Antibiotic residues in foods pose potential risks to human health, including toxic effects and the antimicrobial resistance. Based on monitoring data from 2022 to 2025 in China, this study analyzed the prevalence and distribution of quinolones, tetracyclines, and amphenicols in animal-derived foods. Detection frequencies and mean residue levels were evaluated across four major categories: meat, aquatic products, eggs, and milk. Results revealed varying prevalence, with the highest detection frequency for quinolones in aquatic products (up to 80.59 % in marine fish), while tetracyclines were most dominant in chicken (38.52 %). Mean residue levels were generally low, ranging from non-detectable to 129 mu g/kg (enrofloxacin in freshwater shrimp). Human health risk was assessed using the estimated daily intake and compared to acceptable daily intakes. Hazard quotients for all antibiotics were below 1, which indicated no chronic toxicological risk, though chronic exposure and resistance concerns warrant continued monitoring. Temporal trends show increasing detection frequency in aquatic products, highlighting the need for stricter regulatory measures.

This study presents a comprehensive investigation of OPE residues, distribution patterns, and dietary exposure risks in crustaceans from southeast China. OPEs were detected in over 90% of samples, with mean total concentrations (ΣOPEs) of 5.80 μg/kg wet weight (ww) in freshwater shrimp, 6.52 μg/kg ww in marine prawn, and 1.25 μg/kg ww in marine crab. Tributyl phosphate (TiBP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) emerged as the dominant congeners, accounting for 68.1% of ΣOPEs, which indicates inputs from industrial emissions, plastic waste leaching, and aquaculture equipment. Spatial analysis revealed striking regional differences: coastal industrial cities (Zhoushan, Taizhou) exhibited ΣOPE levels up to 12-fold higher than inland mountainous areas (Quzhou, Lishui), while no significant temporal variations were observed. Human health risk evaluation, based on estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ), demonstrated negligible non-carcinogenic risks for the general population (HI < 1), though children and frequent seafood consumers have slightly elevated exposure. These findings indicate the value of crustaceans as bioindicators for OPE contamination and require long-term monitoring of emerging OPEs and their synergistic effects with co-occurring pollutants.

This study investigated the distribution of 15 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in common seafood samples (marine fishes and bivalves) collected from four coastal cities (Ningbo, Wenzhou, Taizhou, and Zhoushan) in southeast China, and assessed the associated human exposure risks. The results showed that 9 OPEs were detected, with total concentrations (Sigma OPEs) ranging from 4.04 to 257.08 mu g/kg wet weight (ww), with mean value of 51.79 mu g/kg ww. Chlorinated OPEs (TCEP, TCiPP, TDCiPP) and alkyl-OPEs (TMP, TEP, TEHP) were the dominant components, with TCEP showing a 100% detection rate. Sigma OPE mean concentrations varied among species, with razor clams (88.1 mu g/kg ww) and turbot (66.53 mu g/kg ww) exhibiting higher levels. Chlorinated OPEs (TCEP, TCiPP, and TDCiPP) levels in bivalve samples were significantly higher than those in fish samples (p < 0.05). Spatially, Wenzhou had the highest average Sigma OPEs (135.03 mu g/kg ww). TBOEP and TDCIPP showed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.66, p < 0.01). Correlation and clustering analyses indicated shared sources and species-specific bioaccumulation patterns. Risk assessment revealed that the hazard index (HI) for most OPEs was below 1, which indicated low potential health risks.

