When constructing a high-performance computing cluster, one of the most pressing issues is ensuring efficient organization of the external storage systems. Such systems consist of both hardware and software components. The software component is a parallel file system, and consists of server and client parts. The article explores the principles of operating parallel file systems: mechanisms of data sharing between clients; metadata and data maintenance methods; as well as aspects of selecting a parallel file system for a high performance cluster computing cluster. We have had the opportunity to test some solutions on the large supercomputers of Joint Supercomputer Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (JSCC RAS) and develop a basic model for file data flow in HPC cluster.

Local features of the geochemical spectra of trace elements in the snow dust of Tobolsk and Tyumen were revealed using a hierarchical cluster analysis of the normalized values of their content. Geochemical spectra of snow sampling points were studied in residential and industrial areas, as well as in significantly remote areas (conditional background). Four clusters were identified in Tobolsk and five in Tyumen, for each of them characteristic geochemical spectra and pollution sources were detected.

The materials of the study: the background concentrations of mercury dissolved in water and precipitated in bottom sediments of the 95 lakes. Methods: a total of 332 samples of lake sediments and 37 samples of lake water were collected during the background ecological monitoring of petroleum deposit areas between 2007–2011. Results: The mean background concentration of mercury had values of 0.046±0.012 mg/kg and 0.025±0.014 mg/kg in lake bottom sediments and waters, respectively. The highest concentrations of Hg were found in the eluvial and transeluvial positions, the lowest – in superaqual landscapes. The highest concentration of Hg in lake bottom sediments was found in string bogs (ridge-hollow-pool complex bogs) and the lowest – in mineral soils. There is a general tendency to for an increase the concentration of mercury in the bottom sediments of lakes from the tundra zone through the northern taiga to the middle taiga subzone. However, the middle taiga was characterized by a significant (R = 0.4) increase in Hg concentrations in the bottom sediments from the south to the north due to an increase in the proportion of string bogs in the same direction. Dissolved mercury concentrations significantly (R=0.6) increased from the west to the east The assessment of seasonal dynamics of mercury contents showed that Hg concentrations in bottom sediments significantly increased during the winter.

Received April 5, 2023; revised May 10, 2023; accepted June 27, 2023Inhomogeneities of trace elements content in dust of snow cover were studied in two industrial Siberian cities Tobolsk and Tyumen. The clustering method was used, for which standardized values of the content of trace elements in the snow dust of both cities were used. Eight clusters have been identified, which were divided into two classes by location: Tyumen and Tobolsk. The classes were divided into groups: non-specific and specific ones, of which the two subgroups were distinguished: technogenic and natural. The average values of trace elements in nominal terms were calculated for each cluster. Clusters C1, C2, C4, C7, C8 are characterized by a high content of heavy metals V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Zn, Cd, W, Pb. Background clusters C5 and C6 have a low content of trace elements. Specific technogenic C4 contains more copper than other clusters, and C2 contains more lead. Sources of the formation of technogenic clusters are emissions into the atmosphere of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, foundry and machine-building industries, and transport. The heterogeneity of the content of microelements in the snow dust under background conditions is demonstrated. The microelements are divided into natural background (cluster C5) and the background with anthropogenic pollution with higher content of Ag and Sn (cluster C6). In urban conditions, a solid phase of snow with a low and minimal content of trace elements in dust (cluster C3) is formed. Increased content of Ni and a reduced content of Pb and Sc is noted in the C3 cluster relative to C5 щту. Using the Mann-Whitne test, it was revealed that the content of trace elements in snow dust within the cities Tyumen and Tobolsk are different for the following elements: Li, V, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, Pb. Mean values in are higher than similar ones in Tyumen. The content of Zn, As, Rb, Sc elements in urban clusters differs by more than two times relative to the background ones. In the case of elements Sn, Cs, W, the content of them in the snow dust of Tyumen is higher than that of Tobolsk. The method of clustering makes possible to identify natural background values (C5) and to calculate more precise values of the coefficient Kc as well as to determine the index of the integral pollution. In Tobolsk, the index is indicative of high and dangerous level of pollution, especially in the zone of technogenic impact. The average level is typical for the city of Tyumen.

This article presents methods of studying profiles of parallel programs interaction with external memory of supercomputers, based on open source software, which are monitoring resources, and the execution protocols of the parallel job management system. In the article there are provided the results of the research of users’ programs executed on supercomputer complex at the Joint Supercomputer Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (JSCC RAS).

