灵芝作为一味珍贵的中药材,具有广泛的药理作用.灵芝之所以可以展现出多方面的功效,主要是因为灵芝中含有重要的活性物质灵芝多糖.由于灵芝多糖结构复杂、活性功能广泛而备受关注,研究其结构和药理活性的关系有助于灵芝多糖今后在食品、药品和保健品方面的研发、应用.通过分析近年灵芝多糖的化学结构和药理活性的研究,对现有研究的局限提出建议,总结目前发现的灵芝多糖结构和活性功能,为今后构建中草药的功效理论体系提供基础信息.

Passion fruit is a very popular fruit, but at present, it is utilized by taking its juice while its peel is discarded and polluted the environment. Passion fruit peel contains rich pectin, which is edible and widely used in various foods. In this research, the edible film was prepared by compounding the peel pectin PFPP extracted in the previous study with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose（CMC）, polyvinyl alcohol（PVA）, glycerin, etc.,and through the single factor test and partial orthogonal test on the mass fraction of PFPP, CMC, PVA and glycerin, as well as the drying temperature and drying time, it was found that the best film preparation process conditions were that the mass fraction of PFPP was 0.20%, the mass fraction of CMC was 0.2%, the mass fraction of PVA was 1.0%, the mass fraction of glycerin was 0.30%, the drying temperature was 40 ℃, and the drying time was 4 h. The prepared edible film of PFPP was applied to strawberry preservation and storage, and the changes of physical and chemical indexes such as weight loss rate, decay rate, color, organic acid content, soluble solids content, Vc content of strawberry were measured. It was found that the edible film of PFPP had more excellent fresh-keeping performance in strawberry preservation as a whole, by comparing with other six groups of preservative treatment films. This could provide new technical support for extending the fresh-keeping period of strawberry.

高压脉冲电场(HPEF)技术在果蔬汁加工中应用优势显著.在加工中不仅有很好的杀菌效果,还能最大程度地保留果蔬汁的营养成分和风味.本文归纳总结了HPEF技术原理及其在果蔬汁加工中杀菌的应用,并展望存在的问题与应用趋势.

An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the quantitative analysis of octylphenol. A linear carboxylated analogue of 4-nonylphenol was synthesised and characterised as hapten. The hapten was coupled to the carrier protein to produce a specific antibody. An indirect competitive ELISA method was established based on the polyclonal antibody, which exhibited an IC50 value of 51 ng/mL for octylphenol. A monoclonal antibody was produced with an IC50 value of 76 ng/mL for octylphenol. The immunoassay used with the monoclonal antibodies was applied to analyse water samples from Tai Lake in China.

We have developed an ultrasensitive indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of tartrazine. Two carboxylated analogues of tartrazine with different spacer lengths, and one derivative from commercial tartrazine after a little chemical modification, were synthesized as haptens in order to produce antibodies specific to tartrazine. The effect of sulfonic acid groups on the hapten structure of tartrazine was also studied carefully for the first time. A most specific monoclonal antibody against tartrazine was created and exhibited an IC50 value of 0.105 ng/mL and a limit of detection of 0.014 ng/mL, with no cross-reactivity to other structurally-related pigments. The established immunoassay was applied to the determination of tartrazine in fortified samples of orange juice and in real positive samples of carbonated beverages.

In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with additive effects, epistatic effects for CNSB specific volume in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), were studied in cultivars Huapei 3 and Yumai 57 (Triticum aestivum L.). The DH population and the parents were planted in 2007 and 2008 in Tai’An and 2008 in Suzhou. QTL analyses were performed using the software of IciMapping v2.2 based on the mixed linear model. Five putative QTLs for CNSB specific volume were detected on 5 chromosomes where single QTLs explained 5.11% to 9.75% of phenotypic variations. All of them had negative effects on specific volume and were contributed by Yumai 57 alleles. Qsv-1B was detected in both environment 1 and 3 with 13.88% and 4.83% phenotypic variations which had positive effects and was transmitted by Huapei 3 alleles. Fourteen pairs of QTLs with epistatic effects were detected for specific volume. Seven major QTLs, Qsv-1B/Qsv-3A, Qsv-2D/Qsv-3A, Qsv-3A/Qsv- 5B1, Qsv-1B/Qsv-6D, Qsv-2D/Qsv-4D, Qsv-4A/ Qsv-6B and Qsv-3A/Qsv-7D could account for 13.88%、20.39%、18.88%、12.31%、18.78%、11.98%, and 17.05% of the phenotypic variation of specific volume. The information obtained in this study will be useful for manipulating the QTLs for CNSB specific volume property by molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS).

