目的 探讨母亲孕期危险因素与子代孤独症的关系.方法 运用Stata10.0软件对2005～2013年国内外发表的有关孤独症孕期影响因素的文献进行Meta分析,通过异质性检验并计算合并优势比值(OR)及95％可信区间(CD,评估发表偏倚并进行敏感性分析.结果 共有23篇文献入选,包括病例组5 619例,对照组140 056例.孕期的7个危险因素合并OR值及95％CI为:孕期反应2.80(1.28～6.41)、孕妇年龄(＞35岁)1.58(1.32～1.91)、孕期疾病史3.35(2.53～4.44)、孕期药物史2.52(1.52～4.19)、先兆流产4.76(3.18～7.14)、胎龄异常3.75(2.95～4.77)、孕期接触有害物质2.12(1.53～3.00).结论 母孕期患病或服药、先兆流产、早产或过期产和接触有害物质等与子代孤独症有较强相关性.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the relationship between mothers' body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy or weight gain during pregnancy and autism in children.METHODS:From 2013 to 2014, the 181 children with autism and 181 healthy children matched by sex and age from same area were included in this study. According to mothers' BMI before pregnancy, the selected cases were divided into 3 groups: low, normal and high group. Then 3 groups were divided into 3 subgroups based on mother' s weight gain during pregnancy: low, normal and high group, according to the recommendations of Institute of Medicine. Logistic regression analysis and χ(2) test were conducted with SPSS 18.0 software to analysis the relationship between mothers' BMI before pregnancy or weight gain during pregnancy and autism in children.RESULTS:The age and sex distributions of case group and control group were consistent (χ(2)=0.434, P>0.05). The mothers' BMI before pregnancy of case group was higher than that of control group (χ(2)=9.580, P<0.05) ,which was (21.28±3.80) kg/m(2) for case group and (19.87±2.83) kg/m(2) for control group. The proportion of cases in high BMI group (10.5%) was much higher than that in control group (2.8%) . The risk of children with autism in high BMI group was 3.7 times higher than that in normal BMI group (OR=3.71, 95% CI: 1.34-10.24). In normal BMI group, the proportion of mothers who had excessive weight gain during pregnancy was higher in case group (44.1%) than in control group (33.9%). In high BMI group, the proportion of mothers who had excessive weight gain was higher in case group (52.6%) than in control group (20.0%) . In normal BMI group (χ(2) =8.690, P<0.05) and high BMI group (χ(2)=4.775, P<0.05), the weight gain during pregnancy was associated with autism in children. Logistic regression analysis showed that mothers' BMI before pregnancy (unadjusted OR=1.89, 95% CI: 1.26-2.85, adjusted OR=1.52, 95% CI: 1.19-2.27) and weight gain during pregnancy were the risk factors for autism in children (unadjusted OR=1.63, 95% CI: 1.08-1.25, adjusted OR=1.64, 95% CI: 1.21-2.21).CONCLUSION:Overweight or obesity before pregnancy and excessive weight gain during pregnancy were associated with autism in children, suggesting that women who plan to be pregnant should pay attention to body weight control.

目的:探讨母亲孕早期精神刺激与子代先天性心脏病(CHD)的关系.方法:抽取2012年1月～2014年1月在湖北省武汉市区级妇幼保健机构进行CHD免费筛查、通过常规的听诊及超声心动图筛出、并经市级以上医院确诊的201例CHD患儿为病例组,按照年龄、性别及社区配对选择402例健康婴儿为对照组.用EpiData 3.1软件录入数据,用SPSS 22.0软件进行单因素和多因素分析.结果:对母亲孕早期精神刺激进行单因素分析,结果显示:孕早期精神刺激与子代CHD的发生有一定关联(x2=21.6866,P＜0.000 1,OR=9.716,95％CI:3.731～25.299);多因素分析结果显示:孕早期精神刺激(P=0.0038,OR=5.986,95％CI:1.781 ～20.118)是CHD的危险因素之一.结论:孕早期精神刺激对子代CHD的发生影响较大.加强围孕期保健、避免负性事件的刺激、让孕母心情保持舒畅可在一定程度上减少CHD的发生.