The assessment of the degree of degradation of the soil and vegetation cover in the territory of storage of snow masses was carried out. It is established that in the soils of the polygons there is a decrease in the reserves of organic carbon, an increase in the power of the abiotic alluvial layer, a reduction in the power of the upper part of the soil profile, washouts and algae are formed. It is determined that the soil filtration coefficients are low. Stagnation of water near the surface and prolonged waterlogging against the background of low temperatures during the entire period of snowmelt were revealed. The soils of all snow polygons are characterized as highly degraded. They have lost their valuable functions for humans and need to be reclaimed.

The relevance of the research is related to the priority attention of the state to the use of forests as the main reproducible natural resource in Russia. The aim of the research is to analyze the existing spatial division of forest lands. Objects: lands of the forest fund of the Tomsk region, divided into districts, forest areas and district forest areas on the principle of three-level hierarchical division Methods: abstract-logical, analytical and mathematical modeling. The working hypothesis assumes that the area of forest plots depends on the value of the scale unit according to the power law, and the coefficient at the logarithm of the function reflects the range of changes in the scale dimension. For the first time, the problem of changing scale is used in relation to the analysis of land management in forest areas. Results. The hierarchical structure of the territorial division of forest lands is revealed. In general, the area of local forest areas in the Tomsk region varies between 282-2332087 ha. Univariate variance analysis of areas shows a low probability of a null hypothesis (less than 1 %). The desirability profile constructed at the next stage of the study revealed a critical value of the average area equal to 71255 ha, to which the plots correspond with a 63 % probability. The patterns of distribution of the total forest area by forest areas differ from the normal one. Its general average value is 175000 ha, the area of coniferous forests in forest areas - 6000 ha, deciduous forests 11,000 ha. In general, the area of coniferous forests in forest areas does not exceed 8000 ha, deciduous forests are concentrated in the range of 4000-10000 and 16000-20000 ha. The distribution of wood stock is also heterogeneous. The total area of forests in forest areas is not evenly distributed, and its distribution is close to the lognormal model. The largest number of forest areas is concentrated in the range of up to 15000 ha. Very rarely there are large plots (more than 30000 ha). Fragmentation of coniferous forests is high. The modal size of the site is from two to four thousand hectares. Large areas of forest are quite rare. The distribution of deciduous forest areas is polymodal and is divided into three parts: up to 2000 ha, 4000-120000 ha, 14000-20000 ha, which indicates the presence of small and medium-sized forests, as well as large woodlands. One forest area is very large (more than 32000 ha). The total supply of liquid wood is concentrated in the range from 0 to 2000 m(3). The modal value is within the range from 1500 to 2000 m(3). The interval of 3000-3500 m(3) is marked. In some cases, very high reserves of wood were found (5500 m(3)). The stock of liquid deciduous wood, as in the case of areas, is polymodal. There is a modal interval with a very low wood stock of the order of 200-400 m(3). There are rare cases of an average stock from 2000 to 3600 m(3). The logarithmic dependence of the forest area on the ordinal number of the allotment in the sequence of forest areas ordered in descending order of area is established. The logarithm coefficient depends on the group of forest areas (very large, large, medium, small). A similar pattern is shown for local forest districts. There is a clear violation of the hierarchy of spatial division in the allocation of small forest areas, explained by the economic reason. Hierarchical analysis of the structure of natural aggregation of forest areas by area showed the presence of five nested levels of heterogeneity and, accordingly, five groups of clusters. Depending on the level of division, the cluster analysis identifies nine hierarchical levels of area sizes of forest areas, and the level of their division is proportional to the scale - the smaller, the larger the scale of the study. This should be reflected in information about the state of forest areas in clusters C1-C3 (very large and large) and C4, C5 (medium and small) to develop effective management decisions.

The results of agroecological monitoring of arable and fallow lands are considered. It has been established that the content of humus and mobile phosphorus in the soils of the fallow, as well as the value of the salt pH, is lower than on arable land; mobile potassium is higher. This may be due to the migration of deposited potassium from the lower soil horizons into the humus horizon and its release from the absorbed state during the decomposition of organic matter. It was revealed that in fallow soils, the content of mobile phosphorus in the range of 150–600 mg/kg directly correlates with the value of salt pH (4–6 pH units), while this dependence is not observed on arable land.