Bivalve mollusks are widely consumed seafood with a high risk of accumulating environmental contaminants due to their filter-feeding behavior. This study conducted a comprehensive assessment of toxic elements (i.e., Cd, Pb, Hg, As, and iAs) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in bivalve samples collected from Zhejiang coasts, southeast China. The detection frequencies of analyzed contaminants were all 100 %, except for iAs (40 %) and PFASs (85 %). The dominant PCBs and PFASs were PCB153 and PCB138, and PFOA and PFOS, respectively. Species-specific differences were evident with oysters (0.08 μg/kg) exhibiting higher PCBs levels and clams (2.80 μg/kg) and razor clams (2.56 μg/kg) accumulating more PFASs. Cd concentrations negatively correlated with total PFASs concentration. Spatial variation indicated pollution hotspots, particularly for PFASs in Ningbo, PCB in Taizhou, and toxic elements in Zhoushan and Wenzhou. Health risk assessment revealed that average exposures to local consumers were within safe limits, but high exposure to Cd (0.954 μg/kg bw/day), iAs (0.206 μg/kg bw/day) and ∑PFAS (2.16 ng/kg bw/day) approached or exceeded acceptable intake limits, particularly among frequent shellfish consumers. These findings emphasize the continuity of implementing targeted monitoring strategies and consumption advisories.

This study investigates the neural electrophysiological and functional effects of cervical spinal ganglia and sympathetic ganglia in cervical vertigo. Twenty-eight rabbits were randomized into superior cervical sympathetic ganglia (SCSG) group (n = 8), inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia (ICSG) group (n = 8) and control groups for both SCSG and ICSG (n = 6 each). Calcium indicator CaMPARI2 was injected into the ganglia. Four weeks later, both SCSG and ICSG groups underwent electrical stimulation followed by UV irradiation. Control groups did not receive electrical stimulation but were also injected with the calcium indicator and irradiated by UV. Additionally, 63 rabbits were randomized into three groups: cervical spinal ganglia stimulation (n = 21), paravertebral nerve blockage (n = 21), and simultaneous blockage of paravertebral nerve and cervical spinal ganglia (n = 21), all subjected to the same electrical stimulation protocol. Results indicated that calcium concentration in the cervical sympathetic ganglia after stimulation was significantly higher compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Blood flow changes in both vertebral artery and basilar artery were significant after electrical stimulation (P < 0.05). In the paravertebral nerve blockage group, significant changes in basilar artery blood flow were observed (P < 0.05), while no significant blood flow changes were noted in the simultaneous blockage group. Cervical spinal ganglia and sympathetic ganglia in the pathogenesis of cervical vertigoThese findings underscore the importance of neural electrophysiological and functional effects of cervical spinal ganglia and sympathetic ganglia in the pathogenesis of cervical vertigo.

Concern on heavy metal pollution in canned aquatic products has been increasing. We analyzed 11 elements in 365 canned aquatic products collected from Zhejiang Province, southeast China and performed a risk assessment using target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI). The mean concentrations of Hg, As, Pb, and Cd (main toxic elements) were 0.023, 0.742, 0.081, and 0.070 mg/kg wet weight, respectively. Strong positive correlation with their concentrations in canned aquatic products were found in Mn-Ni (r = 0.68), Cu-Ni (r = 0.60), and AlMn (r = 0.60). Elemental detection frequencies and levels varied depending on the type of species and sampling months. Exposure risk assessment showed that the THQs of different groups (children, adolescents, and adults) were all less than 1, indicating lower health risks. The THQ value of Cd accounted for over 50% of the all THQs. At high exposure level (P95), HI was equal to or greater than 1, which showed a possible health risk.

This study investigated the distribution of elemental release from food contact materials to the food simulant and estimated the potential health risk. Food simulant comprising 4 % acetic acid was used for release testing in ceramic, steel, plastic and bamboo fiber containers. The concentrations of 23 elements were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The target hazard quotient (THQ), calculated by comparing dietary elemental exposures to their reference doses, was employed to estimate the health risk. The findings revealed that except for Cd, Hg, As, Tl, Sb, Sn, and Ag, other elements, such as Ba, V, Cr, Co, Li, Al, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Be, Pb, Ti, Fe, Cu, and Zn, were detectable with detection frequencies varying from 1.6 % to 100 %. Notably, strong positive correlations were observed between Fe and Ni in ceramics, Fe and Cr in stainless steel, and Fe and Al in plastic and bamboo fiber containers, considering their release concentrations. All THQs for elements at the median level were below 1, suggesting no obvious health risk. However, the THQs of Li at the high level for ceramic were higher than 1. More attentions may be paid for the release of Li in ceramic containers.

