Статья посвящена специфике методологии, принципам организации и исследовательским возможностям Российского мониторинга экономического положения и здоровья населения НИУ ВШЭ. Описаны структура выборки, ее дизайн, динамика размера, в том числе связанная с увеличением и уменьшением выборки. Особое внимание уделено особенностям формирования панельной части выборки, в частности вопросу выбывания респондентов в ходе проведения обследования в течение 30 лет. Показано, что механизмы этого процесса неслучайны, систематически одни группы покидают панель активнее, чем другие. Например, доля мужчин, выбывающих из исследования, стабильно выше, чем доля женщин. Возраст также является значимым фактором — полнее всего «сохранилась» в выборке возрастная группа тех респондентов, кому в 1994 г. было от 31 до 45 лет. Также среди тех, кто принимает участие в обследовании 25 лет и более, с большей вероятностью оказываются жители сел. В качестве примера для борьбы со смещением выборки рассматривается один из наиболее распространенных и доступных методов — взвешивание данных. При этом контроль выборочных ошибок РМЭЗ НИУ ВШЭ показывает, что в репрезентативных выборках каждой отдельной волны смещения достаточно незначительны. Приведенные в статье примеры исследований, использующих панельную составляющую данных, а также широкий набор социально-экономических показателей, показывают неисчерпаемые возможности РМЭЗ НИУ ВШЭ, в том числе в сфере междисциплинарных исследований. Благодарность. В статье использованы результаты проектов, выполненных в рамках Программы фундаментальных исследований НИУ ВШЭ.

Based on data from the «Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – Higher School of economics» (RLMS-HSE), the article analyzes the changes which have occurred over the past two decades in the practice of providing social guarantees and benefits to employees at Russian enterprises. It was revealed that the changing conditions of operation and development, objectively associated with instability and uncertainty, change the attitude towards the social policy of enterprises and organizations, and make significant adjustments to the system of providing social guarantees and benefits at the place of work that has developed since the transition to a market economy. Sharply increased economic difficulties caused by the aggravation of the crisis, the consequences of the COVID-19, and unprecedented sanctions pressure have undermined the financial position of many companies, which has led to a forced limitation of the set of additional benefits and the circle of employees who can use them. The significantly narrowed coverage of employees by most additional benefits, services, and goods has stabilized at a fairly low level in recent years, and for some benefits, primarily related to the provision of medical services and maintaining a healthy lifestyle, a further contraction was noted. The only type of social support for workers characterized by a consistently high level of coverage throughout all years of the survey is vocational training at the expense of the enterprise. The processes of precarization and the development of online forms of employment significantly limit workers’ access to guarantees and benefits.

In this article, we demonstrate how socio‑economic conditions of Russian households had been changing from 1994 to 2022. To do so, we rely on the data from a unique series of nationally representative household surveys “Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – Higher School of Economics” (RLMS‑HSE). As the RLMS‑HSE data shows, the average real household income declined by 7.1% in 2022. There was a slight increase in wages, with a 2.9‑percent rise in 2021 and a 1.8‑percent rise in 2022. Income from government transfers saw a significant increase of 14% in 2021, yet this was followed by a decline back to previous levels, with a 13.5‑percent decrease in 2022. Household income received from domestic production and informal employment declined significantly, with income in cash being two times lower and income in‑kind being 1.5 times lower compared to 2021. Monetary transfers from relatives and charitable donations to households contracted by 8.5% in 2022. Following a brief decline from 45.7 to 45.1% in 2021, the proportion of wages in the total gross household income increased and reached 47.2% in 2022. Income inequality remained at the level observed in 2021, with the average income of the top 20% of households being 2.3 times higher than the average income of the bottom 20% of households. The modest 3.2% growth in average household expenditure recorded in 2021 slowed down to 0.3% in 2022. As a result, household expenditure failed to recover from a precipitous decline of 30% observed in the initial phase of the COVID‑19 pandemic in 2020. The disparity in household expenditure between the top and bottom 20% of households persisted, with affluent families spending 5.1 times more than those in poverty. The unemployment rate remained at the lowest level ever recorded standing at 3.1% of the total labor force. However, labor force participation fell from 81.5% in 2021 to 80.6% in 2022. The gender pay gap decreased with women earning 76.8% of men’s average income in 2022 compared to 73.2% in 2021. The proportion of workers facing wage arrears in 2022 was 0.7%, representing a slight uptick from the historic low of 0.6% recorded a year earlier. However, there was a further increase in delayed pension payments. The proportion of retirees failing to receive their monthly pensions on time rose from 1.5% in 2018 to 9.3% in 2022 among men and from 1.4 to 7.8% among women. In 2022, public attitudes were characterized by two opposing trends. While general life satisfaction and self‑assessed economic well‑being improved slightly in 2022, people were increasingly pessimistic about their economic prospects. However, people felt more confident about their employment opportunities. The proportion of respondents who believed they would be able to find another job if they lost their current position increased consistently from 32% in 2020 to 37.4% in 2021 and to 39.1% in 2022. In contrast, the proportion of respondents who expressed concern about their ability to secure employment declined from 46% in 2020 to 38.7% in 2021 and to 36.8% in 2022. Furthermore, the data indicates a notable increase in job satisfaction during the same period.

