The level and form of nitrogen supply are key factors affecting the yield and quality of traditional Chinese medicinal plants. However, it remains unclear how soil nitrogen supply levels and forms are modulated by microbial functional groups through the application of different types of basal fertilizers in medicinal plant cultivation. This study compared the impacts of soluble fertilizer, slow-release fertilizer and chicken manure, both individually and in combination, on fungal composition and NH4+/NO3- ratio in soils cultivated for Chinese medicinal plants Fritillaria thunbergii. There are substantial differences in fungal community composition between organic and inorganic fertilization. Organic fertilization enhanced the abundance of Pezizales by 10 folds and decreased the abundance of Hypocreales by 51 % compared with the control. All fertilization (inorganic and organic) decreased the proportion of pathotrophic fungi by 70 %, while organic fertilizers increased the proportion of saprotrophs (orders Sordariales and Pezizales). Fertilization increased the activity of leucine amino- peptidase by 87 %, while organic fertilization counteracted a reduction in urease activity compared with inorganic fertilizer treatments. Both inorganic and organic fertilization decreased soil NH4+/NO3- ratio by 64 % and increased the bulb yield by 6.8 times, and the lower soil NH4+/NO3- ratio is favorable for the yield of bulbs. The study indicates that the use of organic fertilizers has a good perspective to maintain soil health and high bulb yield via promoting the proportion of saprotrophic fungi.

为丰富黄精属(Polygonatum Mill.)植物的基因组大小数据,基于流式细胞术对源自不同产地的收录于药典的4种黄精属植物:滇黄精(P.kingianum)、黄精(P.sibiricum)、多花黄精(P.cyrtonema)和玉竹(P.odoratum)进行倍性检测和基因组大小估测.结果表明,毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)可作为分析黄精属植物基因组大小估测的合适内标;对于二倍体的4种黄精属植物,玉竹与滇黄精的基因组大小较为接近,玉竹为13829～14083 Mb,滇黄精为13780 Mb;黄精的基因组略小,为12792～13516 Mb;多花黄精的基因组最小,为9311 Mb.三倍体多花黄精的基因组大小为11032～11267 Mb,是二倍体植株的1.2倍.四倍体滇黄精的基因组大小为12088～12411 Mb,是二倍体植株的89％.本研究增补了黄精属植物的基因组大小数据,研究结果为黄精属植物后续的基因组学、物种分类以及种群进化研究提供基础参考数据.

Lignocellulose, as the key structural component of plant biomass, is a recalcitrant structure, difficult to degrade. The traditional management of plant waste, including landfill and incineration, usually causes serious environmental pollution and health problems. Interestingly, the xylophagous beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus, can decompose lignocellulosic biomass. However, the genomics around the digestion mechanism of this beetle remain to be elucidated. Here, we assembled the genome of T. dichotomus, showing that the draft genome size of T. dichotomus is 636.27 Mb, with 95.37% scaffolds anchored onto 10 chromosomes. Phylogenetic results indicated that a divergent evolution between the ancestors of T. dichotomus and the closely related scarabaeid species Onthophagus taurus occurred in the early Cretaceous (120 million years ago). Through gene family evolution analysis, we found 67 rapidly evolving gene families, within which there were 2 digestive gene families (encoding Trypsin and Enoyl-(Acyl carrier protein) reductase) that have experienced significant expansion, indicating that they may contribute to the high degradation efficiency of lignocellulose in T. dichotomus. Additionally, events of chromosome breakage and rearrangement were observed by synteny analysis during the evolution of T. dichotomus due to chromosomes 6 and 8 of T. dichotomus being intersected with chromosomes 2 and 10 of Tribolium castaneum, respectively. Furthermore, the comparative transcriptome analyses of larval guts showed that the digestion-related genes were more commonly expressed in the midgut or mushroom residue group than the hindgut or sawdust group. This study reports the well-assembled and annotated genome of T. dichotomus, providing genomic and transcriptomic bases for further understanding the functional and evolutionary mechanisms of lignocellulose digestion in T. dichotomus.

