The rapid expansion of electronic technologies has intensified electromagnetic interference (EMI), prompting urgent development of high-performance microwave absorbing materials. Conventional absorbers are often rigid, dense, and single-functional, limiting practical use. Liquid metal (LM) represents a promising alternative due to its high electrical conductivity, but its direct application in electromagnetic absorption is hindered by impedance mismatch and significant wave reflection. Herein, we design a robust and ultralight aerogel by obtaining eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn)@MoS2 core-shell structures via electrostatic self-assembly and then integrating them with aramid nanofibers (ANFs). This architecture couples interfacial polarization at EGaIn@MoS2 interfaces with multiple scattering in the porous ANF network, enabling efficient electromagnetic energy dissipation. The resulting ANF/EGaIn@MoS2 (AEM) aerogel achieves a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of -36.9 dB at 3.5 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 3.68 GHz at 4.0 mm. Meanwhile, the ANF skeleton ensures excellent mechanical resilience (withstanding stresses up to 53.7 kPa at 60% strain) and significantly enhances electromagnetic wave dissipation via fiber-based dipolar relaxation and interface-driven polarization effects. In addition, the composite aerogel provides outstanding thermal insulation, highlighting its promise for advanced EMI shielding, thermal management, and aerospace applications.

This work aims to prepare a long-lasting, high-flux and hydrophilic PTFE hollow fiber membrane for treating highly polluted wastewater, using a dopamine (DA)-based co-deposition strategy. To study the effects of different generations of poly(amido-amine) (PAMAM), the mass ratio of DA/PAMAM, and the co-deposition time on the hydrophilicity properties of the membranes, hydrophilic coatings were prepared on the surface of PTFE hollow fiber membranes by co-deposition using DA and two generations of hyperbranched poly(amido-amine) (PAMAM) as substrates. The pure water flux and water contact angle of the modified membrane varied with mass ratio (DA/PAMAM) and time. Through the use of edible oil and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as simulated pollutants, the dynamic cross-flow contamination experiments demonstrated the enhanced resistance of the modified membranes to both protein and oil contamination. After strong acid (pH = 1), alkaline (pH = 13) and repeated rinsing, the modified membrane still maintained its hydrophilicity and stability. Overall, the modification process is simple, environmentally friendly and effective. Notably, the optimized MPDA/PAMAM membrane at a DA/PAMAM mass ratio of 1:1 presented the highest pure water flux of 2354.6 Lm-2h-1, the lowest contact angle of 32.3 degrees, and stable performance across pH 1-13, showing promising application potential in wastewater treatment with high pollution levels.

In bio-signal monitoring, the detection process is inevitably accompanied by dynamic noise, which introduces artifacts and other interference to the signals. Developing a gel with excellent mechanical properties, impact resistance, and low-frequency damping capability for daily use is of great significance, since these dynamic noises generally occur in the low-frequency range. In this study, we propose a branched fluid organic gel system based on a branched polymer containing a large number of amino and imine groups. The hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions between branched polyethyleneimine and the polymer network endow the gel with remarkable toughness. Notably, due to the synergistic effect between hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions in the gel system, the organic damping gel simultaneously exhibits excellent mechanical properties and outstanding low-frequency damping performance. The resulting gel exhibits excellent damping performance across a wide frequency range (tan delta> 0.6), with an energy dissipation rate of approximately 90%, and a tearing energy reaching 13445.09 J/m(2), demonstrating outstanding crack-propagation resistance. The organic damping gel was prepared via photoinitiated polymerization, providing a simple and efficient fabrication approach.