. Based on data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE), analysis is conducted of the basic tendencies that outline changes in the duration of the work day in post- Soviet Russia (1994-2021). It was revealed that if in the 1990s every third worker stayed within the established limit for working hours, in 2021 only every fifth, while everyone else was constantly forced to work extra hours. At the same time, with an increase in the duration of paid work, there was a noticeable reduction in the time spent traveling to and from work, as well as the share of these costs in the total amount of working time. A noticeable differentiation of workers by level of workload has been revealed, which in turn becomes one of the compelling reasons for the growth of differentiation in wages. Analyzing the current situation in the economy, the authors predict the preservation of high rates of working hours in the near future, which increases the threat of emotional exhaustion and physical fatigue of workers.

Based on data from the “Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey” ( RLMS-HSE), this article analyzes the gender distinctions and tendencies that characterize changes in the structure of how chores are assigned, and how much time is allocatedto them, in households that consist solely of married couples, during the years 19942021. As it turns out, in such households women tend to do much more work around the house than do men. However, both men and women have been spending more time working for pay outside of the home, though simultaneously the overall amount of time spent doing work outside of the home, as well as on household chores, has decreased. Other changes that were observed include a decrease of over twofold in the time spent on performing household chores by either men or women, and a somewhat less substantial reduction of the difference in time spent doing chores between women and men. Distribution of household chores by gender during the time period in question has become more equal mostly due to the fact that the time women used to spend performing household duties has been decreasing at a more rapid rate than in the case of their partners. The results of the study also point towards variability and a considerable decrease in the time spent on performing various household duties by the women and men who form families consisting of just the married couples. Where the discrepancy between genders is the greatest is when it comes to time spent on those chores that involve monotonous, tedious and exhausting work around the house.

Целью данной работы является анализ изменений в уровне занятости и затратах времени россиян на работу в личных подсобных и других индивидуальных хозяйствах, некоммерческих товариществах в 1994–2021 гг. Анализ базируется на данных Российского мониторинга экономического положения и здоровья населения НИУ ВШЭ (RLMS-HSE)». Объект исследования — занятость и продолжительность труда в личных подсобных и других индивидуальных хозяйствах, некоммерческих товариществах, предмет — динамика занятости и продолжительности труда в подсобных хозяйствах. Основная гипотеза исследования — одним из результатов экономических преобразований в постсоветский период стало снижение продолжительности работы горожан и сельчан в подсобных хозяйствах — получила подтверждение. Исследование выявило значительное сокращение продолжительности работы населения на своих земельных участках, которое сопровождалось размыванием гендерных различий. При этом в городских поселениях отмечен хорошо заметный рост уровня занятости, тогда как в сельских — снижение. Но несмотря на то, что число сельских жителей, для которых приусадебное хозяйство является вынужденным выбором из-за отсутствия приемлемой альтернативы, существенно уменьшилось, для многих сельчан подсобное хозяйство продолжает выступать важным средством самообеспечения сельскохозяйственными продуктами. Среди мужчин и женщин, вовлечённых в деятельность подсобных хозяйств, отмечено более чем двукратное сокращение наиболее активных участников. Постоянная оплачиваемая работа на производстве на треть снижает затраты времени как мужчин, так и женщин на работу в подсобных хозяйствах городских и сельских семей. Для многих женщин, расходующих на труд по дому втрое больше времени, чем мужчины, работа в подсобном хозяйстве становится вынужденным обременительным занятием.