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) tends to invade any surrounding forest areas due to its aggressive characteristics (fast growth and clonal reproduction), where it changes the species composition and canopy structure of the forests, and has negative effects on forest diversity and ecosystem functions. Unmanned aerial system (UAS)-based remote sensing has the capacity to provide high-resolution, continuous spatial data that can be used to detect forest invasion dynamics. In this study, UAS-based RGB and multispectral image data and digital aerial photogrammetric point cloud (PPC) were acquired and used to detect areas of bamboo invasion in a subtropical forest of Southern China. First, a point cloud segmentation (PCS) method was applied for individual tree detection (ITD) using photogrammetric point clouds (PPCs). A random forest (RF) classifier was used to perform tree species classification based on PPC metrics, vegetation indices, and texture metrics. Finally, based on the results of the ITD and tree species classification, alpha-diversity (i.e., the species richness (S), Shannon-Wiener (H’), Simpson (D), and Pielou’s evenness index(J)) and the spatial variation in species composition along the altitude gradient (beta-diversity) in the invaded forests were assessed. Results demonstrated that PCS worked well for tree detection in invaded forests (F1-score = 80.63%), and the overall accuracy of tree species classification was 75.69%, with a kappa accuracy of 73.76%. The forest diversity analysis showed that all alpha-diversity values were generally predicted well (R2 = 0.84–0.91, RMSE = 0.05–0.84). The diversity showed a decreasing tendency with increasing bamboo invasion, and the predominantly broad-leaved invaded forests had higher diversity than the predominantly coniferous invaded forests. The human intervention had a significant impact on bamboo invasion. The ANOVA of the dispersion of the dissimilarities along the elevation gradient showed significant differences in abundance-weighted similarity among the altitude classes (ANOVA of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, F4,40 = 6.453, P = 0.0004***; ANOVA of the Jaccard dissimilarity, F4,40 = 5.20, P = 0.0017**). This study indicated the potential benefits of using UAS- based remote sensing data to identify tree species and predict forest diversity in bamboo-invaded forests. Our results suggested that tree species diversity can be directly estimated using individual tree detection results based on PPC data instead of modelling the relationship between field-measured indices and remote sensing data-derived metrics, and revealed the influence of human intervention on bamboo invasion.

目的:比较光学相干生物测量仪(IOL Master)和A型超声测量(A-scan)在白内障合并黄斑病变眼轴测量和人工晶体测算的准确性及术后屈光状态的评价.方法:选取白内障合并黄斑病变需行超声乳化吸出并人工晶体植入术患者38例(46只眼),分别于术前和术后3个月检查术眼的视力并比较;术前采用光学相干断层扫描(OCT)检查术眼视网膜中央厚度(CRT);术前分别用IOL Master和A-scan测量术眼的眼轴长度(AL),根据AL选择人工晶体计算公式SRK-T或Haigis公式确定植入人工晶体(IOL)的度数、目标屈光度及预留的屈光度数并比较;采用Bland-Altman法分析2种测量方法的一致性,采用Pearson相关分析2种方法AL差值与CRT的相关性;比较2种测量方法预留屈光度数、术后3个月验光的绝对屈光误差(AE)及屈光漂移类型的差异.结果:患者术眼术后3个月裸眼视力较术前提高(P<0.05);Bland-Altman分析结果显示,2种测量方法AL差值的95％医学参考范围为-0.77～0.89 mm,其中最大差值的绝对值为0.45 mm;2种测量方法AL的差异无统计学意义(Z=-1.778,P=0.075),且AL的差值与CRT无相关性(r=0.087,P=0.564);IOL Master方法术后3个月AE值较A-scan更接近于0 D(P<0.001);2种测量方法术后3个月屈光漂移均以近视漂移为主,且近视漂移检出和AE介于0.00～1.00 D的比例均表现为测量方法IOL Master>A-scan(P<0.01).结论:IOL Mas-ter和A-scan在测量白内障合并黄斑病变患者的AL上一致性好,与CRT无相关性;术后2种测量方法的屈光漂移均表现为近视漂移为主,且IOL Master准确性优于A-scan.

‘磐安长榧’是从磐安县香榧古树中选育出的新品种,母树为嫁接古树,通过无性繁殖培育子代.该品种种实、种核、种仁均为细特长形,与当前主栽品种‘细榧’明显不同;种实平均单个鲜质量6.8g,纵径3.62 cm,横径1.73 cm,种形指数2.10,假种皮厚0.33 cm,鲜出核率37.13％,干出核率70.24％;种核平均单个鲜质量2.5 g,纵径3.45 cm,横径1.18 cm,核形指数2.95,壳厚0.08 cm,干核出仁率69.08％;种仁平均单个干质量1.1g,含油率50.4％,可溶性糖含量(w,后同)2.87％,蛋白质含量14.0％,品质上,商品性能优.在浙江磐安开花期4月中旬,成熟期第二年9月上旬,树势强,结果早,丰产,稳产,经济寿命长.幼苗和幼树喜阴湿,怕高温干旱和强日照,开始结实后又需要有充足的阳光,对环境条件的适应性较好.经子代测定,其种实性状、种仁风味与亲本表现一致,是一个稳定变异.‘磐安长榧’适宜在浙江省香榧产区栽培,其栽培技术要求与‘细榧’相同.