Attapulgite is an ideal modifier for thin-film nanocomposite nanofiltration membranes due to its superior dispersibility and surface activity, endowing it with low-cost application potential in water treatment. However, a systematic comparative study on the effect of attapulgite sources on the separation performance of thin-film nanocomposite membranes remains a gap to be filled. This study systematically compared the application performance of attapulgite from three representative origins (Huangnishan, Jiangsu; Linze, Gansu; Mingguang, Anhui, China) in fabricating thin-film nanocomposite nanofiltration membranes via interfacial polymerization. As compared to the pristine PA membrane, the nanofiltration membrane incorporated with 1.0 g/L Mingguang attapulgite achieved the optimal performance, with a 94% water permeance enhancement while retaining 98.0% Congo red rejection and 92.1% Na2SO4 rejection, as well as a flux recovery ratio of over 90%. The multifunctional role of well-dispersed Mingguang attapulgite (enhanced hydrophilicity, electrostatic repulsion, robust hydration layer) was responsible for the balanced permeance, selectivity and anti-fouling performance. In contrast, Linze attapulgite, with lower crystallinity coupled with higher impurity content, resulted in the blockage of membrane channels and a corresponding decrease in permeance. Huangnishan attapulgite had a relatively low absolute zeta potential and poor dispersibility. This work demonstrates that attapulgite origin directly affects nanofiltration membrane performance by regulating material properties, providing a theoretical basis for selecting cost-effective attapulgite sources for high-efficiency nanofiltration membranes fabrication.

The chemical synthesis of random poly(proline-co-glycine) (PPrG), a collagen-inspired polypeptide with promising biomedical applications, was challenging and underexplored due to the poor solubility of long glycine (Gly) and proline (Pro) segments forming β-sheets and all-cis right-handed type I (PPI) helices, respectively. Owing to the new developments in the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of amino acid N-thiocarboxyanhydrides (NTAs), we herein reported a well-controlled statistical copolymerization of Pro-NTA with Gly-NTA in benzonitrile (PhCN) catalyzed by carboxylic acids. In the optimized polymerization conditions, premature precipitations were effectively suppressed, and statistical copolymers of PPrG were synthesized with predictable molecular weights (2.4 ~ 25.6 kg/mol), narrow dispersity, designable Gly compositions (0 ~ 47 mol%) and composition drifting structure with reactivity ratios (rGly = 1.42, rPro = 0.108). PPrGs exhibited random coil structure in aqueous solution and formed gels at elevated concentrations ( 14.6 wt%). In addition, a third α-amino acid monomer including leucine-NTA (Leu-NTA), alanine-NTA (Ala-NTA) and phenylalanine-NTA (Phe-NTA) was able to be incorporated into backbones randomly without modification of the polymerization conditions. This contribution provided a versatile platform to synthesize collagen-inspired polypeptides with tunable structures, expanding the scope of advanced biomaterials

Controlling pore structure and transport properties in covalent organic framework (COF) membranes remains challenging due to limited understanding of how molecular-level modifications influence macroscopic performance. Here, TAPB-TPOCx COFs (x = 1–8) were synthesized to investigate alkyl chain parity effects on membrane structure and performance. Powder characterization revealed distinct morphologies: odd-chain COFs (x = 1, 3, 5, 7) formed globular structures with disordered packing, while even-chain variants (x = 2, 4, 6, 8) produced lamellar morphologies with enhanced crystallinity. Parity-dependent pore structures confirmed even-chain COFs showed systematic pore narrowing (1.8–1.2 nm), whereas odd-chain systems maintained constant pore sizes (1.5 ± 0.1 nm). Composite membranes fabricated via unidirectional diffusion exhibited corresponding performance differences. Even-chain membranes demonstrated tunable organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) properties: ethanol permeance decreased from 53.1 to 16.4 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 and Rose Bengal rejection increased from 93% to 95% with increasing chain length. Odd-chain membranes delivered consistent performance across all chain lengths (33.0 ± 0.8 L m−2 h−1 bar−1, > 92% rejection). Molecular dynamics simulations correlated these behaviors with chain-dependent solvent-COF interactions. All membranes maintained stable rejection (> 95%) during 144 h continuous operation, demonstrating the parity effect as an effective design principle for tailoring COF membrane properties.

HA-SH-L-P is a novel redox-responsive hydrogel delivery system designed to enhance probiotic colonization, survival, and targeted delivery in the gastrointestinal tract through the synergistic interaction between l-glutamine and probiotics. This interaction not only improves probiotic viability but also modulates the immune microenvironment and strengthens intestinal barrier function. Using Limosilactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 as a model strain, the hydrogel demonstrated stable mechanical properties and responded to hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in the intestinal microenvironment, enabling rapid probiotic release. In vitro, HA-SH-L-P significantly increased probiotic survival (by 3.56 log CFU/mL compared to free strains). In vivo, HA-SH-L-P modulated immune responses, maintained intestinal barrier integrity, and stabilized the gut microbiota. These results highlight the exceptional performance of HA-SH-L-P as a probiotic delivery system, offering a new approach for the treatment of related diseases.