目的 探讨儿童孤独症的围孕期危险因素.方法 采用1:1配比的病例对照研究方法,选取国内多家医疗保健机构确诊的181例1～5岁孤独症患儿及与其地区、年龄、性别相匹配的181例健康儿童分别作为病例组和对照组.采用自行设计的《儿童行为及相关因素调查表》对儿童的主要监护人进行妊娠期相关因素的回顾性调查.利用SPSS18.0统计软件进行条件Logistic回归分析,计算优势比(OR)和95％置信区间(CI).结果 儿童孤独症与早产(OR=6.92,95％CI=1.80～26.67)、经产妇(OR=2.29,95％CI=1.14～4.58)、孕前/孕早期补充叶酸(OR=0.07,95％CI=0.01～0.41)、孕早期精神刺激(OR=16.16,95％CI=3.37～77.45)、孕早期患病(OR =9.74,95％CI=1.77～53.52)、孕中期产检异常(OR=6.00,95％CI-1.03～34.80)和孕晚期住院安胎(OR=3.15,95％CI=1.36～7.29)等存在相关性.结论 母亲围孕期叶酸补充、精神刺激、患病、住院安胎等因素可在一定程度上影响儿童孤独症发生的风险.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the status of overweight and obesity among preschool children in rural areas of ten provinces in China.METHODS:Using data from "Physical development of rural children under the age of 7 from ten provinces of China in 2006", preschool children were selected as the object of study. Overweight, mild obesity, moderately obese, severe obesity were defined as:weight was over 10%, 20%, 30%, 50% than the same sex under height population reference mean. SPSS 13.0 software was used for statistical analysis. χ² test was used to compare rates.RESULTS:A total number of 38 923 preschool children were included in the study. The overall prevalence of overweight was 4.18%, with boy's higher than girl's (χ² = 4.343 6, P = 0.037 1) and the highest rate of overweight (5.80%) was seen in the 3-year-old group. The overall prevalence of obesity was 1.21% , with majority as mild (0.78%). There was no significant difference between boys and girls (χ² = 0.389 0, P = 0.532 8). The 6 to 7 year old group had the highest rate of obesity (1.42%). In the ten provinces, the prevalence rates of overweight were 1.38%-7.62% and the obesity were 0.57%-3.08% . The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity showed the highest in Jilin and lowest in Guangxi.CONCLUSION:The overall prevalence rates of overweight and obesity among preschool children in rural areas of China were low, with 3 to 4-year-olds appeared in the age of high incidence of overweight and obesity. The overall prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in northern area were higher than in other areas.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the possible risk factors during the periconceptional period relevant on the occurrence of congenital heart diseases (CHD) in the offspring.METHODS:A 1:2 matched case-control study was designed. From January 2012 to January 2014 in a district from Wuhan city, HuBei province, children were proved by MCH institutions through the "free screening for congenital heart disease" program. Cases with CHD were screened out by conventional auscultation, echocardiography figure and confirmed by physicians from the high-level hospitals. According to age, gender, community paired healthy children were chosen as controls. EpiData 3.1 software was used to input data, using SPSS 11.5 software to analyze the possible risk factors under simple and multiple factors logistic regression.RESULTS:Information from parents of 138 cases and 276 controls was collected. 27 major factors from the conditional logistic regression analysis showed that factors as:mental stress during early pregnancy, calcium supplement in the early stage of pregnancy, pregnancy malnutrition, having histories of abnormal childbearing, women with multiparous experiences and residence nearby sources of pollution (enterprises) etc. were associated with the incidence of congenital heart disease in the offspring. Data from the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that factors as:mental stress during early pregnancy (HR = 3.35, 95%CI: 1.28-8.79), pregnancy malnutrition during pregnancy (HR = 1.50, 95% CI:1.10-2.03) and with abnormal childbearing history (HR = 1.62, 95% CI:1.03-2.57) were risk factors. However, calcium supplement during early pregnancy (HR = 0.40, 95% CI:0.25-0.65) could reduce the risk of CHD.CONCLUSION:The occurrence of CHD might be related to factors as:mental stress during early pregnancy, calcium supplement during early pregnancy, pregnancy malnutrition and having histories of abnormal childbearing. Peri-conceptional care should be strengthened to reduce the incidence of congenital heart disease.