‘玉山鱼榧’是从磐安县野生榧树古树中选育出的新品种,母树为实生起源古树,通过无性繁殖培育子代.该品种种实、种核比当前香榧主栽品种‘细榧’大,种核表面有2～6只榧眼,成熟期较迟.种实长倒卵状椭圆形,假种皮维管束直或扭曲,平均单个鲜质量10.8 g,纵径3.74 cm,横径2.28 cm,种形指数1.65,假种皮厚0.35 cm,鲜出核率36.39％,干出核率67.15％;种核平均单个鲜质量3.9 g,纵径3.37 cm,横径1.49 cm,核形指数2.28,壳厚0.08 cm,干核出仁率66.55％;种仁平均单个干质量1.6g,脂肪含量48.6％,总糖含量0.83％,蛋白质含量18.02％,品质佳,商品性能优良.在浙江磐安开花期4月中旬,成熟期第二年9月中旬,种实发育期17个月,树势强,结果早,丰产,稳产,经济寿命长.幼苗和幼树喜阴湿,怕高温干旱和强日照,开始结实后又需要有充足的阳光,根系耐湿性差,怕积水.采用SSR分子标记对‘玉山鱼榧’的遗传鉴定表明,‘玉山鱼榧’与‘细榧’在DNA水平上存在明显的差别.‘玉山鱼榧’适宜在浙江省香榧产区栽培,其栽培技术要求与‘细榧’相同.

2016年7-9月,以浙江省磐安县香榧Torreya grandis'Merrillii'和榧树T.grandis中的磐安长榧(种实、种核为细长型的类型)自然类型为研究对象,采用抽样调查法对其种实发育在充实期-成熟期的生长特性、不同无性系种实性状的差异及变异、优株与子代种实性状遗传变异特征等进行研究.结果表明,成熟时单个种实、种核、种仁质量均值均达到最大水平,且单个间的变异系数为最小;长香榧、特长榧、弯长榧三个无性系种实的鲜单实质量、鲜单核质量、种实纵径、种实横径、种形指数、种核纵径、种核横径、核形指数、干单实质量、干单核质量、干单仁质量、干出核率与'细榧'之间均存在显著差异(P<0.05),且三者彼此间种实性状的差异也较大.嫁接繁殖子一代种实性状与母株相比差异较小,表明性状稳定遗传.

本文从合理布局生产设施、选用优质材料、选育高抗品种、规范生产操作规程、综合防治等方面介绍了工厂化香菇有害生物的绿色防控技术.

为采用水生昆虫作为指示生物,于2016年6-7月和9-10月进行昆虫多样性采集,并应用物种丰富度指数(dM)、EPT物种丰度指数、Beck指数(BI)、科级水平生物指数(FBI)、底栖动物敏感性记分器SIGNAL指数对磐安大盘山花溪水源保护区水体环境质量进行评价,结果表明,其dM为23.32,水质等级为最高等级,清洁;EPT物种丰度指数为32,水质等级为第二等级,清洁;BI为101,水质等级为最高等级,非常清洁;FBI为2.8,水质等级为最高等级,优;SIGNAL指数等于6.43,水质等级为最高等级,健康.5种表征不同水体质量的指标均显示,花溪水质健康清洁,表明磐安大盘山作为浙江省重点生态功能区和水源保护区,水质未受到污染.本文所选评价方法操作简单,并具有实时性,可长期对花溪水质进行动态监测.

在全面踏查的基础上,于2016年7月对浙江高姥山金缕梅Hamamelis mollis群落结构特征以及金缕梅种群结构进行调查研究.研究表明,群落中以金缕梅和四照花Dendrobenthamia japonica var.chinensis为主要优势种,其重要值分别为20.126％和17.737％,两者的重要值比例为37.863％;乔木层的物种丰富度指数最高,灌木层的物种均匀度指数最高,而乔木层、灌木层和草本层的优势度指数均较高且极为接近,说明该群落为相对不成熟群落;群落的乔木层高度主要集中在5～6 m.群落中金缕梅的高度虽然并不占优势,但通过根出条萌枝扩大冠幅,从而争夺群落资源;由于萌枝作为其主要更新方式,金缕梅种群整体呈聚集分布.金缕梅种群的大小结构以III级小树和IV级中树为主,由此认为该种群目前尚处于稳定阶段.

