Nowadays, various packaging materials are widely used in the food industry, with plastic remaining the most common due to its light weight, transparency, and mechanical strength. However, the use of plastic leads to significant environmental consequences, including its long degradation period and contribution to environmental pollution. This underscores the urgent need to develop sustainable, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly packaging alternatives. This study explores the potential for obtaining a natural biopolymer – cutin – from tomato peels, which are classified as agro-food waste. Cutin, the main structural component of the plant cuticle, possesses unique properties such as hydrophobicity, UV resistance, biodegradability, and excellent barrier characteristics. These features make it a promising raw material for the development of edible and eco-friendly packaging films. In this work an alkaline extract of cutin was obtained for the subsequent preparation of an aqueous dispersion of its nanoparticles. The paper provides a detailed description of the isolation process and presents the physicochemical characterization of the resulting samples. The obtained data demonstrate the high potential of cutin as a sustainable packaging material capable of replacing conventional synthetic films and extending the shelf life of food products while reducing environmental impact.

A method for obtaining a nanocomposite from hydrophobic clays with bactericidal properties is considered, which plays the role of a drug matrix intercalated agar-agar. Such nanocomposite materials are increasingly used in medicine as matrices for medicines and vitamins using their adsorption properties and long-term exposure. It was established using TEM analysis that halloysite particles from Beloye Glinische deposit are nanoscale and have a cylindrical shape with a length from 200 nm to 1000 nm and a diameter of nanoparticles from 50 nm to 80 nm. The first stage of the bionanocomposites manufacturing process was the treatment of halloysite nanoparticles with silver ions to impart antimicrobial properties, and hydrophobization with a cationic surfactant was carried out at the next stage. It was established by the X-ray diffraction method that the interlayer space of HNT has been expanded from 9.998 Å to 17.5 Å on the result of the cationic adsorption on the HNT. FTIR spectroscopy also proved the adsorption of surfactant molecules on halloysite by the presence of an appropriate absorption band. The adsorption of silver on a nanotube made of halloysite was revealed by the method of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Antimicrobial properties of silver-treated and organophilic halloysite have been established and proved by in vitro analyses in microbiological laboratories about Escherichia coli. Hydrophobic samples of these organophilic clays had edge angles higher than 90° and this proves that all samples are hydrophobic. The resulting organophilic clays were intercalated into an agar-agar matrix and were thrown into a solution of calcium chloride, which gave them stability in a liquid medium. It has been practically established that the most optimal bionanocomposite microsphere is a 50% ratio of organohalloysite and agar-agar.

The elimination of organic pollutants and oil spills remains one of the major environmental challenges of our time. Among the various remediation techniques, the sorption method is considered the most efficient for removing oil from water surfaces. In this study, organophilic carbon-based oil adsorbents were synthesized via carbonization of plant-derived raw materials, peanut shells and walnut wood, in an argon atmosphere at 600 °C. Additionally, magnetite-modified carbonized composites of these materials were prepared. The adsorbents were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) pore size distribution. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of Fe–O bonds, indicating successful incorporation of magnetite within the composites. The formation of magnetite in the pores of the carbon matrix resulted in a reduction of specific surface area, from 1696.20 m2/g to 1053.47 m2/g for peanut shell carbon, and from 1533.60 m2/g to 1033.91 m2/g for walnut wood carbon. Oil adsorption studies revealed adsorption capacities of 3.8 g/g and 3.6 g/g for the carbonized peanut shell and walnut wood, respectively, and 4.3 g/g and 4.8 g/g for their corresponding magnetite composites. The enhanced oil adsorption performance of the magnetic composites is attributed to an increased proportion of macropores (50–200 nm), which facilitate oil uptake in emulsion systems.

This review examines microbial polysaccharides’ properties relevant to their use in packaging and pharmaceutical applications. Microbial polysaccharides are produced by enzymes found in the cell walls of microbes. Xanthan gum, curdlan gum, pullulan, and bacterial cellulose are high-molecular-weight substances consisting of sugar residues linked by glycoside bonds. These polysaccharides have linear or highly branched molecular structures. Packaging based on microbial polysaccharides is readily biodegradable and can be considered as a renewable energy source with the potential to reduce environmental impact. In addition, microbial polysaccharides have antioxidant and prebiotic properties. The physico-chemical properties of microbial polysaccharide-based films, including tensile strength and elongation at break, are also evaluated. These materials’ potential as multifunctional packaging solutions in the food industry is demonstrated. In addition, their possible use in medicine as a drug delivery system is also considered.

