在激光三维成像雷达中,双光楔扫描是一种常用的扫描方式,具有能耗小、精度高、抗震性好等优点,并可有效减小系统的体积。但其扫描轨迹复杂,扫描点存在较大的冗余。首先基于一级近似公式研究了扫描轨迹的规律,随后分析了扫描轨迹间距和扫描点间距的变化特征,最终确定了全视场覆盖时的双光楔扫描参数,并由轨迹分布特征给出了降低冗余的方案。结果表明,全视场覆盖时,反向旋转和同向旋转具有相同的最小冗余2π,除旋转方向外,其他扫描参数完全相同。有效扫描视场和分辨率一定时,特定转速对下,部分覆盖的反向旋转可减小1/4的冗余;半周期的同向旋转可减小1/2的冗余。冗余降低的同时提升了成像的帧频。

Wrist is one of the most frequently used joints in life and work. Wrist injury will seriously affect the ability of self-care, study, work, exercise and fitness. The wrist is small in size but complex in composition, so the bone and ligament structures are relatively fine. Traditional open surgery increases the risk of damage to these structures or their blood supply, and thus the recovery effect is limited. With the development of small arthroscopy-related instruments and techniques, minimally invasive surgery techniques such as ligament injury repair, reduction and fixation of intra-articular fractures, fixation of nonunion bone grafts, and reduction and fixation of complex fractures have emerged, which made the treatment of wrist and ligament injury minimally invasive. The application of the 3D printing guide technology and navigation technology modifies the traditional surgical techniques, as making the treatment of wrist bone and ligament injuries more minimally invasive and precise to reduce the degree and risk of iatrogenic injury and improve the curative effect. Wrist arthroscopy has become an indispensable tool in the surgical diagnosis and treatment of wrist and ligament injuries, and is an essential skill for hand surgeons. The authors introduce the progress of minimally invasive and precise surgical techniques of fracture fixation and ligament repair for wrist bone and ligament injuries, which provides a reference for clinical work.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of arthroscopic-assisted scapho-trapezio-trapezoeid (STT) arthrodesis for the treatment of the Lichtman Ⅲb stage Kienb?ck disease.Methods:From February 2013 to March 2016, 11 patients diagnosed as Lichtman Ⅲb stage Kienb?ck disease were treated by arthroscopic-assisted STT arthrodesis. The range of motion and grip strength of the wrist were measured before and after the operation, and the wrist PRWE and the modified Mayo wrist score were performed. The curative effect was evaluated according to the X-ray examination results before and after operation.Results:All the 11 patients were follow-up for 13 to 91 months, with an average of 40.8 months. The average score of VAS was (6.45±0.58) before operation and (1.90±0.37) after operation. The difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). The wrist pain was relieved after operation. The average grip strength before operation was (8.53±1.83) kg, and after operation was (14.48±2.38) kg; the wrist PRWE score before operation was 74.86±2.13, and after operation was 21.46±4.57; the modified Mayo wrist score before operation was 31.36±2.53, and after operation was 70.91±3.22. The differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05), and the wrist grip strength and function score after operation were significantly improved. The results of long-term X-ray showed that there was no obvious aggravation after the operation. Conclusion:The application of arthroscopic-assisted STT arthrodesis for the treatment of Lichtman Ⅲb stage Kienb?ck disease can relieve the pain, improve the function of wrist joint, prevent the collapse of the lunate and the progression of the disease, but not improve the active motion of wrist joint.

Indirect X-ray imaging detectors consisting of scintillator screens, long-working-distance microscope lenses and scientific high-speed complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) cameras are usually used to realize fast X-ray imaging with white-beam synchrotron radiation. However, the detector efficiency is limited by the coupling efficiency of the long-working-distance microscope lenses, which is only about 5%. A long-working-distance microscope lenses system with a large numerical aperture (NA) is designed to increase the coupling efficiency. It offers an NA of 0.5 at 8× magnification. The Mitutoyo long-working-distance microscope lenses system offers an NA of 0.21 at 7.5× magnification. Compared with the Mitutoyo system, the developed long-working-distance microscope lenses system offers about twice the NA and four times the coupling efficiency. In the indirect X-ray imaging detector, a 50 µm-thick LuAG:Ce scintillator matching with the NA, and a high-speed visible-light CMOS FastCAM SAZ Photron camera are used. Test results show that the detector realized fast X-ray imaging with a frame rate of 100000 frames s-1 and fast X-ray microtomography with a temporal sampling rate up to 25 Hz (25 tomograms s-1).

