Abstract. The purpose is to identify infradian rhythms in the seasonal dynamics of apical growth of shoots of Salix ‘Bullata’ plants and to establish the features of morphogenesis associated with the existence of endogenous (genetic and hormonal) mechanisms for the occurrence of nonlinear changes, including fluctuations in the growth characteristics of shoots. Methods. A quantitative approach was used to study the dynamics of morphogenesis processes. There was carried out a comparative research of seasonal dynamics of velocities and accelerations of apical and radial growth of Salix ‘Bullata’ plants shoots, which differ in origin and location on the plant. Results. In the seasonal dynamics of the characteristics of apical growth of branching and plant formation shoots of Salix ‘Bullata’ plants there are observed infradian rhythms, similar to those identified for other willow species. These rhythms are most pronounced for the growth accelerations (about 5 maximums within 3.5 months). Seasonal dynamics of apical growth accelerations of two types of shoots are correlated and almost synchronous. Seasonal dynamics of speeds and accelerations of radial growth of the studied types of shoots are similar and differ from the seasonal dynamics of apical growth. The weak dependence of growth characteristics on weather conditions confirms the concept of the endogenous nature of the growth of plant shoots periodicity. Scientific novelty. The results complement the existing information on biological rhythms and processes of morphogenesis in woody plants. The growth of shoots of willows and, possibly, other species of woody plants has an oscillatory character. Seasonal dynamics of apical and radial growth are different. The occurrence of oscillations in the rate of shoot apical growth is mainly due to the processes of apical meristem development itself. Apparently, the oscillatory nature of shoot growth is the result of the superposition of several processes of different nature in the meristem tissues, including division, extension and differentiation of cells, and also the production and distribution of phytohormones. The results can be applied to the use and modification of methods of woody plants nursing – the grafting, the pruning, the rejuvenation and the vegetative propagation.

Изучено состояние деревьев в естественных насаждениях сосны обыкновенной ( Pinus sylvestris L.) вблизи г. Екатеринбурга и городском лесопарке на краю древостоя и в его глубине до расстояния 225 м на 6-10 учетных площадках с радиусом 11.3 м и с расстоянием между ними 25-33 м на 16 трансектах. Для естественных насаждений: 10 трансект; 100 площадок, в лесопарке: 6 трансект; 52 площадки. Трансекты располагались перпендикулярно краю насаждений. Исследовали взаимосвязи диаметра ствола с охвоением и сучковатостью, определяемых глазомерно по балльной шкале у 2315 деревьев. Большинство трансект имели южную и юго-западную ориентацию. Для взаимосвязей получены нелинейные соотношения, в которых коэффициенты при переменных зависят от расстояния до края насаждения. Связи между значениями коэффициентов и фактором расстояния до края насаждения также нелинейные, описываются полиномами 4-5-й степени, и характеризуются наличием двух максимумов. В естественных насаждениях выделяются четыре зоны (0-75, 100-125, 150-175 , 200-225 м), характеризующиеся различными соотношениями развитости ассимиляционного аппарата деревьев с одинаковыми диаметрами. В лесопарке ширина расположенной между максимумами зоны уменьшения коэффициента взаимосвязи показателей больше, чем в естественных насаждениях. Это связано со сдвигом первого максимума ближе, а второго - дальше от края насаждения на 25 м каждый. Указанные особенности влияния урбанизации, по-видимому, объясняются воздействием городских условий на изменения связи диаметра ствола и развитости ассимиляционного аппарата деревьев. In natural stands of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) near Yekaterinburg city and in the city forest park the state of trees was studied at the edge of the tree stand and in its depth up to a distance of 225 m. On each of 16 transects there were studied 6 - 10 registration sites with a radius of 11.3 m and a distance between them of 25-33 m. For natural stands: 10 transects; 100 sites, in the forest park: 6 transects; 52 sites. The transects were located perpendicular to the edge of the stands. The relationship of the trunk diameter with foliation and branchiness, determined visually on a point scale in 2315 trees was determined. Most of the transects had south and southwest orientations. For relationships there were obtained nonlinear ratios. In them the coefficients of the variables depend on the distance to the edge of the stand. The relationship between the values of the coefficients and the factor of distance to the edge of stand is also non-linear, are described by polynomials of 4-5th degree. It is characterized by the presence of two maxima. Four zones are distinguished in natural stands (0-75 m, 100-125 m, 150-175 m, 200-225 m), characterized by different ratios of the development of trees assimilation apparatus ( for trees with the same diameters). In the forest park the width of the located between the maxima zone of decrease in the dependency of traits coefficient is greater than in natural stands. This is due to the shift of the first maximum closer, and the second - further from the edge of the stand by 25 m each. These features of the influence of urbanization are apparently explained by the influence of urban conditions on changes in the relationship between the diameter of the trunk and the development of the assimilation apparatus of trees.