The aim of the study was to synthesize a magnetic composite based on vermiculite and to evaluate its physicochemical properties and adsorption capacity. An increase in the content of Fe (III) in the composition of clay and the inversion for the sign of the charge of vermiculite particles accompanies the formation of the composite. Introducing magnetite particles into the vermiculite structure is substantiated by the appearance of its diffractogram of 2θ angle values characteristic of magnetite. On the FTIR spectrum of clay after the synthesis of magnetite a new absorption band appears at a vibrational frequency of 1404 cm–1, attributed to the Fe–O bond of magnetite, and the position of peaks in the interval 797–602 cm–1. The adsorption capacity of the vermiculite-magnetite composite was evaluated by the adsorption of methylene blue on it. Processing of adsorption data according to Langmuir and Freundlich showed that the maximum adsorption of methylene blue on the surface of vermiculite-magnetite composite is 113.64 mg/g. The constant 1/n has a value less than 1.0, showing the high affinity of dye molecules to the composite surface. These results show that vermiculite-magnetite composite has a significant potential for use as a sorbent in the treatment of wastewater from oil, organic pollutants, as well as carriers of drugs.

This paper reports a process for obtaining superhydrophobic clays from Tagan bentonite to produce anhydrous drilling fluids from superhydrophobic organo-clays. Various cationic surfactants were used as superhydrophobisers. An organophilic (superhydrophobic) clay with a contact angle of 170° was obtained in the presence of tetrakis(decyl)ammonium bromide (TKAB). Placing a water drop on the surface of the resulting superhydrophobic clay powders and measuring the contact angle of the water drop on the powder are challenging because the water drop runs off quickly, similar to a mercury drop. The distribution and stability of organophilic clay particles in diesel fuel fluid obtained by TKAB were determined optically. The organophilic clay particles based on TKAB formed a stable suspension in diesel fuel and did not mix with the water phase. In the water phase, the TKAB-based organophilic clay could remain on the surface of the water phase for more than 365 days. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed on Tagan clay and organo-clay obtained by TKAB because drilling melts can be subjected to high underground temperatures. A methodology for obtaining drilling fluid was proposed based on these data. The resulting drilling fluid belongs to the type of drilling fluids based on organo-clay in the presence of anhydrous petroleum products with thixotropic properties. This drilling fluid was prepared according to the characteristics of Kumkol oil. The formulation of the resulting anhydrous drilling fluids and their technical characteristics are presented.

There is a strong need to develop an insulin delivery system suitable for oral administration and preserving natural (α-helix) insulin conformation. In this work, we fabricated alginate–gelatin hydrogel beads for insulin encapsulation. Altering matrix composition and crosslinking agents has resulted in various surface morphologies and internal spatial organization. The structures of the insulin-loaded matrices were studied using optical and field emission electronic microscopy. We use FTIR spectroscopy to identify insulin conformation changes as affected by the hydrogel matrices. It was found that blended alginate–gelatin matrices demonstrate better encapsulation efficiency and stronger swelling resistance to a simulated gastric environment than sodium alginate beads crosslinked with the CaCl2. FTIR measurements reveal conformation changes in insulin. It is also confirmed that in the presence of gelatin, the process of insulin fibrinogenesis ceases due to intermolecular interaction with the gelatin. Performed molecular modeling shows that dipole–dipole interactions are the dominating mechanism that determines insulin behavior within the fabricated matrix.

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Biodegradable gelatin-based films have been obtained in the presence of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) additives intended for use as packaging of food products and drug carriers. By methods of scanning electron microscopy and measurement of film roughness, it was found that films obtained from a mixture of CMC and gelatin have the greatest roughness. It is shown that the introduction of CMC into the composition of gelatin films leads to a sharp decrease in the strength and modulus of elasticity of the films, however, the deformation has maximum values at a mass ratio of CMC / gelatin equal to 0.7. This is explained by the formation of associates due to H-bonds and electrostatic interactions between functional groups of gelatin proteins and polysaccharide macromolecules, stabilized by hydrophobic interactions between their nonpolar sites. The barrier properties of films based on CMC and gelatin have been studied. It is shown that CMC-based films have the highest air permeability and the lowest water resistance, which is due to the texture of the film material. Based on IR spectroscopy data, it was found that films obtained from a mixture of CMC and gelatin are the most stable. Glycerin was used to regulate the deformation of the films.

