[目的]黄精、苦荞、甜叶菊均可食药两用,对"三高"均有功效,以此为原料研发造粒型代用茶.[方法]用冲泡后颗粒的完整性、汤色、香气、滋味为指标,通过单因素、正交试验,确定最佳配料比和成型工艺.以粗多糖、总黄酮、水溶性成分含量为指标,进一步通过单因素试验确定烘烤温度与时间.[结果]苦荞粉∶滇黄精粉∶水∶甜叶菊粉按1∶1∶0.8∶0.004(质量比)配比,搅拌混合均匀,密封放置20～30 min,挤压造粒成型,用160 ℃烘烤140～180 min,取出冷却,得品质最佳的造粒型黄精苦荞代用茶.[结论]其特点是沸水冲泡颗粒完整、汤色红润清亮、口感甜润、气味焦香,粗多糖、总黄酮、水可溶性成分含量均大于12％、1％、50％.适合"三高"人群冲泡饮用.

以磷建筑石膏为原料,研究磷渣粉对磷建筑石膏力学性能和微观性能的影响.采用抗折抗压试验机研究力学性能,SEM电镜研究微观形貌.结果表明:FDN减水剂添加量为1.5‰,改性磷渣粉掺量在10％～15％范围内时,磷石膏基制品抗折强度均达到7.0MPa以上,抗压强度达到15.0MPa以上,约为空白样的2倍,效果显著.通过SEM电镜分析磷建筑石膏水化前后微观形貌,结果表明,添加磷渣改性材料后,磷石膏水化晶体形貌从片状或条状改变成短柱状或中空管状结构,大大提高了磷石膏基材料性能指标,为磷石膏生产石膏砂浆提供了理论和技术支持.

In this article, microwave was used for producing nickel-manganese alloy from nickel (III) oxide-manganese dioxide mixture in vacuum, and the heating processes and reaction mechanisms were also explored. When the nickel (III) oxide-manganese dioxide mixture was 20.0 g, the mixture can be heated and decomposed as the microwave powers were higher than 542 W, and the minimum power value making the system warm up to granulate was lower than that of the single-nickel (III) oxide or the single-manganese dioxide. With 740 W microwave power, the mixture can be heated and decomposed to gather and form the large diameter spherical particles of smelting nickel-manganese alloy. The average sizes of the particle were mainly 0.25 mm and 0.32 mm in diameter, accounted for 40.5% or 26.1% (wt%), respectively. The sizes of the particles enlarged with the increase of microwave powers. The reaction mechanisms have been put forward, and the processes can be divided into five steps: the electric spark reaction, the first reaction, the secondary reaction, and granulation. The critical point of the first reaction and the secondary reaction was 560 degrees C and 1870 degrees C, respectively. It was found that the mid-heating rates were higher than the post-heating rates; moreover, the late stage was the cooling process. Besides, a three-point analysis leading to the phenomenon was proposed. When the microwave power was 800 W, the elemental content limit was 68.7% and 16.3% after the decomposition of 20.0 g nickel (III) oxide-manganese dioxide under vacuum and in air, respectively.

以云南磷肥企业副产物磷石膏为原料,经高温烧结制得 β-磷石膏,再添加化工原料来改善砂浆性能.应用SEM分析磷石膏硬化体的微观形貌.对柠檬酸、SG-12的缓凝效果、强度影响和缓凝机理进行了讨论.对不同减水剂的减水效果、强度影响和减水机理进行了讨论.将优化配比应用于4家磷肥企业磷石膏固废,2 h抗折、抗压强度平均达到2.49 MPa、5.61 MPa,产品性能优于国家标准,普适性强,为磷石膏开发利用提供了技术支持.

以高纯天然石膏为原料,加压水热法制备高品质硫酸钙晶须.采用常规分析方法、XRD和扫描电镜等手段分析和表征石膏原料和硫酸钙晶须产品.结果表明,制备硫酸钙晶须的最优条件为:料浆质量分数为6.0%,转晶剂氯化镁加入量为石膏质量的0.05%,硫酸加入量为水体积的1.0%,反应时间为4.0 h,快速过滤干燥即得硫酸钙晶须产品.分析结果表明:硫酸钙晶须长度最大为280.4 μm,最小为19.59 μm,平均长度为80 μm;硫酸钙晶须直径最大为5.86 μm,最小为0.20 μm,平均直径为2.67 μm;通过统计分析可知,长径比范围为10～80.