The aim of the study was to establish the nature (linear or nonlinear) and shape (presence of extremes and trends) of time dependences of apical and radial growth rates for shoots of two types (branching and formation) in woody plants using the example of an ornamental early-flowering shrub species introduced in the Middle Urals Forsythia ovata Nakai. The seasonal dynamics of morphometric parameters of shoots differing in growth intensity and origin (growing from the apical and dormant buds of the skeletal branch) were studied, and their relationship to air temperature and precipitation values was assessed. Both types of growth are accompanied by oscillations of increments, the duration of individual phases of which is about 7 days or more, which allows us to attribute this phenomenon to infradian growth rhythms. The weak relationship between the characteristics of the observed oscillations and weather conditions indicates the predominantly endogenous nature of the morphogenetic processes that determine them. The growth of formation shoots begins 4 weeks later than branching shoots, which is apparently associated with the time necessary for the activation of dormant bud growth. Seasonal dynamics curves of the rates and accelerations of apical and radial growth of shoots have the form of oscillations with phases decaying in amplitude and varying in duration that have not been observed before, which ends 1–2 months before the onset of unfavorable environmental conditions for growth. The processes that cause changes in the rate of shoot growth are apparently associated with the action of two or more differently directed factors that determine the characteristics and temporal stipulation for the increase in the volume of different shoot segments (including the different contribution of cell division and elongation to changes in the geometric dimensions of the apical meristem domains). In both types of shoots, there are differences in the seasonal dynamics of the apical and radial increments in terms of the growth duration (6–8 and 4 weeks, respectively), the number of extremes, and the amplitude and duration of individual phases of oscillations. The curves of the dynamics of the apical growth rates have two maxima, and those of the radial growth have only one. Each type of growth, despite the delay in its onset in the formation shoots, has the same total duration in different types of shoots, and the shapes of the curves of seasonal changes in rates and accelerations in different types of shoots are similar. The similarity of the curve shapes of the seasonal dynamics of individual growth types in different types of shoots indicates the presence of identical growth regulation programs in the shoots, ultimately determined by the genotype, which are manifested in the observed oscillations. The growth rhythmicity of both types of shoots during the season allows us to assume the existence of a temporal relationship between the rates of division and growth of individual cells located in functionally different groups of cells in the apex zone. The differences of dynamics in different types of shoots are that the amplitude of oscillations is higher in formation shoots than in branching shoots. This feature explains the well-known fact of higher values of their total increments.

The seasonal changes in a period of low temperatures and characteristic correlations of some antioxidant system (AOS) components in pine needles influenced by a gas flare are investigated in this study. The parameters taken are total water content (TWC) in needles, peroxidase activity (AP) and selected elements of the antioxidant system of needles, such as content of carotenoids (Car), ascorbic acid (AA), catechins (Cat) and flavanols (Fl). The needles come from Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.), which grow in a gradient of environmental conditions formed in the zone of thermal field of the gas flare impact (at various distances). The gas flare is situated on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (UGRA) of Russia. Three hypotheses were subject to verification: 1) the thermal field of the gas flare during the low temperature period affects the water exchange and the AOS state of needles; 2) increase in temperature of the environment in the flare impact zone during the autumn-winter period causes the decrease in amount of moisture in needles, which is a trait of oxidative stress in cells; 3) in the functioning of а needle’s AOS, there are correlations between its components, which values depend on distance from the gas flare and environment created by it. It was found that in the thermal field gradient of the flare, there is neither an additional reduction in TWC in needles compared to the background nor signs of change in the state of AOS corresponding to the oxidative stress in the cells. The greatest impact of the gas flare on characteristics of the physiological state of pine needles is observed in the section closest to the flare. It reveals in the higher values of AP, TWC, Car and decrease in concentration of Fl and AA. The seasonal dynamics of the studied traits values do not correlate with the temperature of the environment. It indicates the indirect effect on the regulation of needle’s AOS activity. The factor and correlation analysis of the data indicate a difference in physiological state of pine needles at different distances from the flare. There is no domination of any processes in the functioning of AOS components. The observed correlations between the studied properties change according to distance to the flare. The most stable is a negative AP relationship with ofter parameters, which rise with the increased distance from the flare. The consistency degree of separate AOS components functioning is maximal in background conditions and decreases when approaching the flare. This fact is explained by the modifying effect of the flare on physiological and biochemical processes of the needle’s adaptation to specific climatic conditions of the environment. For citation: Shavnin S.A., Yusupov I.A., Montile A.A., Golikov D.Yu., Marina N.V. Seasonal Dynamics of Content of Antioxidant System Components in Needles of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Trees Situated in the Local Warming Impact Zone. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 2, pp. 38–57. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-38-57

