The article presents the results of methodological and theoretical-empirical research carried out by the staff of the laboratory of developmental of subject and the laboratory of psychology of post-traumatic stress over the past decades. In 2016, both laboratories became part of one unit: the laboratory of the psychology of development of subject under normal and post-traumatic states. The results of studies are presented, showing the patterns of human development under conditions of normal functioning and under the influence of high-intensity stressors. The article discusses the data of various theoretical and empirical studies, which describe and analyze the factors that contribute to and hinder the mental development of subject in health and under conditions of the influence of traumatic life events, their psychological consequences.

Biography of B.G. Anan'ev - prominent Russian scientist, main periods in formation of his-scientific views are presented in the article. Landmarks of his activity as a scientist and science organizer are presented; contribution to development of a number of branches of psychological science is analyzed, Anan'ev's conception of integral study of a person as an individual, personality, subject of activity, individuality is described. His organizational efforts are appraised. Scientist's contribution to methodology and organization of complex interdisciplinary study of a man is analyzed. Present-day approaches to interdisciplinary researches as a prospective approach in study of man and society are presented in the article, continuity of modern interdisciplinary researches and methodology of complex researches that was elaborated by B.G. Anan'ev are shown.

The article is devoted to the problem of differentiation of the various traumatic events influence on the person intensity of posttraumatic stress (PTS) in different periods of adulthood. Empirically confirmed the hypothesis that during periods of middle to late adulthood posttraumatic stress occurs on various types of traumatic events. It is shown that at an older age the level of mental trauma significantly higher if individuals have experienced: the loss of close persons, life-threatening disease, serious problems of their own children, and when they witnessed the death of another person. It was determined that during middle adulthood the most traumatic event is the emotional abuse and humiliation, and during the late adulthood the loss of close persons, above all, husband / wife or child (the adult). It was found that high levels of trauma as one of the psychological consequences of the stressors of high intensity per person is most likely diagnosed in people who survived the life-threatening events, and in average age accidental, but in the elderly focused.

The representations about psychological safety in people with different levels of traumatic experiences, who are in a difficult situation, are analyzed. It is shown that psychological safety as a marker of difficulties in actual situation, traumatic experience as characteristic of individual history of man are modulators of the human seek for social support. It was revealed, that at high index of traumatization the sphere of people, from whom social support is expected, becomes narrower. The study analyzed the life situations that may lead to the development of posttraumatic stress.

The article deals with one of the variants of case study method – the method of triads for study of psychological consequences of the high intensity stressors influence on person. By comparing the three ca- ses – these patients with brain tumor diagnose, the specificity of the method is determined. It is shown that with method of cases comparison it is possible to distinguish the individual reactions to stress, determine the direction of the analysis of sample data, identify the trends of development of pathogenic mechanisms. Using the method of triads make it possible to identify the developmental mechanisms of such processes, with minimum loss of informative studies.

The article is devoted to the empirical study of specificity and posttraumatic psy-chopathology in patients were operated for meningiomas. Subjects: 16 patients with meningiomas (women aged from 27 to 67 years, the average age is 52). The survey was conducted 6 months after surgical treatment in Burdenko Research Institute of Neurosurgery. Methods: Impact of Event Scale — IES-R; Symptom Check List-90-Revised, SCL-90-R. Results: Some patients who were undergone surgery for benign brain tumor (i.e. meningioma) have signs of post-traumatic stress; their availability indicates on partial PTSD. This conclusion is supported by the similar¬ity between the surveyed group of psychopathological symptoms and patients with breast cancer and partial PTSD, and by the difference between the surveyed group and patients breast cancer and high and low levels of post-traumatic stress. The empirical research has been continuing.

From 1994 to 1996, then from 1999 to 2009, the population of the Chechen Republic (CR) was forced to live in a war zone. The results of the various studies by experts point to a high prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among the population living in the area of combat operations. However, the problem of coping with stressful situations and the development of protective behavior among representatives of this part of the population of Russia, until recently, little has been studied. In this paper we verified the assumption that the severity of PTSD symptoms is determined by the type of protective coping. Results of the study by representatives of the Chechen Republic (N = 263) revealed, on the one hand, the most preferred coping styles in heavy and chronic stress, on the other, the relationship of these styles to the level of post-traumatic pathology.

