A two-channel analyzer of optically dense flammable aerosol fluxes based on two parallel diode optocouplers with a wavelength of electromagnetic radiation λ=0.65 and 3.4 μm, a speed of tau≤ 0.05 s and the transmission of digitized data to a server up to 1200 m away via the RS-485 interface has been developed. Its design and characteristics in the process of detecting particle streams with a diameter of 0.2 to 5000 μm with an optical density of D≤3.5 are described. It is shown that the values of the ratio of wave attenuation coefficients with λ=0.65 and 3.4 μm to the droplet size calculated on the basis of the theory of radiation scattering Mi are consistent with the experimental ones. The created aerosol analyzer can be used in the express analysis of technogenic airborne emissions of fuel liquids and for the development of large-scale generators of explosive type when creating pulse barriers from clouds of finely dispersed aerosol in the atmosphere. Keywords: aerosol analyzer, speed, diode optocouplers, infrared and visible radiation, attenuation factor, optically dense emissions, Mi scattering theory, fuel liquids.

a low-temperature infrared optical gas analyzer based on immersion diode optocouplers with a speed of less than 0.03 s has been developed to detect pulsed emissions into the atmosphere of explosive mixtures of liquefied natural gas and alkanes with air at a temperature of more than 150 K with the transfer of digitized data to a remote server. The design is described and its characteristics are given in the process of analyzing mixtures of air with pure methane, ethane, propane and LNG of various compositions. It is shown that the speed and operating temperature range of the gas analyzer exceed the parameters of foreign and domestic analogues for monitoring man-made LNG emissions into the atmosphere.

A network of three-channel low-temperature infrared-optical gas analyzers with a response time of <1 s is developed for detecting explosive and fire hazardous concentrations of gasified liquefied natural gas (LNG) at temperatures up to 150 K. Their characteristics are described in an analysis of its large-scale emissions into the atmosphere. It is shown that during pulsed LNG emissions in the form of submerged jets and spills on standard concrete and water, large-scale areas of mixtures of air, methane, and light alkane vapors form with an explosive concentration that fluctuates in time and volume. The evaporation of cryogenic methane droplets with diameters of more than 0.1 mm in air and methane vapor from temperatures T = 150–290 K has been studied theoretically and experimentally.

A two-channel analyzer of optically dense flammable aerosol fluxes based on two parallel diode optocouplers with a wavelength of electromagnetic radiation λ = 0.65 and 3.4 μm, a speed of τ ≤ 0.05 s and the transmission of digitized data to a server up to 1200 m away via the RS-485 interface has been developed. Its design and characteristics in the process of detecting particle streams with a diameter of 0.2 to 5000 μm with an optical density of D ≤ 3.5 are described. It is shown that the values of the ratio of wave attenuation coefficients with λ = 0.65 and 3.4 μm to the droplet size calculated on the basis of the theory of radiation scattering Mi are consistent with the experimental ones. The created aerosol analyzer can be used in the express analysis of technogenic airborne emissions of fuel liquids and for the development of large-scale generators of explosive type when creating pulse barriers from clouds of finely dispersed aerosol in the atmosphere.

A low-temperature infrared optical gas analyzer based on immersion diode optocouplers with a speed of less than 0.03 s has been developed to detect pulsed emissions into the atmosphere of explosive mixtures of liquefied natural gas and alkanes with air at a temperature of more than 150 K with the transfer of digitized data to a remote server. The design is described and its characteristics are given in the process of analyzing mixtures of air with pure methane, ethane, propane and LNG of various compositions. It is shown that the speed and operating temperature range of the gas analyzer exceed the parameters of foreign and domestic analogues for monitoring man-made LNG emissions into the atmosphere.