The seasonal dynamics and relationships between the characteristics of the angles of rotation of outer sapwood layers in trunks of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees growing in natural stands have been studied for two years in order to improve the understanding of the trunk twisting phenomenon and its role in the tree growth and morphogenesis. The trunk twisting phenomenon is observed in all trees during the entire vegetation period, and its characteristics do not depend on the exposition and differ in various trunk parts. The rotation angles and directions of rotation of the adjacent trunk parts are positively correlated with each other. The counterclockwise direction of rotation dominates, which provides an increase in the total rotation angle over time. The directions and values of the forces causing rotation of outer sapwood layers seem to be explained by the gradients of mechanical stresses appearing between neighboring xylem parts due to their nonuniform moisture content.

The main objectives of the work are: to determine the presence and to assess the nature of relationship between the asymmetry of root system structure and the twisting of tree trunk; to study the nature of relationship between the morphological characteristics of the first order lateral roots, of the trunk and of the layer of sapwood for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees growing under the extreme hydrothermal conditions in the upper bog (Middle Urals, Russia). In two groups of trees (twisted and non-twisted) of the VI class of age (32 and 38 trees in each respectively), there were measured: trunk diameters without of bark at the root collar layer and at the distance of 1.3 m from it; the heights; the angles of inclination of wood fibers; the length of the twisted part of trunk and the height at which it begins; the number of lateral roots of the first order and the perimeters and the angles between them. In the analysis of the structure of root system there were used the indices of its asymmetry in terms of the location in space and of the radial growth. Values of indices were calculated for each tree as the average proportions of the difference between either the angles among individual roots or perimeters of roots from the average value. It was found that the variability of morphological characteristics of roots and the nature of their relationships differ in twisted and non-twisted trees. The evaluation of relationships between individual characteristics made it possible to identify 5 differences between two studied groups in the presence of statistically significant correlations (R = 0.34–0.52). The twisting of the trunk arises during the growth of tree and is not directly dependent from the structure of the root system. The appearance of the twisted layer is facilitated by a relatively small number of lateral roots and low spatial asymmetry of the root system. There are positive correlations between trunk twisted layer length and root growth characteristics, including maximum root thickness and asymmetry in root perimeters.