Coleoptile length and radicle length are important indexes to evaluate stress resistance of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings.For mapping quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for lengths of coleoptile and Radicle in wheat,a set of immortalized F2(IF2) population(168 lines) from Huapei 3× Yumai 57 double haploid(DH) lines was treated with distilled water(normal condition) and 10%,20%,and 30% of polyethylene glycol(PEG-6000).The coleoptile length(CL) and radicle length(RL) of the parents and the 168 IF2 lines were measured after 7 d of treatment.QTLs for CL and RL were detected using 323 SSR markers,which were distributed in the whole genome of wheat.Based on inclusive composite interval mapping(ICIM) method,we identified 11 additive QTLs for CL and 12 additive QTLs for RL under normal and the three stress conditions.Each locus explained 4.93%-35.37% of phenotypic variance.In the interval between Xcfd39.2 and Xcfd22.2 on chromosome 4B,QTL QCl4B had the phenotypic contribution of 35.37%.Another QTL QCl3D-a located between Xcfd223 and Xbarc323 on chromosome 3D was detected in both normal and 20% PEG-6000 treatments,which explained phenotypic variances of 7.83% and 11.74%,respectively.QTL QCl3D-b was located on the same chromosome and close to QCl3D-a.In the linkage groups 1A and 5A1,three and two QTLs associated with RL were detected respectively.On chromosome 6D,two QTLs for CL and RL were found in the interval between Xswes679.1 and Xcfa2129 and the interval between Xwmc412.1 and Xcfd49,respectively.The major QTLs identified can be applicable in marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding for coleoptile and root.

A multi-residue method was developed for the confirmation and quantitation of nine types of phthalates in milk using high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile. The analytes were separated using a 0.1% formic acid-methanol system as the mobile phase, and a linear gradient elution program. Mass spectral acquisition was achieved by selectively monitoring the ions in electro-spray ionization mode. Qualitative analysis was based on the retention time and the mass spectrum results, and the quantity was carried out by comparison with the external standard. The mean recoveries for each analyte ranged from 65.2% to 98.3%, with relative standard deviations below 11.2%. The limits of detection were 5∼25 μg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were 17∼83 μg/kg, depending on the compounds. This method has the merits of convenient operation, high sensitivity, and good repeatability, making it an effective method for analysis of phthalates in milk. And the proposed analytical method has been applied to the analysis of phthalates presented in four commercial milk products. The main phthalate residues were DBP and DMP. And the amount of DBP was found to be more than 100 μg/kg in all this milk products.

This study aimed at studying the molecular genetic basis of plant height (PH) heterosis in wheat. From a set of doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from Huapei 3 × Yumai 57, an “immortalized F2” population was constructed with 168 single crosses. The DH lines, IF2 population, and the parents were evaluated for plant height in 3 environments, i.e., in Tai'an, Shandong Province, China, in 2007 and 2008 cropping seasons and in Jiyuan, Henan Province, China in 2008 cropping season. Based on the genetic map of quantitative trait locus (QTL) constructed in a previous study, the heterosis of PH of wheat was analyzed using the composite interval mapping method. A total of 3 additive QTLs, 2 dominance QTLs, 4 pairs of epistatic QTLs (including additive by additive, additive by dominance, dominance by additive, and dominance by dominance), and 20 heterotic loci were detected for PH in the 3 environments. Two QTLs, QPh2D and QPh4D, were detected on chromosomes 2D and 4D with a minor interaction of additive by environment. In addition, several heterotic loci for PH except QPh2D were also identified on chromosome 2D in close regions with similar marker intervals. Of them, QTLs QPh2D-2 and QPh2D-7 explained the PH variance by 29.77% and 55.77%, respectively. Another QTL associated with PH heterosis, QPh7D-2, was mapped in the marker interval between Xwmc273.2 and Xcfd175 on chromosome 7D in the 3 environments. These results indicated that a few QTLs on chromosomes 2D, 4D, and 7D play an important role in PH heterosis in wheat. These loci have potential use for the improvement of PH in wheat breeding assisted with molecular markers.