The effect of plasticizers, namely glycerol, sorbitol, and citric acid, on the structural and mechanical properties of biodegradable films obtained from xanthan gum (XG) and starch was studied. The plasticizing effect of glycerol, sorbitol, and citric acid on XG-starch films is justified by the destruction of intermolecular contacts between starch and XG macromolecules and the redistribution of hydrogen bonds in the system as a result of the hydrotropic action of plasticizer molecules. The use of glycerol proved to be the most effective for regulating the deformation of films, while the use of sorbitol to preserve strength. The dependence of the film roughness on the type and concentration of plasticizers was characterized. The smallest values of protrusions on the surface of XG-starch films were found in the presence of sorbitol. Considering the effect of the concentration of plasticizers on the stickiness of the surface of XG-starch films and their structural and mechanical properties, 1.5 % concentration of glycerol, sorbitol and citric acid was determined as optimal.

The main purpose of this work is to study emulsions stabilized by microparticles of kaolin clay of the Alekseevskoye deposit and bentonite clay of the Tagansky deposit to obtain safe, environmentally friendly and cost-effective stabilizers of natural origin, which can be used for the preparation of cosmetic emulsions. The article shows the oxide composition and mineralogical composition of clays. By analyzing the particle size distribution, the average particle sizes of kaolin and bentonite clays were determined. The effect of nonionic surfactants (Tween 85, Synperionic 13/6), the oil phase (decane, squalane) nature on the stability of the emulsion were studied. Using the optical microscopy method, the structure and the type of Pickering emulsions were studied.

Бас редактор: ЖҰРЫНОВ Мұрат Жұрынұлы, химия ғылымдарының докторы, профессор, ҚР ҰҒА академигі, Қазақстан Республикасы Ұлттық ғылым академиясының президенті, АҚ «Д.В.Сокольский атындағы отын, катализ және электрохимия институтының» бас директоры (

The study aims to provide a modern overview of the properties of keratin-containing raw materials from animal waste among the research scientists over the past decades and to show the important role of keratin in science. This review examines the composition and types of keratin, the scope of application, the functions of keratin, distribution in animal husbandry and fish farming, as well as in mammals. It is important to note that keratin is widely used in biomedicine, tissue engineering, bioplastics, textiles, biocomposites in construction and building materials. This article reveals the physical and chemical properties and advantages of keratin, such as biodegradability, mechanical abilities, resistance to temperature conditions and thermal conductivity. Keratin can be synthesized from different raw materials, such as wool, hair, bird feathers, using different methods. The extraction method can be of several types: oxidative and reducing, as well as extraction by steam explosion. Extracted keratin has generated increased interest for its study and research for medical purposes, or rather the first innovative discoveries were made among cosmetics, coatings for medicines and fibers. Keratin extracted from animal waste represents a promising active biomolecule for biological and biomaterial applications. The exceptional properties that keratin transmits by virtue of its nature open up the possibility of replacing synthetic materials with biomaterials more compatible with humans and biodegradable, which can improve the overall economy of the closed cycle of agro-industrial complexes.

The paper presents methods to obtain a bionanocomposite from hydrophobic halloysite with bacteridic properties. During the study using TEM analysis, it was established that Karaganda halloysite has a natural nanostructured material and has a cylindrical in shape (halloysite nanotube HNT). It was shown that bactericidal properties of nanoclays are due to exchange reactions between Ag+ and with active groups of nanoclay, where free H+ ions are present. The presence of several peaks characteristic of silver was detected by energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy, indicating exchange reactions involving silver. The bactericidal properties of silver-modified halloysite were proven using in situ analysis with live bacteria. The observed displacements of interlayer spaces from values of 9.997 Å to 17.51 Å in the diffraction patterns confirmed the successful intercalation of octadecylamine into the nanohalloisite galleries. Such medicinal bionanocomposite materials can be used as carriers of various vitamins and drugs due to their high adsorption properties. A study to obtain bactericidal oleophilic (hydrophobic) bionanocomposites based on Karaganda halloysite was carried out for the first time and it includes the stages of processing halloysite with silver ions and the stage of hydrophobization of bactericidal halloysite.