Представлены результаты исследования, направленного на определение различий в представлениях молодых людей с разным травматическим опытом о психологической безопасности и особенностей принятия ими социальной поддержки в трудных жизненных обстоятельствах. Показано, что психологическая безопасность как маркер трудности актуальной ситуации и травматический опыт как характеристика индивидуальной истории человека являются модуляторами поиска социальной поддержки. Обнаружено, что при высоком индексе травматизации круг значимых людей, от которых ожидается помощь, существенно сужается. Проанализированы жизненные ситуации, способные привести к развитию посттравматического стресса.

From 1994 to 1996, then from 1999 to 2009, the population of the Chechen Republic (CR) was forced to live in a war zone. The results of the various studies by experts point to a high prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among the population living in the area of combat operations. However, the problem of coping with stressful situations and the development of protective behavior among representatives of this part of the population of Russia, until recently, little has been studied. In this paper we verified the assumption that the severity of PTSD symptoms is determined by the type of protective coping. Results of the study by representatives of the Chechen Republic (N = 263) revealed, on the one hand, the most preferred coping styles in heavy and chronic stress, on the other, the relationship of these styles to the level of post-traumatic pathology.

В статье представлен аналитический обзор зарубежных работ, посвященных исследованиям феномена межпоколенческой (трансгенерационной) пере# дачи психического травматизма. Обсуждается актуальность, социальная ре# левантность и междисциплинарность исследований феномена в современ# ной психологии и психиатрии. Статья структурирована в соответствии с ос# новными аспектами изучения межпоколенческой передачи психической травмы, выделенными в процессе анализа литературы. Ключевые слова: психическая травма, межпоколенческая (трансгенерацион# ная) передача психического травматизма, личность, детские травмы, психо# логические последствия психической травматизации.

The paper presents an analytical review of international studies on the phenomenon of intergenerational (transgenerational) transmission of mental traumatization. The actuality, social relevance and the interdisciplinary study of the phenomenon in modern psychology and psychiatry are discussed. The article is structured in accordance with the basic aspects of the study of intergenerational transmission of trauma, dedicated to the analysis of literature.

The main results of theoretical and empirical researches of laboratory of post-traumatic stress over the last five years are presented. The necessity and possibility of emphasizing the term "post-traumatic stress" as independent in system of psychological concepts are grounded. Effectiveness and perspective of an integrative approach for the development of a new field of psychology - psychology of post-traumatic stress - are shown. This new field as an integration of national clinical psychology's achievements and western psychology's approaches to research of psychological effects of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Patterns of local (connected with certain brain regions) indices of evoked potentials at presenting emotionally significant images in combatants (46 males, age 20-50, Me = 28 age) were studied. Local indices of affectivity determined as the degree of similarity in reaction in one or other regions with reactions arising at presenting high and low-emotionally stimuli were analyzed. It is determined that decreasing of indices in the left frontal region and their increasing in the right parietal region at presenting highly significant negative stimuli correlate with defense mechanism "repression". Decreasing of affectivity local indices values in the right parietal region and increasing of these indices in the left frontal region correlate significantly with defense mechanism "denial". It is shown that certain patterns of local indices of emotional response correspond to such signs of post-traumatic stress as avoidance, intrusion and hyper-excitement.

This article presents a review of literature concerning the impact of stress on immunity of cancer patients and the results of a research on associations between distress parameters and cell immunity in patients with breast cancer (BC) accomplished by researchers of the Laboratory for Post-Traumatic Stress of the Institute of Psychology RAS and physicians of the chair of oncology and radiation therapy of the Moscow State Medico-Stomatological University. In previous research, the authors have already shown that BC happens to be a traumatic stressor that can cause post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): the condition that fits the clinical picture of PTSD has been found in 24% of patients. These patients demonstrate obsessive thoughts about the disease, avoidance behavior concerning the situations that remind of it and increased physiological response as a reaction to any thought or image associated with the trauma. The patients with high levels of post-traumatic stress seem to show lower values of T-lymphocytes (CD4+). Besides, the CD4+ level seems to correlate with a number of distress parameters such as obsessive-compulsive symptoms, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety and psychotic features (a number of correlations concerns also the immune regulation index CD4/CD8). The issue of direct impact of stress on the origin and development of cancer needs further investigations but so far there is evidence that intense post-traumatic reactions, which are observed in some BC-patients, can aggravate the course of the oncological disorder and influence negatively the patients' immune status, thus enhancing the risk of relapse.