We investigated an acute outbreak of the cutaneous form of fowlpox among chickens in China in November 2009. Using pathologic and virologic methods, we identified a novel type of fowlpox virus that carried an integrated genomic sequence of reticuloendotheliosis virus. This highly pathogenic virus could lead to severe ecologic effects and economic losses.

BACKGROUND: The head circumference growth reference charts for children in China are presently based on urban children. However, the references may not apply to rural children because of the differences between urban and rural areas, such as economy, culture, and dietary habits. Our objective was to provide a reliable continuous set of head circumference growth reference charts for male and female children less than 7 years of age in Chinese rural areas. METHODS: Children in our study were identified by multistage stratified cluster sampling from rural areas of 10 provinces in China. Questionnaire survey and anthropometric measurements were conducted in data collection. Head circumference was measured with a nonelastic tape on a line passing over the glabella and posterior occipital protrusion in children. We compared the fiftieth percentile of our cross-sectional data with the data of Chinese cities, World Health Organization, and the United States. RESULTS: A total of 95,904 children (48,722 boys and 47,182 girls) were included in the study. We present age- and sex-appropriate head circumference growth charts younger than 7 years for Chinese rural areas. The head circumference percentiles of the children in rural China are much smaller than the children in Chinese urban areas, World Health Organization, and the US percentiles after 2 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Head circumference percentiles can be applied in growth monitoring, but current head circumference growth references promulgated in urban China may not be suitable for rural areas in China. Providing head circumference growth reference charts for rural Chinese children who are younger than 7 years old is very important.

OBJECTIVE:To understand the current status and relevant factors influencing the duration of breastfeeding in rural areas in China.METHODS:Children under two years old were selected as subjects from the study on "Physical growth among the under 7-years-old children from the rural areas of ten provinces in China in 2006". Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the survival curves and Cox multivariate stepwise regression was used to identify the relevant factors on the duration of breastfeeding.RESULTS:Median of the duration for breastfeeding was 12 months in rural areas of 10 provinces in China. Results of this study suggested that factors as sex, birth order, areas of residency, nationality, initiation of formula, parents' education levels, maternal services and family income were correlated with the duration of breastfeeding.CONCLUSION:Duration of breastfeeding among rural children under 2-years of age was short in the 10 provinces of China. Factors as level of education, residential areas and family income of the parents as well as sex of the children were correlated with the duration of breastfeeding. Intervention program should be implemented to improve the current status on breastfeeding.

Objective To explore the relationship between pregnancy-related risk factors and congenital heart disease in children in order to provide scientific evidence for etiological research of congenital heart disease.Methods The studies which examined the influence factors of congenital heart disease and published between 2002-2012were subjected to meta-analysis by using Stata software package.The odds ratio(OR)and 95% confidence interval(CI)were calculated by using heterogeneous tests,the publication bias assessed and the sensitivity analyzed.Results A total of 27studies were finally included in the metaanalysis,including 24 949cases and 79 828controls.The ORvalues and 95% CI of 10factors associated with congenital heart disease were as follows:mental stimulation[OR=2.977,95% CI(2.338,3.789)],exposure to harmful substances[OR=1.891,95% CI(1.254,2.851)],cigarette smoking[OR=1.065,95% CI(1.015,1.117)],drinking[OR=0.960,95% CI(0.833,1.107)],cold or fever[OR=2.072,95%CI(1.616,2.656)],medication use[OR=1.797,95%CI(1.342,2.405)],diabetes mellitus[OR=1.376,95% CI(1.196,1.583)],obesity before pregnancy[OR=1.197,95% CI(1.104,1.298)],advanced age[OR=1.118,95%CI(1.066,1.174)],abnormal childbearing history[OR=2.222,95%CI(1.630,3.028)].Conclusion The occurrence of congenital heart disease may be associated with exposure to harmful substances,illness,medication use,maternal age,obesity before pregnancy and abnormal childbearing history.Prenatal care should be strengthened to reduce the incidence of congenital heart disease.