Effective tiller number is one of the most important traits for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield, but the inheritance of tillering is poorly understood. A set of 168 doubled haploid (DH) lines derivatives of a cross between two winter wheat cultivars (Huapei 3 and Yumai 57), and an immortalized F(2) (IF(2)) population generated by randomly permutated intermating of these DHs were investigated, and QTLs of tillering related to the maximum tillering of pre-winter (MTW), maximum tillering in spring (MTS), and effective tillering in harvest (ETH) were mapped. Phenotypic data were collected for the two populations from two different environments. Using inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM), a total of 9 and 18 significant QTL were detected across environments for tillering in the DH and IF(2) populations, respectively. Four QTLs were common between two populations. A major QTL located on the 5D chromosome with the allele originating from Yumai 57 was detected and increased 1.92 and 3.55 tillers in MTW and MTS, respectively. QTLs (QMts6D, QEth6D) having a neighbouring marker interval at Xswes679.1 and Xcfa2129 on chromosome 6D was detected in MTS and ETH. These results provide a better understanding of the genetic factors for selectively expressing the control of tiller number in different growth stages and facilitate marker-assisted selection strategy in breeding.

小麦品种花培3号和豫麦57构建的DH群体的168个株系及亲本为材料,在正常发芽和20%PEG-6000模拟水分胁迫处理条件下测定小麦幼苗的胚芽鞘长、根长.利用完备区间作图法分析幼苗胚芽鞘长、幼根长的QTL.两种处理条件下共定位了8个控制胚芽鞘长加性QTL,其中位于染色体2A、4B和4D上的QCl2A、QCl4B和QCl4D在两种处理条件下均被检测到,可解释6.10%～16.31%的表型变异.两种条件下共定位了10个控制幼根长加性QTL,其中位于染色体6A上Xgwm82和Xwmc553区间的QRl6A在两种处理下均被检测到,可分别解释8.26%和9.74%的表型变异.在检测到的18对控制胚芽鞘长、根长的上位性互作位点中,大多数互作属于非等位QTL间的非加性QTL位点之间互作.因此在小麦材料的早期抗旱性筛选、分子育种时要同时考虑加性QTL和非加性QTL位点间的上位性互作.

A HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative of nine kinids of phthalates multiresidues in food packaging materials HPLC-ESI-MS/MS.Samples were extracted using acetonitrile.The analytes were separated using 0.1% fomic acid-methanol system as the mobile phase with a linear gradient elution program,and determined by a tandem mass detector.The mean recovery for each analyted ranged from 65.28% to 98.33%,with the relative standard deviations from 5.35% to 11.22%,and the limits of detection were about 5-20 ng/ml.

A stable and sensitive toxin residues immunosensor based on the relaxation of magnetic nanoparticles was developed. The method was performed in one reaction and offered sensitive, fast detection of target toxin residues in water. The target analyte, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in Tai lake water, competed with the antigens on the surface of the magnetic nanoparticles and then influenced the formation of aggregates of the magnetic nanoparticles. Accordingly, the magnetic relaxation time of the magnetic nanoparticles was changed under the effect of the target analyte. The calibration curve was deduced at different concentrations of the target analyte. The limit of detection (LOD) of MC-LR was 0.6 ng g(-1) and the detection range was 1-18 ng g(-1). Another important feature of the developed method was the easy operation: only two steps were needed (1) to mix the magnetic nanoparticle solution with the sample solution and (2) read the results through the instrument. Therefore, the developed method may be a useful tool for toxin residues sensing and may find widespread applications.

