼苗株高、干重和鲜重进行了统计分析.结果表明,不同置种方式对种子发芽试验的结果有影响,尤其是发芽初期的试验数据差异显著,其中果柄向上置种效果最差,胚面斜向上置种效果最好.建议玉米种子室内标准发芽试验中采取胚面斜向上的方式进行置种,有利于获得整齐一致的幼苗,发芽试验的结果数据可靠、重复性好.

In this article,the Arnygdalus mongolica population and seeds are taken as the research object to explore its endangered factors based on the study on its physical properties and characteristics in dormancy and germination.The results showed that Amygdalus mongolica seed has large volume,heavy specific weight and grain big.It spreads in a rather aggregative pattern,which mainly relies on its own gravity,animal and water,so it could spread much further.The main factors that restrict seed germination are seed coat barriers and physiological dormancy (accounting for about 10 percent).The physiological dormancy of the seed may be stopped by peeling mechanically after 72-hours exposure in 35 ℃.Seed stratification in low temperature (2-5 ℃) will effectively improve its vitality.Meanwhile,seeds thermocline (5-10 ℃) will increase its germination rate.However,seed germination is not sensitive to light.The dormancy term of Amygdalus mongolica seed is quite short and seed germination could happen in low temperature,so the seed put into soil library before the winter would germinate quickly and die in the chilly winter,which makes Amygdalus mongolica become an endangered species.However,the seed putting into soil library during frozen period can survive and has a high seedling rate due to the protection of seed coat.In summary,it is proved that artificial breeding is the most effective measure to rescue Amygdalus mongolica from extinction.

杂交玉米去雄过程中,因制种纯度等问题,经常会发生制种企业管理人员与农户的冲突.分析了玉米制种去雄过程中冲突发生的原因、预防冲突的措施和处理冲突的原则,并以甘肃省制种去雄冲突为例进行了分析,讨论了可有效避免玉米制种去雄冲突的方法.

Starch in wheat is an important component of flour and is related to grain yield and wheat end-products. In this study, a doubled haploid (DH) population with 168 lines derived from a cross of elite Chinese wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Huapei 3 and Yumai 57 was used to identify dynamic quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for total starch content (TSC), amylose (AMS) and amylopectin (AMP) in wheat grain. Traits were measured at stages, grown under three treatments in two seasons, and were assessed by unconditional and conditional QTL analyses. Thirty-three additive QTLs and 21 pairs of epistatic QTLs for TSC, AMS and AMP were detected by unconditional mapping, whereas 19 additive QTLs and 15 pairs of epistatic QTLs were identified by conditional mapping. Of these, QTsc4A.1 and QAms4A.1 were detected continuously at five stages under three treatments in two seasons by unconditional mapping, indicating that the accumulated effects of these QTLs were expressed stably from 12 days after flowering (DAF) and were little affected by nitrogen and water agronomic treatment. These two QTLs also showed net expression from 12 to 22 DAF by conditional mapping. The results indicate that the two loci play an important role in starch synthesis. Most of the epistatic QTLs belonged to a minor QTL, but played an important role in the target traits. Therefore, the development of starch is mainly affected by additive effects besides the epistasis effect. The data are useful for potential marker-assisted selection and cloning of the target gene in further fine mapping, and provide a foundation to understand the genetic mechanism underlying the development of starch in wheat and to increase yield.

蒙古扁桃种子在4％ ～ 16％的各含水量条件下,出苗率高达96％ ～ 98％且差异不显著(P＞0.05),在4％ ～13％的土壤含水量下,发芽指数、活力指数、平均出苗日数极显著高于16％含水量下的值(P＜0.01),其种子萌发最适宜的土壤含水量为4％ ～ 13％.随土壤含水量的升高,苗高增加,根冠比和壮苗指数降低,根长、幼苗生长量、干物质积累量先升高后降低,幼苗生长最适宜的土壤含水量为7％ ～ 16％;较低的土壤水分下可以提高幼苗的抗旱性,有利于培育壮苗.随播种深度的增加,出苗率下降,平均出苗日数增加,出苗速率放缓,保证全苗的最适宜播深为0～1 cm,保证壮苗的最适宜播深为1 ～3 cm.种子萌发形成的幼苗为子叶留土型双子叶植物幼苗.

Using Sophora alopecuroides and Thermopsis lanceolata as materials,under 25 ℃,the imbibed seeds were taken out as a sample every 24h.The non-imbibing seeds after 10dwere regarded as hard seed(H).Imbibing seeds and hard seeds that imbibed for 24hafter treated with sulfuric acid were all subjected to germination test and several vigour tests.The results indicated that:(1)The numbers of the seeds newly imbibed in one day were gradually decreased along with time.The hard seeds of S.alopecuroides had a relative slow rate of imbibition,which was decreased below 1%after 10d,while the imbibition rate of T.lanceolata was at the same level after 3d,another decrease happened after a sudden increase in 9th to 10th day.(2)The germination rate,germination index,vigour index,the activity of dehydrogenase,respiration rate and SOD activity of hard seeds were significantly higher than those of non-hard seeds in both species,while the relative conductivity,the contents of soluble sugar and malondialdehyde of hard seeds were lower than those of non-hard seeds.Studies showed that the vigour of hard seeds were higher than that of imbibing seeds,and the vigour of imbibing seeds were increased gradually with the initial imbibing time postponed.