华山医院和上海市静安区委、区政府按照国家新医改要求,成立符合静安区域特点的医疗联合体,通过3个周期近9年的建设,作为医联体主要工作平台的静安分院综合实力显著提升.逐步探索适合区域特点的分级转诊工作模式,一定程度上实现医疗资源合理配置、百姓就医负担减轻的局面,为从根本上解决百姓"看病贵、看病难"打下良好基础.

Herein, a new imaging-transformation method for acquiring a measurement matrix is proposed. A visible light camera is used to capture amplitude-modulated plate pattern information, then a coherent imaging algorithm is used to obtain the simulated light field, and finally the simulated light field is transformed into a ghost imaging measurement matrix. We validate the feasibility of this imaging-transformation method using an established tcrahcrtz ghost imaging system. Experimental results show that the measurement matrix obtained using the proposed method can enable tcrahcrtz ghost imaging to reach diffraction limit resolution. The resulting image quality is superior to that obtained using the classical scanning method. In addition, we experimentally study the influences of sampling frequency, pupil function, and matrix resolution on the final image quality.

Optical smoothing is a very effective method to restrict mid-to-high spatial frequency errors generated by computer-controlled sub-aperture polishing technologies. According to Preston's equation, pressure distribution is the key factor in describing the smoothing effect of a tool. Although the classic bridging model can solve pressure distribution during the smoothing process, it is only suitable for a tool that consists of a rigid base, compliant interlayer, thin metal plate, and pitch polishing layer. In this paper, a mathematical model applicable for any multi-layer polishing tool is proposed, which helps to calculate the pressure distribution dependent on the thickness of the layer, mid-spatial frequency errors at different periods, and the structures of polishing tools. Based on the model, the pressure distributions and smoothing rates of a rigid tool and a semi-flexible tool are deduced and compared in detail. Validity and improvement in accuracy are verified by comparison with the finite element model. In addition, three groups of experiments using a rigid tool and a semi-flexible tool for smoothing 4 mm and 8 mm period errors generated by magnetorheological finishing are carried out to validate the model. The simulation result of the smoothing rates of the errors after every smoothing process matches well with the experiment results.

Large-aperture aspheric mirror is usually transferred to the test axis by rotating and translating when measured by a computer-generated hologram(CGH). This paper focused on the optimal design of CGH, minimizing the line density of CGH, in testing off-axis aspheric mirror with large aperture, off-axis amount and asphericity. The analytics formula of the transferred aspheric is used for deriving the phase function of CGH by geometric computing. And the precision of optical path difference(OPD) is proved reaching nanometer level for aspheric mirror with large asphericity by zemax. The defocus and tilt-carrier amount are two parameters to be optimized for filtering the unwanted orders brought out by CGHs. A merit function consists of the line densities at lower and upper boundaries of CGH to describe the etching difficulty of CGH is proposed. The propagation progress is analyzed while the reflection is amended by considering the saggital height of the reflection point. The separated distance of the given (m,n) orders ray is proved reaching micron degree. The filtering condition is expressed as an inequalities system. The gradient descent method with Karush Kuhn Tucker condition is used for optimal solution of the constrained optimization problem. Finally, design example is presented and the parameter optimization for testing off-axis aspheric mirrors is proved to have a high precision, which providing extensive applicability possibility in designing freeform testing system.

The position and period of grating fringes will vary against the substrate during double beam interference exposure due to temperature variation, air flow, vibration and other factors in the fabrication of large-size holographic gratings. It will result in the decrease of grating contrast. The dynamic change of fringes was analyzed during large-size grating exposure. The Root-Mean-Square (RMS) errors of fringe translation and period in 3 hours are 1.87 and 1.20 period respectively. The corresponding simulative grating contrasts are 12.83% and 67.37% respectively. A fringe locking system composed of three monitoring subsystems, a computation and control subsystem and two piezo nanopositioners was set up. The translation and period of fringes can be locked at the same time. The groove shape and contrast of gratings are improved significantly after locking. The precision of this fringe locking system; the 3 sigma value of fringe translation and corresponding contrast are 0.009 period and 99.99% respectively; the RMS error of period change and corresponding contrast are 0.017 period and 99.77% respectively. This locking system satisfies the requirements of fringe stability for the exposure of large size gratings.

A terahertz imaging system based on active ghost imaging method is proposed.The system can achieve high speed and high resolution imaging using one single-pixel detector, breaking through the resolution limit of terahertz devices.Reusable measurement matrix is obtained by the rotation of double random amplitude plates so that the imaging speed is greatly improved.The influence of imaging distance, size of random pattern, sampling number and the relativity of sampling matrix on imaging quality are numerically analyzed.The best parameters are used for experiment.And the motion strategy of double amplitude plates is optimized.Experimental results show that the imaging resolution is 4 mm when the wavelength of terahertz source is 3 mm, and imaging speed is determined by the motor of amplitude plates.The feasibility of terahertz active ghost imaging method is proved.