В одиннадцатом выпуске электронного издания «Вестник Российского мониторинга экономического положения и здоровья населения (RLMS HSE)» представлены работы, подготовленные на основании данных 28 волн панельного обследования российских домохозяйств RLMS HSE за 1992–2019 гг. В работах представлен сравнительный анализ социально экономического положения российских домохозяйств в 1994–2019 гг., исследуются проникновение цифровых технологий в жизнь россиян, субъективные оценки социального статуса, структура потребления алкоголя, одиночный образ жизни, безработица и каналы поиска работы. Публикуемые материалы отражают точку зрения авторов и открыты к дальнейшему обсуждению и дополнению. Издание адресовано исследователям, преподавателям, студентам и всем, кто интересуется результатами мониторинга RLMS HSE.

В работе представлен сравнительный анализ данных «Российского мониторинга экономического положения и здоровья населения НИУ ВШЭ» (РМЭЗ НИУ ВШЭ) за 1994–2021 гг. Данные РМЭЗ НИУ ВШЭ свидетельствуют о том, что в 2021 г. наблюдался рост реальных доходов населения. После сокращения почти на треть в 2020 г. средние реальные доходы домохозяйств выросли в 2021 г. на 7,7%. При этом рост доходов от государственных трансфертных платежей составил 14%, в то время как доходы домохозяйств от заработной платы увеличились лишь на 3,9%. Снизилось неравенство домохозяйств по доходам. Если в 2019 и 2020 гг. средний ежемесячный доход наиболее состоятельных домохозяйств превышал доход наименее состоятельных в 2,6 раза, то в 2021 г. доход наиболее состоятельных был выше в 2,3 раза. После сокращения в 2020 г. на 30% ежемесячные расходы домохозяйств на продукты питания и непродовольственные товары выросли в 2021 г. на 3,9%. Разрыв по уровню расходов между состоятельными и малообеспеченными домохозяйствами сократился с 5,1 до 5 раз. Уровень безработицы среди экономически активного населения снизился с 3,4% в 2020 г. до 3,1% в 2021 г. Коэффициент участия в рабочей силе, напротив, вырос с 80,9 до 81,5%, вернувшись к значениям 2019 г. Доля работников, столкнувшихся с задолженностью по заработной плате, сократилась и достигла минимума за все годы наблюдений (0,6%). Продолжила расти доля пенсионеров, столкнувшихся с задолженностью по пенсионным выплатам. Доля таких пенсионеров в 2021 г. составила 8,2% среди мужчин и 6,7% среди женщин. В 2021 г. россияне были в целом удовлетворены жизнью (50,6% удовлетворенных), но не своим материальным положением (55,2% неудовлетворенных). Продолжала ухудшаться субъективная оценка материальных и финансовых перспектив домохозяйств. Напротив, немного улучшилась оценка россиянами своего положения на рынке труда (стабильности текущего трудоустройства и перспектив найти новую работу). По сравнению с 2020 г. снизилась доля увольнений по причине закрытия предприятий и выхода на пенсию, чаще причинами увольнения стали ухудшение здоровья и продолжение образования.

Using data from the "Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey - Higher School of Economics" (RLMS- HSE), this article analyzes the process of transforming parental involvement in children's lives. A retrospective analysis of 6 categories of practices of this involvement is conducted against the background of social transformations: preparing lessons, attending parent-teacher meetings, reading, physical activity, visiting doctors and vacationing. The study revealed an intensification of interaction with children in all areas, a decrease in gender asymmetry is manifested in the growth of the fathers' involvement and a decrease in the predominant involvement of mothers. The analyzed data allowed to present the transformation of parental and other relatives' involvement practices in children's lives, showing that children have gradually become a more significant part of adults' lives, and parenting itself has become more intensive.