The reaction of phosphogypsum (PG) and lignite is complex, which depends on the reaction conditions and atmosphere. In the paper, it was carried out for reduction decomposition of PG to calcium sulfide under N2 atmosphere. Scanning electron microscopy and XRD were used to analyze the raw–material and decomposition solid production. The reaction mechanism of preparing CaS from PG with lignite were analyzed by Factsage 6.1 and thermodynamic analysis. The results indicated that the decomposition reaction temperature were between 800 °C and 1100 °C. These experimental conditions were also studied on Ca/C molar ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time in the N2 atmosphere. The results showed that the optimal result for production of CaS are found to be a lignite to CaSO4 molar ratio of 2.4 to 1, a temperature of 900-1000°C in reductive atmosphere. Under these conditions the conversion rate of CaS from phosphogypsum amount to no less than 97.3%.

Some unsatisfied curriculums exist in current teaching of the design-type courses of Chemical Engineering and Technology. For example,the design topics are too ideal and simple,which is far from the production projects, the assessment form is single and has some other disadvantages. All these factors lead to unsatisfactory teaching effect and the lack of learning interest. A long-range associated curriculum system of design-type courses was established by restructuring the teaching contents of design-type courses, supplemented by the four year entire line internship system, taking engineering project as course mainline and using some synergy cases. At the same time, via introducing modern design methods, improving the way of assessment and encouraging students to participate in various professional competitions,students' enthusiasm for learning was ignited. Overall, a multi-angle and systematic teaching reform was carried out,the teaching effect was improved and students' engineering design ability was promoted.

Calcium sulfate whisker was prepared using desulfurization gypsum by acid dissolution and recrystallization purification .The results show that under the conditions of solid‐to‐liquid of 70 g/L , reaction time of 3 h ,reaction temperature above 90 ℃ ,hydrochloric acid concentration of 2 .0 mol/L , the high purity calcium sulfate whisker is obtained .The product whiteness is up to 94 .5% from 44 .7% ,the purity is over 99% from 90% .The product particle size distributes broad and particle morphology is columnar .The process of acid dissolving and recrystallization improves significantly the performance and grain size distribution and application of desulfurization gypsum .

研究了以磷石膏为原料,以盐酸溶解、重结晶法制备高纯硫酸钙晶须.采用常规方法、XRD和扫描电镜分析和表征磷石膏原料和硫酸钙晶须产品.结果表明,盐酸溶解、重结晶法制备硫酸钙晶须的最优条件为:固液质量体积比50 g/500 mL,溶解温度约70℃,HCl浓度2.0～2.5 mol/L,反应时间1.0h;得到高纯硫酸钙后,加入体积分数为1.0％的HCl溶液,同时加入质量浓度0.5 g/L的MgCl2溶液,加热至沸腾(约95℃),待溶液中长出絮状物后继续反应1.0h,快速过滤干燥即得硫酸钙晶须产品,产品中硫酸钙质量分数大于99.0％,白度大于95.0％,晶须直径1～4 μm,长度20～400 μm,长径比达100.重结晶法制备硫酸钙晶须对磷石膏质量及反应条件精度要求较低,易于实现规模化工业生产.

研究了4种减水剂(葡聚糖凝胶、聚羧酸、FDN、木质素)对建筑石膏性能的影响,采用XRD和扫描电镜对建筑石膏粉和石膏产品进行分析和表征.结果表明:当掺量为0.3％时,HC(聚羧酸)对磷建筑石膏的减水率、绝干抗压强度分别为13％、11.3 MPa,相对空白组强度提高了2.7％;MZS(木质素)对磷建筑石膏的减水率、绝干抗压强度分别为15％、12.1 MPa,相对空白组强度提高了10％;FDN对磷建筑石膏的减水率、抗压强度分别为13.1％、13.1MPa,相对空白组强度提高了19％;G-50(葡聚糖凝胶)对磷建筑石膏的减水率、绝干抗压强度分别为25％、15 MPa,相对空白组强度提高了36％.由SEM分析表明:在掺量为0.3％时,G-50减水剂明显减少了磷建筑石膏水化硬化的实际需水量,从而促进了石膏水化后晶体呈针状生长.晶体与晶体之间紧密衔接,晶粒细化程度高,从而改善了磷建筑石膏砌块内部的晶体结构.故G-50对建筑石膏具有优异的减水作用以及增强效应.

