The article analyzes the validity of Dmitri Mendeleev’s statement, made in 1867, about the need to maintain the uniformity of weights, measures, and money in order to ensure fair trade and rapprochement of nations. The maintenance of the uniformity of weights, measures, and money is shown to have enabled the states to establish and keep the value of the national currency stable for a long time under the coinage system and the gold standard. This, in turn, ensured confidence in the stable value of money, equality of trading parties, and fair trade within a state that maintains the uniformity of weights, measures, and money. The global financial market system created in the 21st century abandoned the metrological principles of uniform weights, measures, and money, replacing the stable material value of a national currency with its market price. The negative consequences of this step became apparent quite quickly. The value of national currencies was no longer stable, and the international market became unfair. It is shown that fair international trade is impossible in principle under the current global financial market system. The article proposes and justifies the need to return to the uniformity of weights, measures, and money in order to provide stable means of payment and equality of trading parties.

The paper presents the state of ensuring the uniformity of measurements of energy parameters of high-power laser radiation. The research was carried out at the All-Russian Research Institute of Optical and Physical Measurements. The formation of a metrological support system for measuring the energy parameters of high-power continuous laser radiation required the creation of three standards, including one State primary standard of average laser power, and a line of four basic measuring instruments in the spectral range 1.07–10.6 μm and power range 1–500 kW. For the first time, a dynamic method for measuring high levels of laser power was developed and used. This ensured the certification of measuring instruments using reference radiation with a power of less than 100 kW. This has led to a significant increase in the level of metrological support for technological and special high-power laser equipment.

Subject. The article addresses national financial systems and the global financial system. Objectives. The purpose is to examine the possibility of forming the international financial system, in which member States exercise sovereign control over their national financial systems. Methods. In the study, we used the projection of systems and metrological regulations, norms, and rules for the mechanisms of financial systems functioning . Results. The paper shows that it is possible to form a decentralized international financial system, in which all participating States have an opportunity to sovereignly regulate their national financial systems. Conclusions. The real way out of the current totalitarian, monopolized, centralized global financial system is a transition to a decentralized international financial system, in which member States sovereignly determine the value of their national currency through “resource standardization”.

Subject. This article examines the issues related to national financial systems, the Global Financial System. Objectives. The article aims to investigate the features that arise during the functioning of national financial systems as part of the Global Financial System in modern conditions. Methods. For the study, we used a projection method. Results. The article finds that the current centralized Global Financial System is characterized by insurmountable (generic) features that make national financial systems vassals of the central body of the global system, and the system itself unstable and super-totalitarian, in principle. Conclusions. The real way out of this situation is the transition to a decentralized international financial system, in which member States determine the value of their national currency sovereignly.

The paper describes the metrological assurance of uniformity in measuring the parameters of high-intensity laser radiation for technological and special equipment. A laser power stabilization system with an output power of 2–1·104 W has been developed and studied. The presented stabilization system reduces the error in transferring the unit of average laser power when using an industrial laser having unstable output power as part of a measurement standard. GET 28-2022 National Primary Standard for the unit of average laser power was approved; this standard includes a power-stabilized laser, as well as a standard thermoelectric measuring transducer and a measuring beam splitter. The authors studied the means of transferring the unit of average laser power from the range of 1·10–9–2 W to the range of 2–1·104 W, as well as a system for reproducing and transferring the average power unit within the range of 2–1·104 W. With the use of the developed industrial laser stabilization system, the laser power of the standard increased from 2 to 1·104 W. Within the laser power range provided by GET 28-2022, the total standard uncertainty in reproducing and transferring the unit of average laser power does not exceed 0.636

An improved monochromatic radiation source with spectral width 4 nm based on a supercontinuum laser and double monochromator is introduced into a unit based on an absolute cryogenic radiometer in order to increase the precision of measurement of spectral sensitivity in the range 0.9–1.6 μm. A feedback system that supports stabilization of the power of monochromatic radiation with standard deviation 0.025% is developed. The power of optical radiation in the plane of the detector and/or power of the absolute cryogenic radiometer varies from 0.1 to 1.5 mW. The spectral distribution of the power of the newly developed source in different operating regimes of the supercontinuum laser is presented.