One coronavirus strain was isolated from brain tissues of ten piglets with evident clinical manifestations of vomiting, diarrhea and dyskinesia in Jilin province in China. Antigenic and genomic characterizations of the virus (isolate PHEV-JLsp09) were based on multiplex PCR and negative staining electron microscopy and sequence analysis of the Hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene. These piglets were diagnosed with Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV).Necropsy was performed on the piglets. Major pathological changes included meningeal hyperemia, meningeal hemorrhage and cortical hemorrhage. Minor changes were also observed in other organs. Histopathological changes included satellitosis and neuronophagia in the cerebral cortex.Mice were infected with the isolated virus. Their histopathological changes were similar to those symptoms observed in the piglets, exhibiting typical changes for non-suppurative encephalitis. Thus, Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus mainly causes damage to the nervous system but also impacts other organs. This viral strain (isolate PHEV-JLsp09) found in the Siping area of Jilin Province in China is evolutionally closest to the HEV-67N stain (North American strain), indicating that this viral strain evolved from the PHEV from North America.

Objective To investigate the antidiabetic effects of PBudCE4.1/Reg gene combined with insulin on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic mice and explore a new way for diabetes gene therapy.Methods The recombinant vector carrying Reg gene was constructed (PBudCE4.1/Reg).The T1DM model was established in BALB/c mice by a daily intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg of STZ per mouse for 5 consecutive days,PBudCE4.1/Reg gene and/or insulin were i.m.and s.c.injected, respectively,into the diabetic mice once a week for consecutive 4 weeks.At the end of experiment, pancreas tissues were taken for histologic examination with HE staining.Splenocytes were harvested for the assay of lymphocyte proliferation with MTT method.Serum insulin was determined according to the protocol described by the manufacturer of the mouse insulin ELISA kit.Besides,splenocytes were also subjected to the determination of the ratio of the CD4~+ CD25~+ Foxp3~+ T cell subpopulations to FACS. Results PBudCE4.1/Reg gene was constructed successfully.The level of blood glucose in mice treated with Reg combined with insulin was significantly lower than diabetic model control (P<0.01),which lasted stably after the treatment withdrawal.No lymphocyte infiltration in the islets of the pancreas and no obvious β cell destruction could be found in the pancreatic tissues from mice receiving the combination treatment.And administration of Reg combined with insulin tended to bring serum insulin to normal values as compared with the diabetic control mice.A depressed lymphocyte proliferation and higher ratio of the CD4~+ CD25~+ Foxp3~+ T cell subpopulations to FACS were demonstrated in the Reg/insulin treated mice as compared with those in the diabetic control ones (P<0.01 and P<0.05,respectively).Conclusions Reg gene combined with insulin prevents mice from developing hyperglycemia,possibly by inducing immunotolerance and accelerating the growth of β cell in diabetic mice.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the hypoglycemic effect of aglycin on diabetes in mice.METHODS Type 1(T1DM) and Type 2(T2DM)mice models were established to test the effects of aglycin via three different routes(intragastrically ig,subcutaneously sc,intramuscularly im)on oral glucose tolerance,tissue damage in pancreas,blood glucose concentration and the in vitro T cell proliferation.RESULTS Aglycin had no effects on blood glucose concentration nor T cell proliferation in T1DM.Neutrophil infiltration and tissue damage in pancreas were not affected either.However,aglycin could significantly decrease blood glucose concentration(P0.05)and improve oral glucose tolerance(OGT)(P0.05)in T2DM by oral administration.CONCLUSION Aglycin is supposed to be a good candidate to control blood glucose concentration and improve OGT in T2DM.

