The hydrogenation of a mixture of alkylsubstituted C-7-C-12 benzene compounds was studied. The aim of this reaction was to obtain a high-density liquid fuel that could be used as a liquid organic carrier of hydrogen. The results of the reaction carried out on a supported Pd/Al2O3 catalyst indicated that the structures of substituted substrates and the composition of side ring-opening reaction products had a significant effect on the hydrogen capacity of the hydrogenation products.

The processes of producing motor fuels from biomass are considered. The quality of the biofuel is compared. It is suggested that the most promising method for the production of liquid biofuels is a two-stage process that includes hydrothermal carbonization of the biomass followed by hydrogenation of the resulting biochar.

The potential use of various types of biomass (plant origin and secondary biomass) for the production of syngas via thermochemical conversion in a large-scale installation for the further synthesis of components of liquid motor fuels are considered. From the presented results, it follows that syngas from sewage sludge has the optimal composition for the synthesis of methanol with further conversion to gasoline. Syngas from wood waste can be used for the synthesis of dimethyl ether and methanol for the needs of the chemical industry.

The studies demonstrated the possibility of effective catalytic synthesis of aromatic hydrocarbons over a zinc oxide modified zeolite catalyst during several reaction-regeneration cycles. The service cycle was shown to be no less than 130–150 hours – a good parameter for the high temperature process. Dependencies of the conversion of fatty C3–C4 constituents of APG on the reaction temperature and time were determined.

A selective modifying effect of cerium, magnesium and zinc oxide additives on the activity and the selectivity of a pentasil group zeolite catalyst in the reaction of conversion of oxygenates (methanol and dimethyl ether) to liquid hydrocarbons was found. It was found that zinc oxide contributes to the stable operation of the zeolite catalyst in the conversion of oxygenates in the synthesis gas stream and leads to the production of gasolines with low durene content (not more than 6.1 wt %). The obtained results demonstrate the rationale for producing hydrocarbons from synthesis gas without the stage of oxygenate separation with their subsequent conversion to synthetic gasoline.

Sewage sludge refers to the secondary biomass types. Recently, it is put an emphasis on the recycling of this waste. The main goal of recycling is not only to reduce the accumulated volumes but also to maximize the extraction of all energy potential with minimal ecological damage to the environment. This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the sewage sludge conversion in syngas with its subsequent synthesis into biomethanol and biogasoline. As a result of experimental studies, it was found that the biomethanol after some degree of cleaning will meet the technical methanol of grade B. The biogasoline in its original form meets almost all GOST requirements for A-92 gasoline and after reduction of the aromatic hydrocarbons will meet the TP TC 013/2011 requirements for Euro-5 gasoline.

The process of the production of dimethyl ether (DME) from synthesis gas over a mixture of catalysts for methanol synthesis (25,10 wt.% ZnO; 64,68 wt.% СuO; 10,04 wt.% Al 2 О 3 ) and for methanol dehydration (γ-Аl 2 O 3 ) was studied at different modes of catalyst loading (one-, two-, three-bed). A common for all the modes regularity was established: The total conversion of CO decreases with temperature elevation, the conversion to methanol being decreased but to DME increased. The highest selectivities to DME and DME yields were observed in the case of the three-bed loading. The highest DME yields were obtained at 250–285 °C. It was shown that the use of a mechanical mixture of the catalyst for methanol synthesis and alumina allows effective production of DME from nitrogen-ballasted (20 vol.%) synthesis gas with a low ratio H 2 /CO = 1, that is unfavorable for methanol synthesis, while DME yield per feed may reach ca. 10 wt.%.

Dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis from syngas over a mixture of a methanol synthesis catalyst (ZnO, 25.10 wt %; AuO, 64.86 wt %; Al2O3, 10.04 wt %) and a methanol dehydration catalyst (γ-A12O3) has been investigated for one-, two-, and three-layer catalyst beds. There is a common regularity for these three variants: with an increasing temperature, the total CO conversion decreases, the CO-to-methanol conversion decreases, and the CO-to-DME conversion increases. The largest values of DME selectivity and DME yield have been attained with the three-layer bed. The highest DME yield has been obtained at 250–285°C. Use of a mechanical mixture of the methanol synthesis catalyst and alumina makes it possible to efficiently obtain DME from syngas ballasted with nitrogen (20 vol %) at an H2/CO ratio of 1, which is unfavorable for methanol synthesis. The DME yield on the syngas input basis in this case with the ballast gas (nitrogen or CO2) taken into account can be about 10 wt %.