Diabetes mellitus is among the top ten leading causes of death worldwide and remains a serious health problem. More than half a billion people worldwide have diabetes, which occurs when the body is unable to produce insulin or due to the inefficient use of the produced insulin. To keep blood glucose levels within the acceptable norm, people with type 1 diabetes need daily injections of insulin. Even though insulin remains an indispensable drug in the treatment of diabetes, its injectable form prevents its wider use. To eliminate the barriers associated with the injectable form of insulin, improve ease of use, and supply therapeutic benefits, a lot of work is underway to create an oral form of insulin. This review is devoted to the presentation of general information about modern achievements in the creation of an oral form of insulin. The paper describes the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its treatment, methods of protein encapsulation, difficulties in the use of oral insulin, as well as various approaches that have been taken to overcome barriers to the creation of an oral form of insulin. The latest achievements in the use of mucoadhesive polymers and hydrogels for drug delivery are considered. Mucoadhesive polymers such as chitosan and alginate are attracting increasing attention due to their properties such as pH sensitivity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Methods of encapsulation of protein drugs with the use of spray drying, emulsification, and deposition of polymer materials by complexation are presented.

Bentonites refer to the class of argilliferous folded silicate rocks, which as a whole have such common characteristics, as dispersion (fragmentation), colloidal properties, propensity to wetness, and adsorption properties.The importance of this paper, as it follows from the conclusion, is connected with the study of synthesizing of magnetic clay composites which have high adsorption capacity, as well as with systematization of their properties.Bentonite magnetic composites are among those which can be stabilized using sodium alginate.Magnetic composites synthesized on the basis of bentonite showed the proportion of magnetite corresponding to the proportion of Fe in the composition of the initial clays.Sodium alginate-based stabilization method is an effective one for bentonite magnetic composites.

Cr (VI) compounds are the most dangerous for human health and the environment, therefore, the study of their adsorption features is of great interest. A comprehensive study of the adsorption of Cr (VI) ions on the surface of Chlorella vulgaris ZBS1 algae cells was carried out evaluating the effect of the pH of the medium on the degree of removal of Cr (VI) ions from solutions and on the zeta potential of the cell surface was. The highest values of the degree of removal of Cr (VI) ions equal to 94.6-95.4% are achieved in the pH range of 1-2, being the result of the electrostatic attraction of HCrO4 groups to protonated amino groups of the cell surface and the possibility of reducing Cr (VI) ions to Cr (III) in an acidic medium, followed by the formation of Cr (III) ions of coordination bonds with amine and carboxyl groups of algae cells. The adsorption data were processed within the framework of Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Temkin models. It was shown that the maximum Langmuir adsorption value was 74.63 mg/g. The values of the adsorption parameters 1/n and Kf in the Freundlich model were equal to 0.713 and 2.82 mg/g. In the DubininRadushkevich model, the maximum adsorption capacity (qm) and free energy (E) were equal to 39.73 mg/g and 2.604 kJ/mol, respectively. Whereas, according to the Temkin model, the constant A was equal to 18.215 L/mg, and bT was equal to 0.023 kJ/mol. Taking into account the low values of free energy, it is concluded that adsorption is caused by non-covalent interactions. The study of adsorption kinetics showed that the adsorption of Cr (VI) ions on the surface of Chlorella vulgaris ZBS1 algae cells is described in the framework of the pseudo-second order model. The kinetic behavior of the process is discussed in the framework of the IPDM and ELM models. With increasing temperature, the constant of intraparticle diffusion of Cr (VI) ions decreases, which is explained with increasing of hydrophobic interactions between nonpolar sites of protein macromolecules and polysaccharides in the composition of algae cells. The increase in the adsorption of Cr (VI) ions at pH 8.62 in the temperature range of 298-353 K is justified by the shrinkage of the biosorbent volume, which leads to the blocking of a part of the anionic groups on the surface of algae cells. Therefore, the decrease in the electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged surface of the adsorbent and Cr (VI) oxyanions is observed.

The deformation properties, elastic modulus and strength of gelatin films with chitosan, citric acid and L-glutamic acid were studied. According to the results of the study, it was found that the addition of chitosan, citric and L-glutamic acid increases the strength and elasticity modulus of gelatin films. Assessment of the pH effect on the gelatin - chitosan, gelatin - citric acid and gelatin - L-glutamic acid systems provide a representation of their changes in these media. It is assumed that gelatin with L-glutamic acid forms a strong structure at low pH and withstands the conditions of the acidic environment of the stomach, while in an alkaline environment the structural and mechanical characteristics of this system decrease, creating favorable conditions for the release of encapsulated insulin in the intestinal phase. The changes of the physicochemical, structural and mechanical properties of the films under simulated gastrointestinal conditions (pH = 1.0; 4.01; 6.86; 9.18) were determined by IR spectroscopy. The observability of the bands of С-Н, С-ОН, С=O, C-N, N-H, СН(NH2), CH2OH groups in the infrared spectra of films in various pH media is associated with an increase of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and the formation of associative structures.