Parallel biosensors for proteins are becoming more essential for the thorough and systematic investigation of complex biological processes. These tools also enable improved clinical diagnoses relative to single-protein analyses due to their greater information content. If implemented correctly, affinity-based techniques can provide unique advantages in terms of sensitivity and flexibility. Aptamers are increasingly being used as the affinity reagents of choice for protein biosensing applications. Here, we describe the development and characterization of an aptamer-based method for parallel protein analyses that relies on recognition of the target protein by two unique aptamers targeting different epitopes on the protein. Our results show that the technique achieved simultaneous and quantitative detection of thrombin and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) with high specificity both in buffered solutions and in serum samples.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of pancreatic islets and destruction of β cells. Up to now, there is still no cure for this devastating disease and alternative approach should be developed. To explore a novel gene therapy strategy combining immunotherapy and β cell regeneration, we constructed a non-viral plasmid encoding proinsulin (PI) and pancreatic regenerating (Reg) III protein (pReg/PI). Therapeutic potentials of this plasmid for T1DM were investigated. Intramuscular delivery of pReg/PI resulted in a significant reduction in hyperglycemia and diabetes incidence, with an increased insulin contents in the serum of T1DM mice model induced by STZ. Treatment with pReg/PI also restored the balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines and expanded CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells, which may attribute to the establishment of self-immune tolerance. Additionally, in comparison to the mice treated with empty vector pBudCE4.1 (pBud), attenuated insulitis and apoptosis achieved by inhibiting activation of NF-κB in the pancreas of pReg/PI treated mice were observed. In summary, these results indicate that intramuscular delivery of pReg/PI distinctly ameliorated STZ-induced T1DM by reconstructing the immunological self-tolerance and promoting the regeneration of β cells, which might be served as a promising candidate for the gene therapy of T1DM.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate effects of the new bioactive peptide, aglycin, on blood glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic mice, and evaluate its safety. METHODS: The murine diabetic model was induced by a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of STZ (streptozotocin, 100 mg·kg -1) in mice which was fed with a high fat diet. The diabetic mice were orally administered 15 mg·kg -1 aglycin once every two days for 40 d. And metformin-treated diabetic mice recevied 100 mg·kg -1 metformin, whereas diabetic and normal control mice were given 0.9% NaCl ig instead. Blood glucose was determined during the treatment and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed after the last administration. The total cholesterol, triglyceride and insulin in serum were determined after treatment. Furthermore, the tissue index and in vitro acute toxicity were determined. RESULTS: After 40 d of treatment, glucose concentration was (7.45 ± 0.14) mmol·L -1 in the aglycin-treated animals compared with (11.10 ± 0.89) mmol·L -1 (P < 0.01) in the saline-treated animals. Aglycin-treated diabetic mice had a lower maximum blood glucose at 0.5 h and achieved a decreased glucose AUC (P < 0.05) in the OGTT study. It was demonstrated that aglycin significantly decreased total cholesterol and triglyceride in serum as well. However, serum insulin level was not significantly different among diabetic mice. Vital organs indexes showed no change and damage after 40 d aglycin treatment. Aglycin had no inhibitory effect on HepC2 cells proliferation and therefore LD 50 value was unable to be calculated. CONCLUSION: Aglycin has a beneficial effect on blood glucose and lipid control, and is safety enough as a long-term oral agent for diabetes. It could therefore be developed as a potential oral agent for prevention and treatment of hyperlgycemia, hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome, et al.