Институт социологии ФНИСЦ РАН, Москва, РоссияАннотация.На основе данных «Российского мониторинга экономического положения и здоровья населения НИУ ВШЭ (RLMS-HSE)» осуществлён динамический анализ влияния психологических проблем, с которыми сталкиваются россияне, на оценочные показатели социального самочувствия в условиях длительной нестабильности и неопределённости кризисного общества.В таких непростых условиях людям приходится выдерживать колоссальную психологическую нагрузку, которая постоянно оказывает неослабевающее влияние на их самочувствие.Вместе с тем в тревожном мире неопределённостей, которые плотно окутывают настоящее и будущее, сформировались новые тренды, служащие важными ориентирами в поисках эффективных механизмов адаптации и психологической защиты.Несмотря на непрекращающееся давление пугающей неопределённости, постепенная адаптация людей и привыкание к усложняющейся реальности, рост уверенности в себе привели к существенному снижению уровня распространённости психологических проблем.Однако в 2022 году под влиянием событий, связанных с проведением специальной военной операции, был отмечен рост тревожно-депрессивной симптоматики, прервавший позитивную десятилетнюю динамику

Based on the data from the "Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey - Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE)", a dynamic analysis of indicators characterising the social well-being of working pensioners has been conducted for the years 1994 to 2022. The current trend in the dynamics of these indicators is characterised as weakly positive but with a potential for decline. It is shown that the current level of social well-being among working pensioners, which includes increased self-confidence and readiness to overcome life difficulties, contributes to maintaining the stability of their adaptive potential. Throughout the various stages of the transformational period, working pensioners who exhibited greater autonomy and had developed social capital consistently reported higher levels of social well-being compared not only to non-working pensioners but also to pre-pensioners who experienced growing anxiety due to the inevitable changes in social status and lifestyle upon retirement. The study did not find significant differences in the level of social well-being between working pensioners who retired after the increase in the retirement age and those who retired just before the pension reform. Substantial differentiation in the level of social well-being among representatives of the analysed category of pensioners, who are now found in almost all sectors and spheres of activity, is largely the result of their heterogeneous socio-economic status. Despite old age being a factor that increases social risks and vulnerability, working pensioners often overcome difficulties encountered during crises with fewer adaptation difficulties and costs than younger individuals. Key elements of social well-being that continue to play a consistently significant role in strengthening the adaptive potential of working pensioners include the fulfilment of the need for public recognition and social interaction, as well as self-assessment of health status. In the current socio-economic and demographic conditions, various aspects of the social adaptation of the older generation become particularly important, directly linked to the realisation of their resource potential and increased activity in the field of employment.

This article contains an analysis based on data from the “Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey” (RLMS-HSE) of the COVID-19 pandemic’s influence on the demand among Russian people for information on a healthy lifestyle. It is shown that, despite the fact that people began to pay much closer attention to health related issues during the onset of the pandemic, popular demand for such information remained be fairly low. Half of all surveyed Russian people take interest in information pertaining to a healthy lifestyle. However, only one in every sixteen people seeks it out intentionally. The highest demand for such information was registered among women, residents of large cities, as well as citizens who are highly educated. Additionally, the study showed that these particular respondents were also the most active when it came to learning in general and to being physically active. The connection between respondents’ demand for information on issues pertaining to a healthy lifestyle and their assessment of their own health status, as well as their evaluation of how the coronavirus pandemic and the associated restrictions affected their health, turned out to be fairly weak. Interest in knowledge that facilitates preservation and improvement of one’s health is more common among respondents who are more inclined than others to give a negative assessment of how the pandemic affected their health, though at the same time they find it easier and are quicker to adapt to new conditions. However, they are not much different from other categories of the population when it comes to assessing the efficacy of safety measures that were supposed to help mitigate the risk of getting infected with the coronavirus, as well as their implementation in personal practice. The demand for information on a healthy lifestyle is one of the factors that reduce negative attitudes towards administration of the coronavirus vaccine. The main causes of negative attitudes towards vaccination include a lack of faith in the vaccine’s efficacy, as well as fear of adverse effects, fear of negative health consequences. It’s worth noting that among the respondents who oppose the vaccines these reasons bear the most significance for those who show the least interest in issues pertaining to a healthy lifestyle.