The paperstudied the influence of the soluble anhydrite III (A III)on the hydration process of β-hemihydrate gypsum.The raw material of β-hemihydrate gypsum,hydration processand gyp-sum products were analyzed by conventional analysis method,XRD and scanning electron microscopy.The results show that the activity of AⅢ is very high and the hydration speed is very quickly.So when the water reducing agents was investigated,the effects of reducing the amount of water and improving strength of gyp-sum products were not found.The additives of YT can improve the strength of gypsum products.When the a-mount is 0.1 ~0.2%,with 2 -hour and 24 -hour,the compressive strength can be improved to be 22%and 20 ~30% respectively.When the additives of FDN is 0.2%,the ratio of water -powder decreases from 0.7mL/g to 0.6mL/g and the amount of water decreases nearly 1 4.2%.The water reduction is obvious.

Theβ-hemihydrate gypsum was prepared from phosphogypsum and the effects of the soluble anhydrous AⅢ were investigated.The Conventional analytical methods,TG-DSC,XRD and SEM were used to analyze and characterize the β-hemihydrate gypsum and their products.The thermal analysis results showed that two endothermic peaks in the phosphogypsum dehydration reaction,and those two peaks overlapped partly.The difference between the two peaks was only 6 ℃,which indicated that the dehydration reaction included two steps of different reactions and theβ-hemihydrate gypsum existed as mixed phase structure.The optimal conditions for β-hemihydrate gypsum calcinations were 170 ±5℃ for 2 hours.The content of the crystal water inβ-hemihydrate gypsum was about 3.0%.The properties of the gypsum powder could be improved if the content of the crystal water content changed in range of 4.8~5.2% through aging process.The highly activity and fast hydration rate of AⅢ offset the effect of the water reducing agents during the hydration ofβ-hemihydrate gypsum indication that AⅢaffects the performance ofβ-hemihydrate gypsum.The addition of water reducing agents could improve the strength of gypsum products.When 0.7% HC polycarboxylate was added,the strength ofβ-hemihydrate gypsumcan reached to 15.0 MPa,nearly an increase of 64.84%.When 0.7% superplasticizer-FDN was added,the strength reached to 14.8 MPa,nearly an increase of 62.64%,and when 0.7% lignin was added,the strength increased nearly by 52.75% to 13.9 MPa.

研究了磷石膏制备半水石膏粉的工艺条件,通过添加减水剂改善磷建筑石膏的力学性能。采用常规分析、XRD和扫描电镜等方法对磷石膏原料、磷建筑石膏粉和石膏产品进行分析和表征。结果表明:在温度为180℃和焙烧时间为2.0 h条件下,磷建筑石膏粉β半水石膏质量分数达到75.24%,绝干抗压强度达到9.6 MPa;建筑石膏强度随着减水剂掺量的增加而升高。聚羧酸减水剂掺量为0.7%时,绝干强度达到15.0 MPa,强度提高近64.84%;FDN减水剂掺量为0.7%时,绝干强度达到14.8 MPa,强度提高近62.64%;木质素减水剂掺量为0.7%时,绝干强度达到13.9 MPa,强度提高近52.75%。

研究了磷石膏制备β-半水石膏粉的工艺条件.采用常规分析、XRD和扫描电镜等方法对磷石膏原料、磷建筑石膏粉和石膏产品进行分析和表征.结果表明:磷石膏的最佳脱水温度为170℃、脱水时间为7h、陈化时间为4d,石膏砌决的抗压强度达到10.2 MPa.SEM分析表明,石膏砌块内部结构致密、晶体间的交织搭接较好,是抗压强度升高的主要原因.