The basal elongated internode length and stalk diameter are important parameters for evaluating lodging resistance of wheat.In this paper,a doubled haploid(DH) population comprising 168 progeny lines,which were derived from a cross between two elite Chinese wheat cultivars Huapei 3 and Yumai 57,was cultivated under three conditions.The correlation analysis was done on the relationships among the length of the first and second basal elongated internodes and stalk diameter.The results indicated that the three characteristics of the DH population displayed transgressive segregation in two directions and the segregation patterns largely conformed to normal distribution.The correlation between the length of the first and second basal elongated internodes was very significant,and also between the diameter of second internode and the length of the first and second basal elongated internodes.The correlation coefficient between the length of the first and second basal elongated internodes was the largest under all three conditions,with the value as 0.833**.The coefficients of correlation between the length of the first and second basal elongated internodes and between the length of second basal elongated internode and the second internode diameter under late sowing condition both decreased markedly compared to those under normal conditions(0.583**0.650**,0.263**0.408**).However,the correlation coefficient between the length of first internode and the diameter of second basal elongated internode did not change significantly(0.304**≈0.309**).

【Objective】Conditional QTL is a method of studying the dynamic expression of quantitative traits genes,and it was applied to better reveal dynamic expression of gene in wheat starch.【Method】QTLs for developmental behavior of wheat grain starch content(GSC) were mapped using a double haploid(DH) population with 168 progeny lines,derived from a cross between two elite Chinese wheat cultivars Huapei 3×Yumai 57.GSC were evaluated at five seed filling stages(12d,17d,22d,27d,and 32d after flowering) in six different environments.This study could attain more information to understand the dynamic effects of corresponding QTLs at different developmental stages as well as the genetic information of GSC accumulation.【Result】The results showed that seven unconditional QTLs and four conditional QTLs were detected in different seed filling periods totally,but no one conditional QTL was detected in all periods.Seven unconditional QTLs were detected on chromosomes 2A,3A,3B,4A and 5D,the unconditional QTL named QGsc4A persistently expressed at all seed filling stages,while unconditional QTLs of different seed filling periods could explain 13.57%,16.57%,21.96%,22.53%,22.90% of phenotypic variance respectively.Among the four conditional QTLs,QGsc4A was detected 12d,17d,and 32d after flowering,which accounted for 21.80% of phenotypic variation and played the most important role for the accumulation of GSC.The rest unconditional QTLs and conditional QTLs were only detected in a special or few periods,and there was no conditional QTL detected up to 27 days after flowering.【Conclusion】QTL analyses were performed using a mixed linear model approach,which suggest that the QTLs express depending on different developmental stages.The present data provide new insights into understanding the genetic mechanism and regulation network underlying the development of GSC in wheat,which is beneficial to genetic manipulations for yield.

【Objective】Grain protein content(GPC) is an important quality factor in bread wheat,which is determined by quantitative trait loci(QTLs).In this study,to attain more genetic information of GPC accumulation,the number and genetic effects of QTLs/genes related to GPC were detected at different seed filling stages.【Method】 QTLs/genes related to GPC were studied at five seed filling stages in six different environments,using a doubled haploid(DH) population derived from a cross between two elite Chinese wheat cultivars Huapei 3×Yumai 57.QTL mapping for developmental behavior of GPC was studied by unconditional and conditional quantitative trait locus(QTL) analyses in a mixed linear model.【Result】A total of nine unconditional QTLs and ten conditional QTLs were detected at five seed filling periods.The unconditional QTL named QGpc3A persistently expressed at all seed filling stages may play a most important role for the accumulation of GPC,the rest unconditional QTLs and conditional QTLs were only detected at a few or a special periods.At the period of 12 days after anthesis the gene expression was active,and the QTLs detected could account for 42.62% of phenotypic variation totally.However,the QTLs detected could totally account for only 17.43% of phenotypic variation at 22 d after anthesis with lowest phenotypic value.【Conclusion】The dynamic change of GPC show a high-low-high trend and QTLs controlling GPC were developmental stage specific.