In order to reveal the development dynamics of Hamamelis mollis population in Gaomushan and Dapanshan Nature Reserves, Pan'an County, Zhejiang, the intra-specific and inter-specific competitions of H. mollis were studied by using the methods of niche and Hegyi's competition model for individual tree.The results showed that the niche breadth of H.mollis was the greatest in the community,and Cornus kousa sp.chinensis was followed.The niche overlaps between H.mollis and accompanying species were in the order of Cornus kousa sp. chinensis>Stewartia sinensis var.acutisepala>Rhododendron fortunei>Pterostyrax corymbosus>Styrax odora-tissimus>Carpinus tientaiensis>Meliosma oldhamii>Camellia cuspidata>Carpinus cordata var. chinensis>Lindera erythrocarpa>Platycarya strobilacea.Acoording to Hegyi's competition index model for individual tree, the competition intensity of intra-species was larger than that of inter-species, and reached the maximum at diameter at breast height (DBH) of 15-20 cm. It was predicted by power function that the intra-specific and inter-specific competition intensity of H.mollis would tend to be stable at DBH more than 22.5 cm.Therefore, shrub species should be chosen as main accompanying species in the management of H.mollis plantations,and small arbor with strong sprouting ability should be avoided.

2016年9月在浙江省磐安县采集榧树Torreya grandis的长香榧、丁香榧等11个自然类型及香榧Torreya grandis'Merrillii'种实,对其形态学特征进行比较研究.结果表明,不同类型及香榧间鲜单实质量等16个种实性状指标方差分析均存在极显著的差异(α=0.01).各种实性状中,变异最大的性状是单个种实(种核、种仁)质量,其次是核形指数、种形指数、假种皮厚,变异最小的是出核率、出仁率、种核横径、种实横径.物种变异丰富度最大的是褐核香榧,其次是小丁香,最小的是丁香榧、甜丁香、大丁香.

城市园林植物规划、病虫害防控、植物检疫、病虫害信息报送等是紧密联系的,要做好防治工作就应把方方面面的事情联系起来,因此每个环节都不能放松.

The following two new species from Shiwandashan of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China are described, Neoperla bicolor Yang, Zhang & Li, sp. nov. and N. muranyii Yang, Zhang & Li, sp. nov. The new species are compared with related congeners of their respective species subgroups.

Five new species of the ant-like stone beetle genus Horaeomorphus Schaufuss (Scydmaeninae: Glandulariini) from China are described: H. hainanicus sp. n., H. biwenxuani sp. n., H. pengzhongi sp. n., H. hujiayaoi sp. n. and H. punctatus sp. n. The previously unknown male of H. chinensis Franz, 1985 is now discovered, and its aedeagus and metatrochanter are illustrated. The latter species is newly recorded from Zhejiang. Three females from Guangxi are also recorded, but their identity remains unconfirmed until associated males become available. A key to Horaeomorphus of mainland China is included.

眼下正值贝母销售旺季，磐安县新渥镇浙八味特产市场内，客似云来，呈现出一派购销两旺的景象。磐安的贝母绿色、生态，品相好且全程规范化加工，给前来采购的外地客商吃了“定心丸”，2016年的贝母销售均价达到了85元/公斤。浙贝母是磐安县当家品种，全县种植面积1.3万多亩，年产量2600多吨，全国80%以上的浙贝母商品通过磐安销售，是全国名副其实的浙贝母集散中心。

Investigations were conducted on insects in Dapanshan National Nature Reserve of Zhejiang from 2005 to 2010. The result demonstrated that there were 889 species, belonging to 22 orders and 179 families, of which 589 species (66.25%) were oriental region, 45 species (5.06%) Palaearctic region and 255 species (28.68%) wide spread species. Analysis on collected specimen indicated that insect fauna in Dapanshan Nature Reserve had characteristics such as special geographical position, dominated by the species of oriental region, evidentdominant species, not obvious vertical distribution and had difference of species composition with neighboring nature reserves.