The principles of operation and the composition of instruments incorporated into GET 156–2015, the State Primary Standard of the unit of spectral regular transmittance, unit of spectral diffuse reflectance, and unit of spectral specular reflectance in the wavelength range from 0.2 to 20.0 μm are described. The instruments are designed for reproduction and transmission of the specular regular transmittance, spectral diffuse reflectance, and spectral specular reflectance in the wavelength range from 0.2 to 20.0 μm.

The composition and metrological characteristics of GET 86–2017, the State Primary Standard of the units of radiometric quantities and units of spectroradiometric quantities in the range of wavelengths from 0.2 to 25.0 μm, are presented. The technical characteristics and operating principles of four new plants which were introduced as components of the standard to increase the precision of reproduction and transmission of the unit of spectral density of radiance, unit of spectral density of radiant intensity, and unit of spectral density of irradiance, as well as for the purpose of reproduction and transmission of the unit of the spectral density of the total radiation flux, unit of irradiance, unit of radiance of monochromatic radiation, and unit of spectral density of the radiation flux of the excitation and emission of fluorescence are described.

We present the composition of the State Primary Standard GET 156-2015 of units of the spectral coefficients of directional transmission, diffuse and specular reflections in the wavelength range from 0.2 to 20.0 μm. Metrological characteristics of the standard are given.

The electronic system for the absolute radiometer MAR-1, which is a part of the national primary standard GET 86-2010 for the units of spectral radiance, spectral intensity, spectral irradiance, radiant intensity, and irradiance at wavelengths of 0.2–25.0 μm, is described, along with the results of a comparison of it with the World Radiation Standard.

High-temperature standard blackbody models are presented. Radiators with adjustable temperature and blackbody models with fixed temperatures based on the melting phase transitions of metal–carbon eutectic alloys, which are alloys characterized by a high degree of stability, high isothermicity, and high emissive power, are described.

This is a discussion of the characteristics of a cryogenic radiometer and monochromatic radiation source that form part of the National primary standard GET 213–2014 for the units of absolute and relative spectral sensitivity at wavelengths from 0.25 to 14.00 μm and are intended for calibration of photodetectors with respect to spectral sensitivity.

Low- and mid-temperature blackbody models with operating temperatures in the range 80–1200 K are considered. These types of models function as components of verification systems for preflight calibrations of onboard optical radiometric space equipment operating in the infrared range of wavelengths. Radiation sources with tunable temperature and models based on fixed reference temperature points of the melting–solidification phase transitions of Ga and In are described.

Рассмотрен комплекс мероприятий, необходимых для выполнения качественных радиометрических измерений с помощью космической оптико-электронной аппаратуры наблюдения Земли (АНЗ), в том числе гиперспектрометрической. Он определяется обеспечением единства измерений, законодательно принятым в России. Помимо реализации организационных мер необходимо решение вопросов взаимосвязи радиометрических данных и получаемых с их помощью геофизических параметров, а также методических вопросов радиометрической калибровки АНЗ и полетного контроля радиометрических характеристик АНЗ. Изложенные подходы в значительной мере близки положениям международного документа “Quality Assurance Framework for Earth Observation” – QA4EO (“Стратегия обеспечения качества данных наблюдения Земли”).

The thermodynamic temperature of high-temperature fixed points is measured using cobalt–carbon, platinum–carbon and rhenium–carbon metal–carbon eutectics employing a radiation thermometer in the luminance mode. This thermometer is calibrated using a high-temperature model of a black body and a filter radiometer with a known spectral sensitivity in the illuminance mode.

The Consultative Committee for Photometry and Radiometry (CCPR) has organized international comparisons of the CCPR-S1 units of spectral radiance at wavelengths of 220–2500 nm with participation by the BNM-INM (France), NIST (USA), NRC (Canada), PTB (Germany), and VNIIOFI (Russia), with the latter as the pilot laboratory. The methods and equipment for these measurements, as well as the results of the comparisons, are discussed. The comparisons showed that the discrepancies between the spectral radiance scales were basically within ±1.5%. This discrepancy decreases to ±1.0% if the data from highly unstable transfer standards are eliminated from the analysis.

The results of the participation of the VNIIOFI in key comparisons in photometry and their importance in developing a national standard base for light measurements are presented.

The article is devoted to the state primary standard of the luminous intensity unit (candela) and luminous flux unit (lumen) of continuous and pulsed radiation GET 5-03 created at VNIIOFI and also the contemporary state of providing uniformity of light quantity measurements based on a new edition of the state verification scheme GOST 8.023-2003.

A suite of state primary standards is described for the units of optical radiation consisting of precision standard sources, detectors, and other opticoelectronic devices developed at VNIIOFI in the period 1982–2002. Results are given from international comparisons and the use of standard facilities and calibration units for metrological support to space research and remote Earth sensing.

A system for ensuring common standards of measurements of energy illumination produced by solar radiation is considered. The results of many years of international comparisons of a standard absolute radiometer with the standard radiometers and pyrheliometers of other countries are presented.

A wide range of precise blackbody radiation sources that cover the entire optical wavelength range from IR to near-UV at working temperatures from 80 to 3500 K and provide highly stable and uniform radiation has been developed at VNIIOFI. The unique characteristics of blackbody sources have made them the basis of national primary measurement standards and precision calibration facilities in Russia as well as other in world-leading metrology centers in USA, Germany, UK, France, China, and other countries.

A precision photometer head that serves as a primary transducer in the block diagram of a modern physical photometer is described. Results are presented from metrological investigations of the precision photometer head as a whole and of its basic elements, together with brief data on standard measuring devices for use in determining the basic parameters and characteristics of the optical components of the transducer.

The foundations of modern objective photometry (optical measurements) are considered. Possible directions for improving the system of assuring the uniformity of optical measurements through increasing the precision of engineering and reference measurements are analyzed. Four conceptual conclusions that determine the trends of past and future metrological investigations in the field of objective photometry are formulated.