Previously,hand-surgeons made great advancements and pioneering surgeries such as thumb reconstruction,flap transplantation surgery.Under the leadership of professor Yu-dong GU,we put forward several surgical strategies to treat the brachial plexus injury including the widely-used contralateral cervical 7 (CC7) nerve root transfer surgery.Now our department is one of the leading centers in treating peripheral nerve injury disease worldwide.During the past 10 years,we focused on the brain plasticity research in brachial plexus injury patients and revealed the reorganization pattern of sensorimotor cortex after the CC7 nerve root transfer surgery.Our study indicated the potential of one hemisphere in controlling bilateral upper limb and we further applied this conclusion in treating hemiplegic paralysis patients.In the past 10 years,we applied basic research findings in clinical practice and expanded the indication of CC7 nerve transfer surgery.By making innovations we keep making progress.

Ghost imaging via sparsity constraint (GISC)—which is developing into a new staring imaging lidar—can obtain both the range information and spatial distribution of a remote target with the use of the measurements below the Nyquist limit. In this work, schematics of both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) GISC lidar are introduced. Compared with the 2D GISC lidar, we demonstrate by both simulation and experimentally that the signal-to-noise ratio of the 3D GISC lidar can be dramatically enhanced when a time-resolved technique is used to record the target’s reflection signals and the orthogonal characteristic of the target’s 3D surface structure is taken as a priori in the image reconstruction process. Some characteristics of the 2D and 3D GISC lidar systems are also discussed.

By taking the effect of Tool Influence Function(TIF) used in the NC program on the polishing accuracy for optical elements into account, the method how to obtain the optimized TIF based on the aspheric parameters to be polished and polishing pad parameters is proposed. As the key to calculate the TIF of aspheric elements is to obtain accurately the dynamic pressure distribution between polishing pad and mirror, this paper analyzes the pressure distribution between polishing pad and mirror by finite element method and obtains the TIFs in different positions on the aspheric surface by classic Preston equation and planet motion. The variation tendency of the pitch polishing pad in polishing an aspheric element is analyzed in different polishing positions based on the dynamic pressure distribution model. The TIF spot experiment is carried out on an aspheric element with a curvature of 1 000 mm. The result shows that the shape of TIF simulated by the theory introduced in the paper is more similar with that of the actual situation, and the Pearson correlation coefficient reaches 0.977. It concludes that the method can obtain the pressure distribution conveniently by changing the parameter of polishing position and can optimize the TIFs, which provides a theoretical basis for improving polishing efficiency and polishing accuracy. ? 2016, Science Press. All right reserved.

Low-power laser therapy has been used for the non-surgical treatment of mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome, although its efficacy has been a long-standing controversy. The laser parameters in low-power laser therapy are closely related to the laser effect on human tissue. To evaluate the efficacy of low-power laser therapy, laser parameters should be accurately measured and controlled, which has been ignored in previous clinical trials. Here, we report the measurement of the effective optical power of low-power laser therapy for carpal tunnel syndrome. By monitoring the backside reflection and scattering laser power from human skin at the wrist, the effective laser power can be inferred. Using clinical measurements from 30 cases, we found that the effective laser power differed significantly among cases, with the measured laser reflection coefficient ranging from 1.8% to 54%. The reflection coefficient for 36.7% of these 30 cases was in the range of 10–20%, but for 16.7% of cases, it was higher than 40%. Consequently, monitoring the effective optical power during laser irradiation is necessary for the laser therapy of carpal tunnel syndrome.

建立了光机一体化仿真方法,从而实现对光学系统的性能评估.利用Ansys有限元软件进行热-结构仿真,将得到的数据文件进行刚体位移分离时采用新的评价函数,通过设置位移参量和随机值验证计算精度达到0.3％.运用Householder算法做Zernike拟合,将拟合系数作为与ZEMAX进行通信的数据接口,并采用动态数据交换技术实现Matlab与Zemax的数据交换.在此基础上给出一个角度检测物镜仿真的实例,得到了光学畸变随温度变化的曲线,说明为达到1"的测量精度,需保证工作温度范围为14～26℃.

Three-dimensional (3D) remote imaging attracts increasing attentions in capturing a target’s characteristics. Although great progress for 3D remote imaging has been made with methods such as scanning imaging lidar and pulsed floodlight-illumination imaging lidar, either the detection range or application mode are limited by present methods. Ghost imaging via sparsity constraint (GISC), enables the reconstruction of a two-dimensional N -pixel image from much fewer than N measurements. By GISC technique and the depth information of targets captured with time-resolved measurements, we report a 3D GISC lidar system and experimentally show that a 3D scene at about 1.0 km range can be stably reconstructed with global measurements even below the Nyquist limit. Compared with existing 3D optical imaging methods, 3D GISC has the capability of both high efficiency in information extraction and high sensitivity in detection. This approach can be generalized in nonvisible wavebands and applied to other 3D imaging areas.