Oxygenation membranes for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation systems require ultrathin, defect-free selective layers that simultaneously deliver high gas permeability, selectivity, and operational stability. Herein, we report a Janus composite membrane featuring a dense polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) selective layer integrated with a hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF-TGU-307), designed to overcome filler aggregation and transport limitations commonly encountered in ultrathin mixed-matrix membranes. A Marangoni convection-driven assembly strategy induces strong in-plane flow at the gas-liquid-solid interface, enabling uniform dispersion and horizontal embedding of HOF crystallites within the PDMS matrix. Theoretical analysis and molecular dynamics simulations confirm that Marangoni flow suppresses capillary-driven aggregation, while a stable PDMS-HOF interfacial network forms polar gas-transport pathways and promotes interfacial CO2 enrichment. As a result, the optimized M3-HOF membrane exhibits a high single-gas CO2 permeance of 1883 GPU and an ideal CO2/O-2 selectivity of 5.2, measured at 0.1 MPa and 25 degrees C, together with an oxygen transfer rate of 219.8 mL & centerdot;min(-1)& centerdot;m(-2). The Janus architecture further provides excellent interfacial stability, effectively preventing liquid penetration (LEP > 0.6 MPa). Auxiliary evaluations demonstrate reduced protein adsorption and favorable blood-contacting compatibility, supporting its potential for membrane oxygenators. This computation-guided, Marangoni-driven fabrication strategy offers a scalable route for constructing high-performance oxygenation membrane with controlled ultrathin selective layers.

Oxygenation membranes are critical determinants of gas exchange efficiency and hemocompatibility in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) systems. In this work, we report the fabrication of novel alveolusinspired mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) by incorporating the TGU-307 hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) into a polyphenylene oxide (PPO)/sulfonated PPO (SPPO) polymer blend. The resulting membranes demonstrated a hierarchical mass-transfer architecture mimicking natural pulmonary alveoli, significantly enhancing gas exchange efficiency through a hierarchical transport architecture. Specifically, the nanoporous structure of TGU-307 provided rapid diffusion channels for CO2 transport, while abundant sulfonic acid and amino functionalities within its pores offered highly selective adsorption sites for CO2 molecules. Additionally, the strong hydrogen bonding interactions between the sulfonic acid groups on TGU-307 and SPPO polymers promote the formation of a bionic structure mimicking alveoli, which effectively enhances the membrane's gas exchange performance. Oxygenation tests under clinically relevant gas-liquid interface conditions revealed exceptional performance with the optimized PPO/SPPO@TGU-307 membrane achieving rapid saturation of dissolved oxygen within only 12 min. The CO2 and O2 permeability of M-3 reached 453.9 GPU and 198.1 GPU, respectively. Furthermore, systematic hemocompatibility assessments confirmed that the developed membranes exhibit excellent blood compatibility. These findings demonstrate the significant potential of PPO/SPPO@TGU307 MMMs suitable for advanced ECMO clinical applications.

Current hemodialysis with chronic kidney disease (CKD) struggles with toxin removal efficiency and adsorbent biocompatibility. Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) offer metal-free chemical stability, tunable pore size distribution, and abundant surface functional groups, making them promising candidates for miniature artificial kidney development and toxin removal applications. However, the efficient and scalable synthesis of HOFs has proven to be challenging. Here, we report that HOF-102 can be synthesized electrochemically within 60 min at room temperature, achieving a 95% yield on a gram scale. The resulting HOF-102 exhibits exceptional crystallinity and a high BET surface area (2431 m2 g-1), enabling efficient capture of toxin molecules across various size ranges. HOF-102 demonstrates superior adsorption capacities for urea, lysozyme, and bilirubin (137, 124, and 195 mg g-1, respectively) through complementary mechanisms: hydrogen bonding for small molecules, size-selective capture for proteins, and pi-pi stacking for aromatic toxins. More importantly, HOF-102 exhibits outstanding biocompatibility and high selectivity. This rapid, scalable synthesis and outstanding performance of HOF-102 meet crucial biocompatibility requirement for wearable artificial kidneys and personalized dialysis systems.