Seasonal changes in chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid (Car) content were analyzed in needle samples from young Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in the thermal field zone at various distances from the petroleum gas flare. Experiments were performed in Khanty Mansi Autonomous Area (Yugra) of Russia throughout the autumn–winter–spring period. Two hypotheses were subject to verification: (1) the thermal field of petroleum gas combustion flame imitates the influence of climate warming on plants, thus affecting the pigment complex of the photosynthetic apparatus (PSA) in pine needles; (2) transformations of PSA pigment complex in pine needles throughout the autumn–winter–spring period are sensitive to a long-term rise in ambient temperature by 1–2°С. In the winter period, the seasonal dynamics of certain PSA parameters comprised maxima and minima that are supposedly due to the regulation of Chl and Car content upon changes in air temperature. In trees growing under divergent thermal conditions, seasonal changes of these parameters were not synchronous. Analysis of seasonal changes revealed that winter-related transformations of the PSA structural–functional condition in needles are subject to consistent variations at different distances from the gas flame. The PSA activity of needles throughout the studied period was higher near the flame and decreased with the distance from the gas flare. When Chl content in needles decreased in autumn–winter, the smallest reduction was observed in the location near the gas flare (site I) where temperature was 1–2°C higher than the background level. The intermediate decrease in pigment content was noted at a moderate distance from the flame (site III), while the most pronounced decrease occurred at the largest distance from the gas flare (site VII). At the same time, the Chl a/b content ratio in needles was consistently lower for trees located at site I than at site VII. Hence, the amount of light-harvesting complexes in chloroplasts from trees grown at site I was higher than the amount of photosystems in the same chloroplasts. The Chl (a + b)/Car ratio in needles of trees grown near the gas flare (site I) was higher than in locations III and VII. This ratio displayed two significant peaks in the winter dynamics, which was supposedly due to the sufficient preservation of green pigments. Divergent seasonal changes in Chl and Car content and their dissimilar correlations with air temperature indicate that the pools of these pigments are controlled by different mechanisms. The actual Chl content, determined by the balance of pigment degradation and synthesis, should depend on the environmentally modified Chl synthesis and on the protective function of Car. Photosynthesizing cells produce additional amounts of carotenoids during autumn–winter, thus preventing the photodegradation of Chl in the period from autumn to late spring.

The degree of development and depth of edge effect are studied in some fragments of forest-park stands under long-term urbanization impact (in the city of Yekaterinburg, Russia) and in natural forests using the method of transect investigation. The method of quantitative assessment of tree stem and crown growth features by a set of morphological characteristics was used. The objects of the research included the edges of Scots pine stands. The edge effect was determined by two of the five studied characteristics: foliation and branchiness, which characterize the level of the development of the tree assimilation apparatus. The general trends indicate an increase in the development of these characters in natural stands and decrease in the forest park at increased distance from the edge. The nonlinear development of morphological characteristics along the transects is due to different types of tree responses on the impact of determining morphogenesis factors. Four statistically significant different zones were identified in the natural stands at distances of 0–75, 100–125, 150–175, and 200–225 m from the forest edge and only two zones were differentiated in the forest park. The unified approach to data analysis suggests the edge effect in both habitats at a distance of 75–100 m from the forest edge according to branchiness and 100–125 m according to foliation. Several types of morphogenetic tree responses, distinguished by the degree of foliation and branchiness variation under edge effect impact, are revealed.

RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE, 2019, No. 1, P. 64-74 EVALUATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF SCOTS PINE TREES S. A. Shavnin, I. S. Ovchinnikov, A. A. Montile, D. Yu. Golikov Botanical Garden, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 8-Marta st. 202a, Yekaterinburg, 620144 Russia E-mail: sash@botgard.uran.ru Received 27 December 2016 Forms of stem and crown were studied on three sites in uptown Kamensk-Uralsky (Sverdlovsk Oblast), 30 km far from it, and in arboretum of the Botanical Garden, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Yekaterinburg). According to preliminary expert assessment they significantly differed in terms of expression of development anomalies. We elaborated and verified the methodology of evaluation of a form of stem and crown based on the original scale accounting for the following morphological traits: stem crookedness, multi-stem growth, multi-top growth, branchiness and needle packing. It allows documenting the morphological specificity of pine trees, linkages between the traits, and classify forest sites different in deviations of morphogenesis based on visual appraisal. We found that the stem crookedness was the most significant trait among the five. It allowed to differentiate the tree stands, although it was weakly linked to other evaluation criteria. We showed that all the traits used in the scale should be applied to objectively evaluate the morphogenetic specifics of the trees on different forest sites. This is a perspective approach to study growth deviations of wooden plants in natural stands and plantations. Key words: Scots pine, growth and development of trees, specific forms of stem, visual appraisal scale, links between traits. Acknowledgements: This study was supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences Study Program in 2013-20 АААА-А-17-117072810010-4 and the Integral Program of the Presidium of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 2018-20 АААА-А17-117072810009-8. DOI: 10.1134/S0024114818060074 REFERENCES Alekseev V.A., Diagnostika zhiznennogo sostoyaniya derev'ev i drevostoev (Diagnostics of vitality of trees and stands), Lesovedenie , 1989, No. 4, pp. 51–57. Alekseev V.A., Nekotorye voprosy diagnostiki i klassifikatsii povrezhdennykh zagryazneniem lesnykh ekosistem (Issues of detection and classification of foest ecosystems disturbed by pollution), In: Lesnye ekosistemy i atmosfernoe zagryaznenie (Forest ecosystems and atmospheric pollution), Leningrad: Nauka, 1990, pp. 38-53 (197 p.). Anuchin N.P., Lesnaya taksatsiya (Forest taxation), Moscow: Lesnaya promyshlennost', 1982, 552 p. AS 4373-2007 . AS 4970-2009 . 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The phenomenon of trunk twisting in Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea obovata Ldb. during a vegetation period has been revealed and described by direct measurements. The frequency of this phenomenon, magnitude, and direction of twists and their 2-year dynamics have been studied on five sample plots located in different forest-growing conditions. The average rotation angle is 0.2°–0.5°, while its maximum values reach 1.3°–1.7°. These characteristics depend on forest type and weather conditions. Next year more, than half of the trees change their twisting direction to the opposite one, whereas 8–19% of pine trees keep it unchanged. Based on an analysis of our results and the data of other authors, a qualitative model of morphogenetic processes has been proposed to explain the mechanism of this phenomenon.