A novel biscoumarin, 6,6',7,7'-tetramethoxyl-8,8'-biscoumarin (1), was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Urtica dentata Hand, together with five known compounds named as 7,7'-dihydroxy-6,6'-dimethoxy-8,8'-biscoumarin (2), 7,7'-dimethoxy-6,6'-biscoumarin (3), scoparone (4), vanillic acid (5), and daucosterol (6). Structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis including 2D NMR experiments. Compounds 1 and 2 were confirmed to be a rare carbon-carbon linked symmetrical biscoumarin. Compounds 1-4, especially 1 (IC(50) = 8.18 x 10(- 5) mol/l), showed potent immunosuppressive activities as determined by the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay for lymphocyte proliferation. Also, in the FACS analysis, 1 (IC(50) = 5.19 x 10(- 4) mol/l) promoted the differentiation of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells distinctly compared to the normal control. Thus, 1 possessed specific immunosuppressive property by eliciting T regulatory cells, which may provide a potential treatment strategy for autoimmune diseases.

The aim of this study is to investigate the therapeutic effect of RegIII-proinsulin-pBudCE4.1 plasmid on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus and its underlying mechanisms. The model of type 1 diabetes mellitus was established by intraperitoneal injections of STZ (40 mg kg(-1)) to Balb/c mice for five consecutive days. Then, ten type 1 diabetic mice were intramuscularly injected with 100 microg RegIII-proinsulin-pBudCE4.1 plasmid for 4 weeks (one time/week) and the blood glucose levels were monitored every week; whereas another ten diabetic mice served as negative control group were injected with pBudCE4.1 vector at the same dose. Normal control and model control mice were treated with normal saline at identical volume under the same way. Western blotting, MTT assay, ELISA, HE staining and Tunel assay were applied to explore the underlying mechanisms. Results showed that RegIII-proinsulin-pBudCE4.1 plasmid ameliorated the hyperglycemia symptoms in diabetic mouse remarkably. It induced an immunological tolerance state in type 1 diabetic mice by inhibiting the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes and recovering Th1/Th2 balance evidenced by MTT and ELISA analysis. Furthermore, it elevated insulin concentration in the serum of type 1 diabetic mice and promoted the regeneration of beta cells supported by the results of HE staining and Tunel assay. In conclusion, RegIII-proinsulin-pBudCE4.1 plasmid possesses powerful anti-diabetic ability, which may be involved in the inducing of immunological tolerance and enhancing beta cells recovery.

Aim of the study: To investigate the immunosuppressive effects of HPLC qualitied ethyl acetate extract (EAE) from Urtica dentate Hand oil skin allograft rejection ill a murine model.Materials and methods: Allo-skin transplantation model was established by placing skin allograft of C57BL/6 mice in the wound bed which was oil the back of Balb/c Mice. We used FACS to Study the effects of EAE oil dendritic cells (DCs) maturation and CD4(+)CD25(+)T regulatory cells (Tregs) differentiation. We also Studied spleen lymphocyte proliferation and T-bet gene expression in DCs. Concentration of Th1/Th2 cytokines was monitored as markers of Th1/Th2 responses by ELISA.Results: A significant prolongation of skin allografts Survival was observed as a dose-depenclent manner the animals treated with EAE. By FACS, we found that treatment with EAE (200 mg kg(-1)) resulted ill all immature statement of DCs and stimulated the differentiation of CD4(+)CD25(+)Tregs. Additionally, the expression of T-bet gene and the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes were efficiently abated in EAE treated mice. comparing to the model control, EAE-treated recipients showed a significant down-regulation (P<0.01) of Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IFN-gamma) and all Obviously increase (P<0.01) of Th2 cytokine (IL-10) ill the serum, which presented in a close-related way.Conclusions: The anti-allograft rejection effect of EAE by enhancing CD4(+)CD25(+)Tregs differentiation and sustaining DCs immaturation Makes EAE to be a possible choice for treating autoimmune diseases in a way of inducing a stable immunological tolerance state. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.