При обеспечении промышленной безопасности объектов топливно-энергетического комплекса для получения и хранения топливных жидкостей (керосина, бензина, мазута, дизельного топлива, сжиженного природного газа) необходима оценка последствий их возможных техногенных выбросов в виде струй и/или разливов на грунт, сопровождающихся образованием топливно-воздушных смесей (ТВС) в атмосфере. Эти смеси могут быть взрывопожароопасными, и разработка экспресс-методов их анализа имеет научное и практическое значение. Данные по эволюции крупномасштабных выбросов ТВС ограничены. Их анализ достаточно сложен, поскольку необходимо дистанционно измерять флуктуирующие концентрации капель и паров ТВС с быстрой (за несколько миллисекунд) передачей данных на удаленный сервер. Сеть устройств для мониторинга выбросов углеводородов должна иметь высокое быстродействие τ  0,03 с, функционировать при скорости газокапельных потоков до сотен метров в секунду и обладать устойчивостью к воздействию импульсов давления газов до 105 Па и электромагнитного излучения промышленной частоты.

The reliable assessment of the consequences of accidental injection, leaks, spills, and precipitation accompanied by the formation of aerosol and vapor clouds is needed for ensuring the industrial safety of the facilities involved in the manufacture, storage, and transportation of liquid fuels and liquefied natural gas (LNG) [1–8]. Such accidental events usually start from the uncontrolled outflow of liquid fuel and LNG followed by evaporation and mixing of fuel vapors, methane and vapors containing a wide fraction of light hydrocarbons, including ethane, propane, butane, and other light alkanes, with an ambient atmosphere. For example, the mixtures of LNG with air are flammable and explosive at concentration C = 5–15 %(vol.) [1–9]; so, the development of physical and chemical means for fast and remote monitoring is of both scientific interest and practical importance for the environment and development of safe and clean energy. The data on the composition of hydrocarbon clouds required for modeling large-scale accidents at fuel and energy facilities associated with pulsed technogenic and/or unauthorized injection of combustible liquids and LNG into the atmosphere and with its spilling and precipitation on the ground are limited [1–8]. Experimental analyses of them are quite complex. In addition, due to potential danger posed by mixtures of hydrocarbons and air, we must perform remote analyses of them at distances of up to 5–10 km with fast data transfer to main information collection server cite1-zg, 2-zg, 3-zg, 4-zg, 5-zg. Finally, along with technical difficulties, large-scale experiments require substantial financial and resource support. The aim of this work was to develop the fast complex for monitoring of droplets and aerosol flows at pulsed injection of liquid fuels and LNG into the atmosphere for the detonation purposes.

The high-response diagnostic complex for remote control and analyses of droplets and vapors of mazut, oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel and liquefied natural gas in the clouds and turbulent aerosolflows in the atmosphere with volume up to 107 m3 is described.

Описана методика генерации биоактивных аэрозольных частиц иодида щелочных металлов с глицерином диаметром d ≈ 0.03–3 мкм и массовой производительностью m = 10–200 мкг/с для ингаляции. Создано устройство для ее осуществления.

Optical infrared gas analyzers are developed for mixtures of vapors of liquefied natural gas and air. It is found that a network of them allows temperatures of −100 to +60°C to be measured along with volume concentrations of hydrocarbons С = 0.5–100 vol % with temporal responses of less than 1–2 s when analyzing methane–air emissions and clouds in the atmosphere with volumes of up to 107 m3 and data transmitted to a remote server at rates of up to 10 km every 1 ms. It is shown that with large-scale pulsed emissions of liquefied natural gas into the atmosphere or spills of it onto dry ground or water, conditions are created for the long-term formation of flammable and explosive mixtures of air and hydrocarbons at concentrations C = 5–15 vol %.

Abstract—The article describes a method of generating bioactive alkali metal iodide aerosol particles with glycerin for inhalation; the particles have a diameter of d ≈ 0.03–3 µm and a mass productivity of m = 10–200 µg/s. A delivery device has been created.

Results of an experimental study on limits for strong Flame Acceleration (FA) as a function of initial pressure are presented. The range of initial conditions studied covers the range of conditions typical for VVPSS ex-vessel LOCA scenarios. The experimental data give a basis for extension of FA σ-criterion to the range of sub-atmospheric pressures typical for ITER accident scenarios.