The relevance is related to the priority of protection of agricultural land, among which the most important are the especially valuable productive agricultural lands. They are a unique natural phenomenon from scientific and practical point of view, but they are evaluated very formalized. Land properties of this status are considered in geoecological coordinates.The aim of the research is to study the cadastral and geoecological properties of especially valuable productive agricultural lands, their statistical analysis for further land monitoring and protection using the example of the Tomsk region.Objects: 1627 land sites of the Tomsk region.Methods: analytical, cartographic, correlation and regression analysis.Results. The maximum number of plots of the especially valuable productive agricultural lands is in Tomsk (559 pcs.) and Kozhevnikovo (546 pcs.) districts, the most developed in agricultural respect. The largest number of especially valuable productive agricultural lands of high-cost per hectare is concentrated near Krivosheino-Molchanovo and decreases to the west and south.The maximum average value of especially valuable productive agricultural lands cost is noted in Krivosheino and Parabel districts - 7470-8444 rubles/ha. The minimum values of the value of especially valuable productive agricultural land are typical for Kargasok (1105 rubles/ha), Bakchar (1497 rubles/ha) and Tomsk (1623 rubles/ha) districts. The influence of the type of permitted use on the value of especially valuable productive agricultural land and on its size was also revealed. Sections have a complex configuration in 38 % of cases. 22 % of the plots have a configuration that is close to the correct one. The smallest number of plots of especially valuable productive agricultural land is classified as irregular - 9 % The more correct the shape of the plot, the higher its cost. The largest number of plots of especially valuable productive agricultural land (55 0/0 has a compactness coefficient value in the range of 1,0-1,5; only 5 %- a compactness coefficient equal to 1. Comparative analysis of the cost of especially valuable productive agricultural land located on plakor, terrace and in the floodplain of the river revealed that floodplain plots have a lower cost compared to plakor and terrace positions. Significant differences in the cost of a hectare were found between the land "Meadow" and "Arable Land". The influence of the type of land on the area of especially valuable productive agricultural land is significantly high. The presence of a road has a significant positive effect on the area of especially valuable productive agricultural land plots. The location relative to the locality also significantly positively affects the area of plots of particularly valuable productive agricultural land, but does not affect its value. There is a positive Spearman correlation coefficient between the area and fragmentation of the site, which indicates an increase in the probability of dividing the site with an increase in its area. The geographical coordinates of the site, expressed in degrees, have little effect on the value of particularly valuable productive agricultural land. There is a noticeable tendency to reduce the cost and area of land plots with increasing latitude in the direction from south to north. The distance from the land plot to regional or regional centers or large settlements does not affect its cost.

Anthropogenic impacts from the construction and operation of high-voltage transmission lines on a land in a right-of-way (ROW) result in soil cover disturbances varying in scale, age and origin. This affects soil diversity. We found that the distribution of disturbed soil areas follows a power distribution. The following main types of anthropogenic soils were identified within the ROW: filled soil, slightly disturbed resectozem, moderately disturbed resectozem 2 and abrazem. The areas of disturbed soils are superimposed on the natural heterogeneity of the remaining forest soils. We found that soil diversity within a ROW consists of 2.2% filled soils, 3.9% resectozem 1, 11% resectozem 2 and 10.4% abrazems. The total area of anthropogenically changed soils is 27.5% of the entire study area. Soil degradation causes resectozem 2 and abrazem. An increase in a surface slope angle till 2°–4о results in the growth of moderately degraded areas, whereas, an increase of more than 10о leads to highly degraded areas. The degree of soil cover degradation in the ROW is 3 out of 5. Comparison of disturbed areas based on the types of anthropogenic soils revealing significant differences between resectozems 2 and abrazems. The form factor of disturbances occurring during construction has a modal value of 0.8–0.9, whereas, that during operation is 0.7–0.8. Currently, the soil cover contains accumulated traces of degradation. Thus, the cumulative potential for soil degradation accumulated over the past 60 years of intensive economic development must be considered.

Current political and economic reforms, as well as the development of market relations and private property rights, need a retrospect to the experience of the past. An ambitious reform implemented by Russian public entities in the early 20th century was a result of a compromise between the government, society, and individuals. The goals of the reforms offered by Pyotr Stolypin were similar to those of the contemporary ones. Stolypin's reforms aimed at the substitution of group type of land use by public property. The reforms were not evolutional but were motivated by the explosive political and social-economic situation. Another agrarian reform took place in the early 1990s in the Soviet bloc, including the USSR. It aimed at state land property and a centrally planned agrarian economy, the domination of big manufacturers like collective and communal farms, and state pricing control. Despite similar basic principles, the states chose different strategies for the implementation of agrarian reforms.