This paper uses data from “Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – Higher School of Economics” (RLMS‑HSE) to analyze the socio-economic condition of Russian households at the end of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, an average real household income plunged by 30.4%, with work-related income falling by 31.3% and income from government transfers by 29%. However, there was no increase in income inequality on the household level. In 2020, the top 20 percent of households continued to earn 2.6 times more than the bottoms 20 percent. Household expenditures decreased by 30% in 2020. It was the most significant decline in household expenditures between 1994 and 2020. The spending gap between the top and the bottom 20 percent of households widened. Compared to low-income families, well-off households spent 4.7 times more in 2019 and 5.1 times more in 2020. The unemployment rate fell from 3.6% to 3.4%. The workforce participation rate also declined from 81.5 to 80.9% of the adult population. The number of workers who had wage arrears increased from 1.1 to 2.5%. The share of retirees failing to receive their monthly pension payments rose from 2.6 to 6.5% among men and from 2.8 to 4.1% among women. Although there was little change both in general life satisfaction and satisfaction with the families’ economic security, the proportion of those who reported declining living standards went up from 21.3 to 28.8%, while the share of those who believed that the living standards of their families would improve next year dropped from 21.8 to 15.9%. The proportion of respondents who felt anxious about losing their jobs rose from 61.0 to 63.9%. Moreover, more people felt uncertain about their chances to find a new job had they lost the current one. It is against this backdrop the level of job satisfaction hit 71.9%. Although low wages remained the leading cause of discontent at the workplace, the overall satisfaction with the pay level increased.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of the experience of loneliness by the elderly in the context of the problems of adaptation to the conditions of modern Russian reality. Considerable attention is paid to understanding the problems of loneliness of older Russians in a situation of increasing social isolation due to response measures to the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis is based on data from the from the “Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – Higher School of Economics” (RLMS-HSE). It reveals that social isolation prevails in older people, characterized by a reduction or termination of individual contacts, while physical or complete isolation is quite rare. A significant but weak inverse correlation was found between the frequency of feelings of loneliness and the intensity of communication in old age. If employment significantly expands the possibilities of communication and at the same time reduces the severity of the experience of loneliness, then being in a family reduces the frequency of feeling loneliness while maintaining the intensity of communication with other people. Coronavirus restrictions, which have increased isolation, have had a negative impact on the social well-being of older citizens. Significantly increased the number of people experiencing depression, anxiety, depression, danger and fear. More difficult than others to adapt to a new situation are people who constantly or often experience loneliness. But although forced isolation and other pandemic restrictions have given rise to many problems that require an adequate solution, they still have not become destructive stress for the vast majority of older people. As the regime of restrictions eased and awareness of what was happening increased, the majority of older Russians were able to adapt to the new conditions to one degree or another.

This is an article on the dynamics and specifics of people’s self-evaluation of the respect they receive from others, based on data from the “Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS–HSE)” (1994–2020). It shows that in recent years the dynamics of respect self-assessments have become somewhat shaky as opposed to them having been positive for quite a long period of time. In the minds of Russian people respect is rather vaguely linked to evaluation of financial status and possession of power. However there is a marked connection between where people place themselves on the scale of respect on one hand and such closely tied and unilateral components as tolerance and trust on the other. The influence of specific, personified interpersonal trust on the self-evaluations that were subject to analysis is more pronounced than that of general trust, which is still pretty low in Russian society. Association with the type of people who are generally respected by society depends more on one’s professional, civic and national identity than on political affiliation. Scores on the respect scale improve when a person partakes in work activity and has a positive outlook on their own professional qualities and achievements. People’s evaluation of how respected they are is boosted by professional growth and diminished by elevated anxiety on account of possibly becoming unemployed or facing difficulties trying to find a job, and in conditions of economic instability and uncertainty.