The influence of the provisions of legal metrology on the formation and functioning of the monetary environment in the market is studied. It is shown that the use of tangible (reference) measures for determining the value of goods and monetary units makes it possible to form a stable monetary system, equal for all market participants. This system can reasonably be attributed to information measuring systems. Systems based on the use of constant tangible measures that determine the value of goods and money have been formed and functioned in international trade for a long time. In the XIX–XX centuries, the monetary system, in which a fixed weight of gold served as the tangible measure of money, was called the "gold standard." In the 1970s, this system was abandoned without objective reasons. Nowadays, many people believe that the main reason is the uncontrolled issuance of paper money (US dollars). As a result, the tangible measure of money was replaced by a monetary measure. The money of a number of chosen countries turned out to be a measure of the national currencies of other countries. Then money was made a commodity – an object of market trade, the price of which is determined by supply and demand. Thus, the most important principle of metrology, i.e., the invariability (constancy) of the measure of system objects, was violated. The resulting monetary system became unstable. This situation has led to an increase in the number of proposals for a return to the gold standard. The analysis carried out in the paper confirmed the relevance of these proposals. At the present stage of metrology development, it is advisable to explore the possibility of a broader (not only at the expense of precious metals) resource provision of tangible monetary measures, in particular, to consider the possibility of using materials and (or) goods that are in high demand in the international market as monetary measures.

The state and problems of the metrological support of personal blood glucose monitors – glucometers, have been examined and analyzed. It is shown that at present glucometers, like other individual measuring instruments for medical applications, are unsuitable for use in the field of telemedicine since there is no metrological support for such measuring instruments. The main problem is the lack of reliable methods and means of remote verification, calibration and transmission of measurement results to medical institutions. The article proposes a method for remote verification of glucometers based on the use of a set of electrical resistances, the values of which correlate with the measured concentration of glucose in the blood. The proposed method has been successfully tested in practice.

An improved monochromatic radiant source with spectral bandwidth of 4 nm based on supercontinuum laser and a double monochromator was included in absolute cryogenic radiometer-based facility to improve the accuracy of spectral responsivity measurement in the range 0.9–1.6 μm. The developed feedback system ensures stabilization of monochromatic radiant power with standard deviation up to 0.025 %. Radiant power that proceeds detector under test or absolute cryogenic radiometer varies from 0.1 to 1.5 mW in dependence of wavelength. The spectral power distribution of its monochromatic source for various operating mode is presented.

A complex of technical instruments for reproduction, storage, and transmission of the unit of duration of a laser radiation pulse in the range 5·10–11–1·10–9 s is described. The complex has been introduced into State Primary Special Standard GET 187–2016 of the units of energy, distribution of energy density, duration of pulse, and wavelength of laser radiation.

Management and procedural principles underlying the operation and development of the Center for Collective Use of high-precision measurement technologies in the field of photonics for the purpose of assuring equal access of scientists to expensive research and measurement complexes, scientific equipment, and plants are set forth. A number of different procedural approaches to assuring an exhaustive integral supply of the Center for Collective Use with scientific equipment are considered using as an example the creation of a measurement and calibration complex for metrological assurance of measurements in the field of microwave photonics.

The base of measurement standards of the All-Russia Research Institute of Optophysical Measurements developed and employed by the Institute for metrological support of photonics technologies and products is described. The present condition and calibration capabilities of the state primary standards as well as the direction and outlook for further improvement of the standards are reviewed.

The setup under development is intended to serve as the Russian National Primary Special Standard for Laser Pulse Duration in the range from 10 to 1000 ps. The core components of the standard are a streak camera with picosecond temporal resolution and a Fabry-Pérot etalon illuminated by femtosecond laser pulses. The etalon defines a time interval which is used to calibrate the temporal scale of the streak camera. The standard includes a picosecond laser pulse generator for reproduction and transfer of the unit of laser pulse duration to another measuring instrument or secondary standard. Described are the principles of operation, the construction of the standard, and the results of preliminary experiments to determine its metrological properties.

A new approach is proposed for the metrology of optical measurements – the quantum metrology of photons. The specific nature of measurements of quantum polarization states of single and polarization-entangled photons is examined. The fundamental objectives of the modern metrology of photons are formulated.

The problem that occurs when measuring time intervals is considered, for example, in the case of highprecision transmission of reference frequency signals. The technique of correlation measurements is described. A method for measuring time intervals based on a method for searching and eliminating errors associated with processing large data sets during data accumulation for subsequent averaging is proposed.

The principles underlying the construction of primary standard detectors and sources of ultraviolet radiation are considered. A double ionization chamber, proportional counter, and cryogenic radiometer with electrical displacement are used as the standard radiation detectors while synchrotron radiation the spectral characteristics of which are described on the basis of Schwinger's theory serves as the standard source. Results of international key comparisons that confirm the high accuracy of the methods and instruments that have been developed at the All-Russia Research Institute of Optophysical Measurements (VNIIOFI) are presented.

The standards base of the All-Russia Research Institute of Optophysical Measurements (VNIIOFI), the status and calibration capabilities of national primary standards, and further prospects for their development in various areas are discussed.