The concept of environmentally sustainable farming, in which the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere is compensated by the accumulation of organic carbon in the arable horizon and deposited in the subsoil, is substantiated. The rationale for agrotechnical methods to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is given. Authors discuss new approaches to the management of soil fertility, plant productivity, and resistance of agrocenoses, based on the principles of bio-farming, the laws of soil fertility, root-circulation, and the management of edaphy and epiphytic processes. Their use allows one to improve soil fertility and purposefully increase the potential and effective resource of agricultural production. The large-scale implementation of the principles of bio-farming in agricultural production during the global warming requires the elaboration of special programs for the development of the agro-industrial complex, its geo-information support, including monitoring of land fertility using GIS technologies.

In the process of forest management in a particular constituent entity of the Russian Federation, unique regional features have formed that increase the effectiveness of forest management, the multi-purpose use of forests, their conservation, protection and reproduction, due to landscape-geographical and economic reasons.The aim of the research is to analyze the prevailing spatial forest land division by example of the Tomsk region.Scientific novelty lies in the development of methodological approaches to identify the spatial forest land organization.The object of our study is the Tomsk Region forest fund lands, divided into districts, forestries and district forestries according to the principle of three-level hierarchical division. The subject of the study is the spatial characteristics of 75 local forest districts located in 26 forest districts and in 17 administrative districts of the Tomsk Region.A set of methods is applied in our research, such as: abstract-logical, analytical, cartographic and mathematical modeling. In the course of the statistical analysis it is concluded, a hierarchical structure of the territorial division of the forest fund lands has been revealed according to the principles of MAUP. It is shown that the hierarchical levels of forest management overlap, breaking the General pattern.

The chapter discusses the key lines of international collaboration in the fields of exploration and development of the Arctic, from the first autonomous expeditions of the late 19th century to the powerful long-standing joint research conducted by thousands of scholars from all over the world. The chapter outlines the key trends of international cooperation within the framework of the exploration of the Arctic, as well as forecasts its development in the future. It is expected that the long-standing comprehensive studies of the Arctic will be continued due to the specific importance of this region for the future of the mankind. Robotic marine expeditions will start a new era in the exploration of the Arctic Ocean. Taking into account the complexity and high costs of polar studies and the growing interest of many countries to the High North, the international collaboration in the Arctic is expected to grow.

The biological effects of near infrared radiation (850 nm) modulated by an acoustic frequency of 101 Hz were studied. The study was conducted on rats; the effect was registered by succinate dehydrogenase activity in lymphocytes in blood smears after the administration of an activating dose of adrenaline, which simulates the state of the organism at early stages of a pathogenic action (stress). A pronounced regulating effect of infrared radiation on the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in animals that were activated by adrenaline was shown. Infrared radiation has a normalizing effect via the reduction of the degree of inhibition or activation of the enzyme induced by adrenaline and has no effect on the control animals. Thus, by modulation of the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, infrared radiation regulates energy production in mitochondria that is provided by the most potent oxidation substrate, viz., succinic acid; the effect is especially pronounced under stress.

Oil around buildings is sucked under them. The conditions for accumulation of oil exist under engineering constructions. It is necessary to clean oil-contaminated territory, whether it is free from infrastructure or under engineering constructions. Cleaning technology with hydrocarbon-reducing micro-organisms was tested on the site of a tank farm with contaminated soils. The sorbent with micro-organisms placed at a depth of 40–60 cm below the technical buildings has cleaned the oil from the soil. The micro-organisms assimilate the n-alkanes with C14 chains rather than the C32–C40. The oil is destroyed quicker under the constructions than in the open areas.

Three areas of the Ob River floodplain (forest-steppe, southern taiga and central taiga) were investigated. The total amount of Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, B, Sr, Cd and Pb was identified. The same elements were identified in ammonium acetate buffer extract, 1N HCl extraction and Tamm’s and Grimm’s soil extracts. The basic amount of trace elements in the soils is in the potentially unstable form, in Tamm’s and 1N HCl extracts (up to 74% of the total amount). The geochemical spectra of the investigated elements’ concentration in the soils and meadow vegetation are given. The Ob floodplain is not polluted as it has not been affected by industry, and that is why natural mechanisms of these soils can be easily detected. The content reduction regularity of most of the trace elements and their unstable forms in the soils from the south to the north of the Ob floodplain is observed. The same regularity concerns plants in which Co, Mo, B, Sr and Cd contraction and Mn, Zn and Cu increase are detected.