The article presents the results of the analysis of the features of self-identification of Russian citizens in the power space of the post-Soviet society. The empirical base of the study is formed by the data of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE) by HSE University (1994–2020). The study revealed a positive, but very moderate and not always consistent dynamics of Russian citizens' assessments of their position in the power space. However, despite the fact that Russians have become more optimistic about their ability to influence current events, many of them still feel that they are not active subjects, but rather passive and helpless objects in the system of power relations. There has been established a significant negative, but not strong, correlation between self-assessment of power status and age, as well as a more significant positive correlation between subjective power status and the level of education and professional status closely related to it. Self-assessment of power status is enhanced by individuals´ belonging to professional groups, whose representatives are more associated with prestigious, highly skilled and highly paid work. A positive correlation has been established between a person's self-determination in the power space and the level of his involvement in professional activities, especially in those with leadership and management functions. A positive correlation is clearly recorded between self-assessment of power status and assessment of the level of respect by others, but the strongest is the relationship between assessments of one's position on the power scales and material well-being. Possession of power expands the resource base of an individual and increases his chances of success in realising life goals. A positive perception of one's professional qualities and achievements, participation in various forms of social and political life significantly increases self-assessment of power status. The most significant factors acting in the opposite direction include the cessation of full communication with other people.

. Intergenerational cooperation, understanding and willingness to tolerate the lifestyles and opinions of people from other generations, is critical to social cohesion. This paper uses the data from “Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey of HSE” (RLMS-HSE) for 1994–2020 to examine evolving attitudes about intergenerational cooperation and the factors influencing this evolution in post-soviet Russia. The RLMS-HSE data includes information on Russian citizens aged 14 years and older. As the data shows, positive attitudes towards intergenerational cooperation are widespread and fairly stable over the years. While younger generations are more open to dialog and cooperation in general, the elderly have become increasingly more tolerant towards younger people in recent years. Positive attitudes about intergenerational cooperation are associated with improved social well-being, rising levels of general life-satisfaction, happiness and trust, decreasing risk of social isolation. Marriage status, the number of children and their age has little impact on how strongly people believe that mutual understanding and cooperation between young people and older generations is an achievable goal. Nonetheless, strong family ties are associated with an increased tolerance towards other generations. The development of digital technologies has had little effect on intergenerational cooperation so far. Surprisingly, not all young Russians can be characterized as “digital natives”. There are sizeable groups of young people who differ slightly from older generations when it comes to their relationship with digital technologies.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of the experience of loneliness by the elderly in the context of the problems of adaptation to the conditions of modern Russian reality. Considerable attention is paid to understanding the problems of loneliness of older Russians in a situation of increasing social isolation due to response measures to the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis is based on data from the from the “Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – Higher School of Economics” (RLMS-HSE). It reveals that social isolation prevails in older people, characterized by a reduction or termination of individual contacts, while physical or complete isolation is quite rare. A significant but weak inverse correlation was found between the frequency of feelings of loneliness and the intensity of communication in old age. If employment significantly expands the possibilities of communication and at the same time reduces the severity of the experience of loneliness, then being in a family reduces the frequency of feeling loneliness while maintaining the intensity of communication with other people. Coronavirus restrictions, which have increased isolation, have had a negative impact on the social well-being of older citizens. Significantly increased the number of people experiencing depression, anxiety, depression, danger and fear. More difficult than others to adapt to a new situation are people who constantly or often experience loneliness. But although forced isolation and other pandemic restrictions have given rise to many problems that require an adequate solution, they still have not become destructive stress for the vast majority of older people. As the regime of restrictions eased and awareness of what was happening increased, the majority of older Russians were able to adapt to the new conditions to one degree or another.

Using the data from the "Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey - Higher School of Economics" (RLMS- HSE) as a foundation, this article analyzes the main trends in the evolution of Russian people's social wellbeing in relation to the social adaptation processes prevalent in post-Soviet Russia. Its main focus is to study the dynamics of several key characteristics of social wellbeing, which not only reveals the direction and nature of changes in attitudes at various stages of post-Soviet reformation, but also helps broaden our perspective when it comes to the scope of the Russian people's adaptation to life in an evolving society. It reveals that the transition to a new reality did not coincide with any significant shifts in social wellbeing characteristics, while the stability achieved in recent years appears to be fragile and ripe with internal contradictions in a situation of crisis and uncertainty.