The invention relates to an immunity bead chromatograph test strip for quick testing ractopamine and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of ractopamine test. The invention is composed of a scale board, a sample pad, a magnetic combination pad, a coated film, an absorbent pad and the sample pad; the magnetic combination pad, the coated film and the absorbent pad are connected one by one on the scale board. The magnetic combination pad is made from absorbed glass mat which is used to absorb ractopamine magnetic antibodies; detection line T which is printed by the carrier protein solution coupled with ractopamine and control line C which is printed by goat anti-rabbit IgG are positioned on the coated film. The preparation method comprises the following steps: inserting the sample pad of the test paper in the sample solution to be tested, taking out the sample pad after 10-20 seconds, reacting at room temperature for 15 minutes, testing the test paper in a magnetic signal detector which outputs the biological response signals converted to magnetic field signals in the form of electrical signals; drawing standard curve and then evaluating the ractopamine content in the sample to be tested according to the standard curve. The invention applies the nano-magnetic immunity technology to test ractopamine and has the characteristics of high sensitivity, short reaction time, cheap apparatus, simple usage and the like.

In the present study, the synthesis of hapten for the organophosphorus (OP) pesticide paraoxon-methyl was developed, with a spacer arm (aminocarboxylic acid) attached at the aromatic ring. It was conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) for use as an immunogen and to ovalbumin (OVA) for coating antigen for ELISA testing. Rabbits were immunized with the immunogen and two polyclonal antisera were produced and screened against the coating antigen using competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For application to textile samples, the influence of several factors such as organic solvent, ionic strength, and pH on the ELISA results were studied. Under optimized conditions, the quantitative working range was 0.012-1.158 microg/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.005 microg/mL and the IC(50) was 0.115 microg/mL.There was negligible cross reactivity (CR) with other OP pesticides. The recoveries obtained by standard paraoxon-methyl addition to the different textile samples such as cotton, wool and muslin delaine were all from 86.0% to 108.0%. Therefore, the optimized ELISA may become a new convenient and economical analytical tool for monitoring paraoxon-methyl residues in textile samples.

为研究小麦株高的遗传机制,利用DH群体构建了一套包含168个杂交组合的小麦永久F2群体,并于2007年种植于山东泰安和山东聊城.构建了一套覆盖小麦21条染色体的遗传连锁图谱,并利用该图谱的324个SSR标记对小麦株高进行QTL定位研究,使用基于混合线性模型的QTLNetwork 2.0软件进行QTL分析.在永久F2群体中定位了7个株高QTL,包括4个加性QTL,1个显性QTL,1对上位性QTL,共解释株高变异的20%,其中位于4D染色体的qPh4D,具有最大的遗传效应,贡献率为7.5%;位于2D染色体显性效应位点qPh2D,可解释1.6%的表型变异;位于5B～6D染色体上位效应位点,可解释1.7%的表型变异.还发现加性效应、显性效应和上位效应对小麦株高的遗传起重要作用,并且基因与环境具有互作效应.

The invention provides a determination method by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) for detecting various phthalate esters in milk simultaneously, belonging to the field of food detection technology. The milk sample is directly extracted by acetonitrile and sodium chloride; a formic acid ammonium acetate solution-carbinol system is taken as a flowing phase for liquid chromatography separation so as to carry out gradient elution; and the quantitative detection is carried out by a mass spectrum detector by adopting the peak area method of an external standard method. The method has high sensitiveness, good exactness and preciseness, reliable specialization and authenticity, is extremely simple and convenient and easy to be applied to practical detection, and can meet the requirement in practical detection excellently.

The model of risk assessment for APFO in packaging materials was established from its resources,releasing and migrating routes,and possible exposures.With common methods used in other dangerous chemicals and based on the determi- nation of LC-MS-MS,the immigration curve of APFO was studied.According to related data,the limit for APFO in packaging materials is proposed as 0.05 mg/m~2.