Conventional electrical stimulation (ES) therapies for chronic wound treatment are limited by reliance on external power sources, disruption of the wound microenvironment, and limited biosafety. Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) have recently emerged as a promising platform for photostimulation-responsive biofunctional materials due to their ordered structures, inherent porosity, and good biocompatibility. Despite these benefits, the inefficient use of photogenerated charge carriers remains a major barrier to improving the photovoltaic performance of HOFs. In this study, three regioisomeric HOFs: TGU-307 (1,5-substituted), TGU-308 (2,6-substituted), and TGU-309 (2,7-substituted), were synthesized by adding sulfonic acid groups at different positions to systematically examine how regioselectivity affects excited-state electron distribution and photovoltaic properties. TGU-309 exhibited a notably low exciton binding energy of 49 meV, showing a distinct advantage over the other analogues. Comprehensive spectroscopic and theoretical analyses revealed that even small differences in substitution sites significantly impact electronic structure and charge carrier behavior. This precise structural control allows direct modification of excited-state electron distribution, improves charge separation and movement, and enables targeted accumulation of electrons at active sites. These findings support a rational design of HOFs at the molecular level and offer promising advancements for photoelectric wound dressings with improved healing performance. Statement of Significance This study demonstrates a molecular-level polarization modulation strategy in hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) to develop self-powered photoelectric wound dressings. By introducing regional heterostructures via precise sulfonic acid group positioning, the main innovations are reflected in:

Researchers are increasingly interested in valorizing cellulose from industrial crops to create multifunctional materials for sustainable and value-added applications. In this study, a bio-based pH-responsive nanocellulose hydrogel was fabricated using dialdehyde cellulose nanofibers (DACNF) as the structural backbone, along with carboxymethyl chitosan and two representative polyphenols (tannic acid and curcumin) derived from industrial crops. The formation involved synergistic physical interactions and dynamic covalent crosslinking. The resulting hydrogel exhibited a robust three-dimensional network, high water absorption capacity, and reversible bonding characteristics, enabling pH-regulated release of curcumin. At pH 5.5, protonation of the Schiff base linkages decreases their stability, resulting in partial network relaxation and the initial release of curcumin. As the process progresses, gradual cleavage of imine bonds, together with the persistence of borate ester crosslinking, leads to a sustained and delayed release behavior. In contrast, a higher cumulative curcumin release was observed under weakly alkaline conditions (pH 7.4). The hydrogel showed excellent antibacterial activity (>99% inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and strong antioxidant capacity (89.57%). A feasibility assessment in vivo evaluation demonstrated enhanced wound healing, characterized by reduced inflammation and improved collagen deposition. This work highlights an effective strategy for transforming cellulose-based industrial crops into functional bioactive hydrogels with promising application potential.

Cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) is a sensitive laser absorption technique that can detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human breath. Notably, CRDS exhibits a distinct absorbance for exhaled isoprene, a potential biomarker for lung cancer, at a wavelength of 226.56 nm. However, the presence of acetone in breath samples interferes with the accurate measurements of isoprene by CRDS. To address this issue, we developed a novel PVDF/M5AH@UiO-66-NH2 composite membrane for the ultra-trace separation of isoprene and acetone at ppbv levels (volume concentration of 10-9). As verified by PTR-TOF-MS, the optimal modified membrane, PVDF/M5AH@UiO-66-NH20.5, effectively reduced the acetone concentration by approximately 89.2 % ± 2.7 %, while minimally affecting the isoprene concentration (8.9 % ± 4.0 %). Analysis of breath samples from 76 lung cancer patients and 92 healthy controls, using both PTR-TOF-MS and CRDS techniques, revealed that the exhaled isoprene levels in healthy controls (238.7 ± 106.2 ppbv) were higher than those in patients (169.0 ± 52.6 ppbv). After membrane separation, CRDS showed a significant decrease in isoprene concentration among lung cancer patients, from 294.8 ± 65.4 ppbv to 191.1 ± 56.0 ppbv, thereby improving diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrates the enhanced diagnostic potential of exhaled isoprene after membrane separation, highlighting its potential in biomarker validation, sensitive and accurate clinical diagnosis, and long-term monitoring.