机器视觉技术在工业测量中具有广泛应用,实现高精度的机器视觉测量对精密加工、制造具有重要意义.针对机器视觉应用中待测物体偏离焦面及在纵深方向过厚导致测量结果出现误差的问题进行了研究.重点讨论了系统中镜头远心度引起的平行性误差及其对离焦物体测量结果的影响.实验结果表明,在物体偏离最佳成像面而引入的误差中,平行性误差占到90％左右,因此可通过后期对平行性误差进行补偿以较大程度地提高系统测量精度.此外,针对待测物体过厚导致边缘模糊这一问题采用多种边缘检测算法进行了分析.结果表明在一定范围内,物体纵深方向越厚,边缘检测误差越大.在这一结果的基础上,对算法进行改进,提出一种基于图像灰度曲线的补偿方法,使测量误差由超过20μm降至10 μm以下.

Objective To evaluate the short-term effect of the arthroscopic synovectomy in treating rheumatoid arthritis of wrist.Methods Twenty rheumatoid patients including 4 men and 16 women aged 19 to 41 (mean,31) years old underwent the arthroscopic synovectomy of the radiocarpal joint,the midcarpal joint and the distal radioulnar joint.The visual analogue scale was used to evaluate the pain of the patients before surgery,6 weeks and 12 months after the surgery.The wrist flexion-extension arc was evaluated before and 12 months after surgery.Results Hypertrophy of the synovia and synovial pannus in the wrist was seen and resected during the surgery,and the articular cavity lavage was performed at the same time.The affected limb was immobilized for 2 days and started rehabilitation exercise.No ankylosis was seen in all 20 patients.The median duration of followup was 12 months,ranging from 9 to 15 months.6 weeks after the surgery the pain was relieved from VAS 6 points(range,4 to 8) to 4 points (range,3 to 7) on average,and 12 months after the surgery the VAS decreased to 2 points (range,1 to 4).The flexion-extension arc increased from 65° to 95° on average.Conclusion The arthroscopic synovectomy can obtain a satisfying outcome for rheumatoid arthritis patients,especially in relieving pain and increasing the wrist motion.The surgery is well accepted by patients and has a promising future in clinical treatment.

蓝宝石是制作发光二极管（LED）衬底的基本材料,其质量直接影响高亮度LED衬底的晶片制造成品率,对于棒状蓝宝石晶体内部缺陷的检测定位能极大地降低生产成本,提高成品率。针对蓝宝石衬底加工要求,在机器视觉技术的基础上,利用LabVIEW及NI公司的图像采集卡和数据采集卡搭建了一个基于激光光散射层貌术的蓝宝石内部缺陷检测定位系统。系统利用高强度的线状激光照射下缺陷产生的光散射效应对蓝宝石晶体进行逐层扫描和图像采集,运用图像增强、图像分割及图像提取等图像处理手段对采集到的图像进行缺陷提取和分析,实现了对蓝宝石内部缺陷的检测和定位,具有很高的实时性和可视化效果。实验结果表明,该系统能有效地识别出蓝宝石晶体中的散射颗粒缺陷,并对其在棒状蓝宝石晶体深度方向上准确定位。

目的:观察综合康复治疗对三角纤维软骨复合体(TFCC)损伤IB型经腕关节镜下修复术后的疗效.方法:TFCC损伤IB型经腕关节镜下手术治疗患者22例,随机分为康复组和对照组各11例.2组修复后均给予术后石膏托固定,拆除固定后,康复组采用中药熏洗、器械训练、手法治疗、中频脉冲电刺激、腕关节关节活动度(ROM)训练、日常生活活动能力训练及康复宣教等综合康复治疗；对照组自行康复锻炼.治疗后,评估2组的腕关节疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分及关节活动度(ROM).结果:术后6周,2组腕关节ROM及VAS评分均较术前明显降低(P＜0.05),但2组间比较均差异无统计学意义；术后3个月,2组腕关节ROM均较术前及术后6周明显提高(P＜0.05),且康复组更高于对照组(P＜0.05)；2组VAS评分均较术前及术后6周明显下降(P＜0.05),且康复组更低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:腕关节镜术后综合康复治疗更有利于腕关节各项功能的恢复,对手术的疗效起到强化作用,可更大程度帮助患者恢复功能.