The subject of the study is the relationship between growth of lateral shoots and pine needles. A methodical approach to the mathematical-statistical processing of biometric data is used, which supplements modern methods of analysis. The approach makes it possible to identify both linear and nonlinear relationships between directly measurable characteristics in the form of formula relations, the set of which facilitates the formation of ones own conceptual models or the verification of known ones and helps identify morphometric characteristics that are essential for modeling the studied processes. The presence of the following relationships is established: the inverse dependence of the length of the needles on its density (the number of needles pairs per unit surface area of the auxiblast); the dependence of the length of the auxiblast on the «development» of needles (the product of the number of needles pairs by the length of the needles); the dependence of the number of needles pairs on the shoot and the length of the current year’s shoot from the value of shoot increment of the previous year; the relationship of «development» of needles with the ratio of axial and radial dimensions of the shoot. A positive correlation between the remoteness from the flame and the magnitude of the coefficients in the formula specifying the latter relationship allows one to make supposition on the effect of temperature increase on the relative redistribution of the auxiblast biomass over radial or axial increments. An analysis of the formulas obtained indicates a significant relationship between radial and axial growth processes with «development» of needles, as well as their conjugation with the state in the previous year, and the effect of a gas flame on them.

The relationship between the characteristics of the linear growth of branches and stems was studied, as well as the possibility of distinguishing between various Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) genotypes. The objects of research were experimental plantations of the half-sib progenies of pine plus trees aged 10-11 years. The annual increments of the stem and differently oriented branches were measured. Correlation, regression and data analysis methods developed by the authors were used. The time dynamics of the obtained values were studied by comparing the regression line slopes describing the interrelation of axial increments and by analysis of the frequency spectra of the Integral Parameter of Characters Sequence applied earlier. The analysis of the obtained results has shown the existence of a significant relationship between auxiblast linear growth within the two adjacent years and a weak interrelation of the characteristics of branch and stem morphogenesis. The possibility of distinguishing Scots pine half-sib families by comparing the dynamics of branches and stem apical growth is described.

Global warming can lead to a significant transformation of the structure of terrestrial ecosystems and changes in the mode of functioning of their components. In this connection, studies of soil respiration, particularly of the biological activity of soils under forest exposed to warm impact of flaring flare are of scientific and practical interests. A long-term experimental plot was established in a lichen pine forest on the Albic Podzols (Arenic) (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area-Yugra). Sampling and measurements were carried out in the areas at the distances of 70, 90, and 130 m from the flare with the strong, moderate, and weak heating effects, respectively. In the zone of the maximum heating effect, the soil temperature was by 1.3°C higher, and the rate of CO 2 emission from the surface in situ was greater by 18% compared to the zone with weak impact of the flare. Along with increasing CO 2 emissions, organic matter accumulated due to increasing the stable pool. The parameters of the microbial biomass, basal respiration, and the input of labile organic matter pool increased with the distance from the flare.