The advancement of marine industries and daily applications has created an urgent demand for underwater adhesives that provide strong, durable bonding across multiple materials in liquid environments. However, conventional underwater adhesives reported to date often exhibit drawbacks such as complex handling, insufficient adhesive strength, and limited durability. In this work, we present an in situ polymerized double-network underwater adhesive. The hydrophobic poly(butyl acrylate) network serves as a protective layer for the hydrophilic poly(methacrylic acid) network, effectively preventing water molecule penetration and hydrogen-bond disruption that would otherwise lead to adhesion failure. Experimental results show that the adhesive exhibits outstanding underwater adhesion, The polymerization process yields a high-density hydrogen-bonding network, which confers robust and stable adhesive properties. Achieving a shear strength of up to 7.9 MPa on stainless steel substrates while remaining easy to apply. It is suitable for a variety of substrates under different conditions, including artificial seawater, high humidity, and acidic or alkaline solutions, indicating broad potential for practical applications.

The careful design and synthesis of CO2 stimulus-responsive surfactants are critical to the effective application of CO2-switchable emulsion for reducing the viscosity of heavy crude oil. In this study, a simple alternative method was proposed to construct CO2-responsive emulsions using a series of N, N-dimethylalkyl tertiary amines with different chain lengths as CO2-responsive agents, in combination with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) as emulsifiers. The stability, responsiveness, reversibility, demulsification performance and mechanism of emulsions formed with dodecane and crude oil respectively, were evaluated by interfacial tension, electrical conductivity, particle size, Zeta potential and H-1 NMR measurements. The results show that the incorporation of the amines enhanced emulsion stability by 10 similar to 20 %, with the crude oil-in-water emulsion exhibiting approximately three times greater stability than its dodecane-in-water counterpart. Remarkably, the emulsification of the crude oil resulted in a nearly 96.77 % reduction in viscosity. Moreover, the crude oil emulsions underwent rapid demulsification within minutes upon CO2 exposure. These distinctive properties underscore the strong potential of CO2-responsive surfactants for viscosity reduction in heavy oil applications.

Textile dye wastewater is highly toxic, and conventional treatment processes often suffer from limited efficiency and slow removal rates, making it a persistent challenge in environmental remediation. In this study, thermoresponsive microgels were successfully synthesized via emulsion precipitation polymerization using N -isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and acrylic acid (AA) as comonomers. Palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) were subsequently incorporated in situ within the cross-linked polymer network. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses reveal that the microgels possess an average diameter of approximately 160 nm, while the embedded Pd NPs exhibit a mean particle size of ~ 10 nm with uniform dispersion throughout the network. Catalytic degradation experiments using methylene blue demonstrate that, at 25°C, as little as 0.18 mg of the microgel (Pd@p(NIPAM-AA)) catalyst achieves an 82% degradation efficiency within ~ 25 s. More importantly, the system exhibits high catalytic activity toward a broad range of dye pollutants, indicating excellent versatility. The developed Pd@p(NIPAM-AA) microgels therefore represent a promising platform for the rapid and efficient treatment of dye-containing wastewater.