This study aimed at studying the molecular genetic basis of plant height (PH) heterosis in wheat. From a set of doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from Huapei 3 × Yumai 57, an “immortalized F2” population was constructed with 168 single crosses. The DH lines, IF2 population, and the parents were evaluated for plant height in 3 environments, i.e., in Tai'an, Shandong Province, China, in 2007 and 2008 cropping seasons and in Jiyuan, Henan Province, China in 2008 cropping season. Based on the genetic map of quantitative trait locus (QTL) constructed in a previous study, the heterosis of PH of wheat was analyzed using the composite interval mapping method. A total of 3 additive QTLs, 2 dominance QTLs, 4 pairs of epistatic QTLs (including additive by additive, additive by dominance, dominance by additive, and dominance by dominance), and 20 heterotic loci were detected for PH in the 3 environments. Two QTLs, QPh2D and QPh4D, were detected on chromosomes 2D and 4D with a minor interaction of additive by environment. In addition, several heterotic loci for PH except QPh2D were also identified on chromosome 2D in close regions with similar marker intervals. Of them, QTLs QPh2D-2 and QPh2D-7 explained the PH variance by 29.77% and 55.77%, respectively. Another QTL associated with PH heterosis, QPh7D-2, was mapped in the marker interval between Xwmc273.2 and Xcfd175 on chromosome 7D in the 3 environments. These results indicated that a few QTLs on chromosomes 2D, 4D, and 7D play an important role in PH heterosis in wheat. These loci have potential use for the improvement of PH in wheat breeding assisted with molecular markers.

【Objective】 Genetic bases of alveogram characters were analyzed by a doubled haploid (DH) population.【Method】 QTLs for dough tenacity,dough extensibility,dough strength,swelling index and elasticity index of alveogram characters were evaluated in the three different environments by using a doubled haploid (DH) population lines derived from a cross between two elite Chinese wheat cultivars Huapei 3/Yumai 57 (Triticum aestivum L.).A genetic linkage map containing 323 sites.【Result】 Seventeen additive QTLs and 7 pairs of epistatic QTLs were detected in three different environments,which were distributed on chromosomes 1B,2B,3B,4B,1D,7D and 5A.QTLs (QDten4B,QDext4B,and QSin4B) were detected for dough tenacity,dough extensibility and swelling index on the Xwmc48-Xbarc1096 interval of chromosome 4B,which had the opposite direction of additive effects.The Xwmc93-GluD1 interval on chromosome 1D had the same direction of additive effects on swelling index,dough strength and elasticity index with high contribution of 3.19%,17.74%,28.28%,the sites were QSin1D,QDstren1D,and QEin1D respectively,and the favorable alleles were contributed by Yumai 57.For the seven epistatic QTLs,the epistatic effects were not significant and without epistatic × environment interactions.【Conclusion】 Both additive effects and epistatic effects were important genetic bases of alveogram characters,and many different traits of alveogram shared the same QTL in some chromosome segments,which showed tight linkages or pleiotropisms.

Aiming to study the effects of wheat bran addition dosage and bran particle size on the pasting property of wheat flour,wheat bran produced from two strong-gluten wheat varieties and two medium-gluten wheat varieties were added into flour separately,with bran addition dosage of 5%,10%,15%,20%,25% and with bran particle size of 0.16～0.43 mm,0.43～1.0 mm,1.5～2.0 mm,2.5 ～ 3.0 mm.The pasting property indexes of the tested flour samples were determined.Results: The peak viscosity,trough,final viscosity,area of viscosity,setback and peak time of the flour samples decline with increasing addition of wheat bran,but pasting onset time and pasting temperature rise following conic Y = AX2-BX + C in the same case.Bigger bran granularity leads the increase of peak viscosity,trough,final viscosity,area of viscosity,setback and peak time,but no effect on pasting temperature and pasting onset time.Medium-gluten wheat bran with particles size from 0.16 mm to 2.0 mm shows no significant different effect on peak viscosity and area of viscosity,while strong-gluten wheat bran with particle size more than 1.5mm shows obviously different effect on peak viscosity,trough,final viscosity and area of viscosity.There is no remarkable effect of bran particles size on breakdown when bran particle size is smaller than 2.0 mm,and also no remarkable effect of bran particles size on setback when bran particle size is smaller than 1.0 mm.

Effective tiller number is one of the most important traits for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield, but the inheritance of tillering is poorly understood. A set of 168 doubled haploid (DH) lines derivatives of a cross between two winter wheat cultivars (Huapei 3 and Yumai 57), and an immortalized F(2) (IF(2)) population generated by randomly permutated intermating of these DHs were investigated, and QTLs of tillering related to the maximum tillering of pre-winter (MTW), maximum tillering in spring (MTS), and effective tillering in harvest (ETH) were mapped. Phenotypic data were collected for the two populations from two different environments. Using inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM), a total of 9 and 18 significant QTL were detected across environments for tillering in the DH and IF(2) populations, respectively. Four QTLs were common between two populations. A major QTL located on the 5D chromosome with the allele originating from Yumai 57 was detected and increased 1.92 and 3.55 tillers in MTW and MTS, respectively. QTLs (QMts6D, QEth6D) having a neighbouring marker interval at Xswes679.1 and Xcfa2129 on chromosome 6D was detected in MTS and ETH. These results provide a better understanding of the genetic factors for selectively expressing the control of tiller number in different growth stages and facilitate marker-assisted selection strategy in breeding.