A combination of feedstock pyrolysis and the cracking of the volatile pyrolysis products on the charcoal at 1000 degrees C allows to obtain a tarless synthesis gas which contains 90 vol% or more of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in approximately equal proportions. Basic component of aviation fuel was synthesized in a two-stage process from gas obtained by pyrolytic processing of biomass. Methanol and dimethyl ether can be efficiently produced in a two-layer loading of methanolic catalyst and gamma-Al2O3. The total conversion of CO per pass was 38.2% using for the synthesis of oxygenates a synthesis gas with adverse ratio of H-2/CO = 0.96. Conversion of CO to CH3OH was 15.3% and the conversion of CO to dimethyl ether was 20.9%. A high yield of basic component per oxygenates mass (44.6%) was obtained during conversion. The high selectivity of the synthesis process for liquid hydrocarbons was observed. An optimal recipe of aviation fuel B-92 based on a synthesized basic component was developed. The prototype of aviation fuel meets the requirements for B-92 when straight fractions of 50-100 degrees C (up to 35 wt%), isooctane (up to 10 wt%) and ethyl fluid (2.0 g/kg calculated as tetraethyl lead) is added to the basic component.

Paper presents the results of research of a two-stage thermal conversion process of wood biomass into the synthesis gas. The process combines pyrolysis and a high-temperature cracking of volatiles. Two modules of a pilot plant with capacity of 1.7 and 6.0 kg of feedstock per hour were tested. The dependence of the chemical composition of the synthesis gas from the plant's capacity is shown. Synthesis gas obtained during the experiments contained no tars and contained not less than 90 % of a mixture of hydrogen (H 2 ) and carbon monoxide (CO) with a ratio of H 2 :CO equal to 0.98 and 1.23 respectively. Such gas are suitable for use as fuel for autonomous power systems based on gas turbines or gas-engines. It is also suitable for the synthesis of methanol and dimethyl ether with a bilayer loading of methanol catalyst and γ-Al 2 O 3 .

The activity and stability of aluminum-palladium catalysts in the hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons mixed with thiophene were studied. The catalysts were obtained by impregnation of γ-A 2 O 3 with aqueous solutions of salts of palladium complexes. Preliminary sulfiding followed by oxidative activation of Pd/Al 2 O 3 catalysts were found to favor the formation of such palladium state on the surface at which the hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of sulfur-containing impurities proceeds without a noticeable change in the activity with time. IR spectroscopy showed that the palladium metal surface fragments forming CO complexes with a characteristic absorption band at 1998 cm –1 are resistant to poisoning with sulfur-containing compounds in the hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons.

The possibility of the effective catalytic synthesis of methanol from nitrogen-ballasted syngas was studied. Syngas was obtained during the operation of power machines such as diesel engines or gas turbines. The dependences of CO and CO2 conversion per cycle, the quality of methanol, et cetera on the composition of syngas are characterized. The kinetic dependences of methanol synthesis on G-79-7GL catalyst (Zud Chemie) are described. For nitrogen-ballasted syngas, the dependences of the CO and CO2 conversion and the output and quality of methanol on the reaction conditions (pressure, temperature, and gas mixture feed rate) are the same as for nitrogen-free syngas, though the CO conversion declined considerably when the concentration of ballast nitrogen was increased. These studies served as the basis for the creation of energy-independent units for processing hydrocarbon gases into methanol and motor fuels.

For the first time an examination has been made of the effect of microimpurities of oxygen, water and n-dibutyl sulphide, with their content in the reactants amounting to 0.001-0.05 wt.%, on the alkylation of isobutane with ethene on a zeolite catalyst. The process indices are most affected by the presence in the feedstock of water, which is probably due to its modifying action on the acid centres of the catalyst. Molecular oxygen at a level of 0.0001-0.002 wt.% was found to have no influence on the rate of the process. An increase in combined sulphur to 0.05 wt.% in the initial feedstock lowers the activity of the catalyst by a factor of similar to 5. Here the removal of impurities of oxygen, water and combined sulphur from the feedstock hardly alters the fractional composition of the alkylate. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

The activity of modified high-silica zeolites (dehydroxylated or modified with suported ZnO) in the dehydrochlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane with the formation of vinyl chloride is studied. Strong Lewis acid-base pair sites, involving a low-coordinated metal ion and a neighboring oxygen anion, are found by diffuse-reflectance IR-spectroscopy using adsorption of probe-molecules, such as molecular hydrogen, methane, ethane, and fluoroform. These centers were shown to be responsible for the activation of the dichloroethane molecule.

Catalytic alkylation of dichlorobenzene isomers by ethylene and propylene on zeolite catalysts has been studied. It has been determined that using catalysts based on zeolite Y makes it possible to change the ratio of 1-alkyldichlorobenzenes formed within a wide range by varying the acidic properties of the catalysts.

A promoting effect of iron(III) in the reactions of dichlorobenzene isomerization and alkylation with ethylene is observed upon modification of decationated and dealuminated high-silica zeolite of the pentasil type with iron. The mechanism of the promotion is investigated by IR spectroscopy.

The reaction of hydrodimerization of benzene and its derivatives was examined. Polyfunctional heterogeneous catalysts were based on X and Y zeolites. The conditions of catalysts' preparation were optimized and the optimal conditions of the reaction were determined.