Bio-based porous adsorbents for multicomponent air purification are often constrained by limited active-site density, insufficient control over hierarchical pore architectures, and inadequate mechanical robustness. Herein, chitosan was functionalized with poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers of different generations and combined with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and UiO-66-NH2 to construct nitrogen-enriched composite aerogels. The effects of PAMAM generation and UiO-66-NH2 loading on the pore architecture, surface chemistry, mechanical response, and pollutant-capture performance of the aerogels were systematically evaluated. The optimized CG2MUNA-2 aerogel exhibited a well-connected porous network and sustained a compressive stress of 13.62 MPa at 80% strain. It achieved a CO2 uptake of 0.64 mmol·g-1 at 273.15 K and a formaldehyde adsorption capacity of 48.97 mg·g-1, while retaining 92.40% of its initial formaldehyde adsorption capacity after five adsorption-desorption cycles. When incorporated into cigarette filter rods, CG2MUNA-2 reduced CO, CO2, and total particulate matter by 30.87%, 14.01%, and 62.58%, respectively. Its superior overall performance was associated with a favorable balance among accessible amine functionalities, pore connectivity, and UiO-66-NH2 dispersion. These results indicate that the coordinated regulation of PAMAM generation and MOF loading offers a rational materials-design strategy for developing biopolymer-based aerogels for multicomponent air-pollutant capture and cigarette-smoke purification. Bio-based porous adsorbents for multicomponent air purification are often constrained by limited active-site density, insufficient control over hierarchical pore architectures, and inadequate mechanical robustness. Herein, chitosan was functionalized with poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers of different generations and combined with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and UiO-66-NH2 to construct nitrogen-enriched composite aerogels. The effects of PAMAM generation and UiO-66-NH2 loading on the pore architecture, surface chemistry, mechanical response, and pollutant-capture performance of the aerogels were systematically evaluated. The optimized CG2MUNA-2 aerogel exhibited a well-connected porous network and sustained a compressive stress of 13.62 MPa at 80% strain. It achieved a CO2 uptake of 0.64 mmol·g-1 at 273.15 K and a formaldehyde adsorption capacity of 48.97 mg·g-1, while retaining 92.40% of its initial formaldehyde adsorption capacity after five adsorption-desorption cycles. When incorporated into cigarette filter rods, CG2MUNA-2 reduced CO, CO2, and total particulate matter by 30.87%, 14.01%, and 62.58%, respectively. Its superior overall performance was associated with a favorable balance among accessible amine functionalities, pore connectivity, and UiO-66-NH2 dispersion. These results indicate that the coordinated regulation of PAMAM generation and MOF loading offers a rational materials-design strategy for developing biopolymer-based aerogels for multicomponent air-pollutant capture and cigarette-smoke purification.Keywords: PAMAM; Aerogel; Dendritic polymer; Gas adsorption

Antioxidant hydrogels that can provide a moist environment and scavenge reactive oxygen species have emerged as highly potential wound dressing materials. In situ-forming and good tissue adhesiveness will make them more desirable, as they can fill the irregular wound defect, stick to the wound, and offer intimate contact with the wound. Herein, a hydrogel dressing combining in situ-forming, good tissue adhesiveness, and excellent antioxidant capabilities was developed by simply conjugating dopamine onto carboxymethyl chitosan. The introduction of dopamine allows in situ gelation of the polymer under mild conditions using an HRP-catalyzed cross-linking reaction. The introduction of dopamine also endows the hydrogels with suitable tissue-adhesion properties. Excellent antioxidant properties were also imparted as a result of the introduction of dopamine. Thanks to the favorable moist environment provided by the hydrogel and the effectively mitigated oxidative stress at wound sites, accelerated healing and reduced scar formation were observed in a rat full-thickness skin wound model.

Gelatin, a natural protein, is extensively used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. However, purifying gelatin to meet the specific requirements of various industries remains a considerable challenge. Ceramic membrane separation technology, renowned for its high permeability, excellent anti-fouling properties, and long lifespan, has been widely applied in the food, biotechnology, and water purification industries. In this study, a sol-gel method was employed to fabricate a gradient multilayer TiO2-modified coating on the surface of an alpha-Al2O3 porous ceramic membrane. The viscosity of the TiO2 sols was adjusted by varying the concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG 2000) and aging times. The results indicated that coating the C-P5"5 composite membrane with a sol containing 5 wt% PEG, aged for different durations (2, 5, 10, 15, and 18 d), effectively reduced the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of the permeate from the feed solution of 52.4 kDa-11.9 kDa. However, the C-P10"5 composite membrane, with a 10 wt% PEG content and aged for the same durations, yielded a permeate gelatin Mw of 13.6 kDa. The composite membrane with excellent anti-fouling and photo- catalytic self-cleaning properties holds promise for innovative applications in gelatin purification and bioseparation processes.