Coke is one of production of high purity graphite.The desulfurization kinetics characteristics of coke were studied.At Ar atmosphere,the differential thermal analysis of sample was studied by the TG-DSC method.The dynamics parameters of the coke pyrolysis reaction were calculated by Freeman-Carroll method depending on the TG-DSC curves.The experimental results showed that coke pyrolysis process could be divided into three phases.At the first phase,the free water of the sample was removed,the dehydration temperature was 360～456 K and the weight loss was 1.92％.At the second phase,the main reaction was the raw coke pyrolysis desulfurization reaction,the reaction temperature was 783～1 174 K and the weight loss was 16.86％.At the third stage,the residue was decomposed.The final product was carbon and sodium sulfide.The desulfurization rate of coke increased when adding Na2CO3,whose the apparent activation energy E was 157.12 kJ/mol,the pre-exponential factor A was 5.4× 108 min-1,and reaction mechanisms function was f (α) =(1-α)6.13.

以工业湿法磷酸和氯化钾为原料,开展溶剂萃取法制备磷酸二氢钾的研究.通过筛选确定采用三辛胺-异戊醇作有机萃取剂,考察了有机相与水相比、反应时间、反应温度及循环次数等因素对萃取法制备磷酸二氢钾的影响.实验结果表明,在三辛胺-异戊醇按体积比为1∶1制成混合萃取剂、反应温度为20℃、萃取时间为60 min的最优条件下,磷酸二氢钾产品的回收率≥95％,产品纯度≥98％.该方法具有产品纯度高,萃取温度低、操作简单等优点.

Phosphogypsum is a waste product of wet phosphoric acid. The thermal decomposition of phosphogypsum to SO2 and lime provides possibilities to utilize its main components S and Ca, and to solve some environmental problems. In this study, a pilot-scale testing of thermal decomposition of phosphogypsum has been performed in circulating fluidized bed using high-sulfur-concentrition coal as a reducer and fuel. The temperature range considered was in the range of 900-1200 degrees C. The output gas consisting of mainly SO2 and the decomposition products were analyzed by gas analyzer (KM9106) and XRD-ray diffraction, respectively. The results indicated that the proper reaction conditions to produce SO2 and lime were: the air consumption (220 m(3)/h), the experimental temperatures (1100 degrees C), and the phosphogypsum consumption (120 kg/h). Under the optimal conditions, the concentration of SO2 reached the maximum value of 3.8% (vol.%) and the concentration of CaO reached 53.91% (wt.%).

The primary objective of this research is to investigate the possibility of producing sulfur dioxide and lime from phosphogypsum (PG) in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) on a pilot scale. Thermal decomposition of PG was conducted in a CFB using anthracite as the reducing agent and fuel at temperatures in the range 900-1100 degrees C. The gaseous decomposition products, which mainly consist of sulfur dioxide, were analyzed using a gas analyzer and X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that the reaction conditions required to produce sulfur dioxide and lime are an air flow rate of 94m(3)/h, a temperature of 1100 degrees C, and a PG consumption rate of 120kg/h. Under optimal conditions, the maximum concentration of sulfur dioxide in the flue gas reached 8.2% (vol. %), and the maximum CaO concentration in the phospholime reached 62.57% (wt. %).

以磷石膏和碳酸铵为原料,采用复分解法制备硫酸铵.考察了原料物质的量比、反应温度、反应时间、液固比、搅拌器转速等因素对磷石膏制备硫酸铵的影响.通过实验,确定了最佳工艺条件:原料液中CO32-与SO42-物质的量比为1.5,反应温度50℃,反应时间90 min,液固比为5.0,搅拌器转速为200 r/min以上.在此条件下,磷石膏制备硫酸铵转化率大于90.0％,产品质量分数大于98.0％.

The reaction characteristics of the thermal decomposition of phosphogypsum with coal as reducing agent to prepare CaO and SO2 were investigated in N2 atmosphere.The output gas and the solid decomposition products were analyzed by gas analyzer and XRD,respectively.The influences of particle size of coal,mix ratio of raw materials,and reaction temperature on the thermal decomposition of phosphogypsum were studied.The results showed that the optimum conditions to produce SO2 and CaO were:the coal particle size was less than 150 μm,the amount-of-substance ratio of C to CaSO4 was 0.8,and the decomposition temperature was 1 000 ℃.Under optimum conditions,the maximum SO2 volume fraction of the decomposition gas was 12.5%,and the CaO mass fraction of the solid product was 65.32%,which can be used as a raw material of cement or a CO2 sorbent.