OBJECTIVE:An analytical method was developed for tetrodotoxin(TTX) in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) with internal standard calibration.METHODS:TTX in the sample was extracted with the mixture of acetic acid/methanol/acetonitrile(0.005 mL/0.8 mL/1.8 mL), cleaned by solid phase extraction(SPE) with cation exchange cartridge, eluted with 50% acetonitrile/water containing 0.3% hydrochloric acid, and neutralized with ammonia. The extract was separated by a Waters XBridge~(TM) BEH Amide column(150 mm×3.0mm, 1.7 μm) and measured by MS/MS. By optimizing sample extraction and SPE cleanup conditions, the problems of low recovery and strong suppression effects of MS signal for TTX in urine were resolved when cleaned with cation exchange cartridge.RESULTS:Quantitatively calibrated by the internal standard of Kasugamycin, good linear relationship was found for TTX in urine at the range of 0.2-200 μg/L with the correlation coefficient(r~2) of 0.997. The limits of detection and quantitation for TTX in sample matrix were 0.1 and 0.2μg/L, respectively. The average recoveries at three spiking levels(0.2, 10.0 and 200 μg/L) were 89.3%-95.3% with relative standard deviation(n=6) less than 5.1%. The concentrations of TTX in urine from 11 poisoning patients were 0.4-138 μg/L. The detection rate was 100% in urine collected within 3 days after poisoning.CONCLUSION:The established method was simple, accurate and sensitive. It can provide reliable technical support for the rapid treatment of TTX poisoning events and the study of toxin metabolism in vivo.

This study investigated the occurrence of coccidiostat residues in chicken meat and conducts a probabilistic health risk assessment. A total of 277 samples were collected from various regions in southeast China, and 3 coccidiostat residues and 1 metabolite were analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS. The spiking recoveries of instrumental analysis were ranged from 90.2% to 98.3%. The distribution showed detection frequencies for diclazuril (11.19%) and nicarbazin (9.45%), with average concentrations of 1.78 μg/kg and 1.12 μg/kg, respectively. Maximum values were 71.8 μg/kg for diclazuril, 221 μg/kg for nicarbazin, 144 μg/kg for toltrazuril, and 84.3 μg/kg for toltrazuril sulfone. No significant differences in residue concentrations were observed across different sampling years and months; however, certain months showed higher average levels, potentially linked to environmental factors influencing Eimeria parasite life cycles. The study also revealed higher concentrations of nicarbazin in samples from farmer's markets than stores. Risk assessment based on dietary exposure indicated that estimated daily intakes of coccidiostats were significantly lower than the acceptable daily intake, which indicated no public health risk. However, the potential long-term ecological and agricultural impacts of coccidiostat residues necessitate ongoing surveillance and responsible use in poultry farming.

This study investigated the distribution of 24 elements in rice samples cultivated in Zhejiang, southeast China and estimated the health risks to local consumers using Monte Carlo simulation. The mean concentrations of the primary toxic elements As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Mo, Pb, and Sb were 0.094, 0.076, 0.046, 0.003, 0.218, 0.671, 0.018, and 0.002 mg kg(-1), respectively. Correlation analyses revealed strong positive correlations between Ca-V, Ca-Fe, Se-Cd, Se-Hg, and Sr-Mo. Target hazard quotients (THQs) were adopted for non-carcinogenic risk assessment, and the THQs at the 50th percentile were all less than one, indicating that consumers experienced no deleterious effects from the consumption of rice containing these elements. The descending order for all age groups was THQ-Cd > THQ-As > THQ-Mo > THQ-Mn > THQ-Zn > THQ-Hg > THQ-Ni > THQ-Sb. When evaluating the THQ for multiple elements, the certainties of a hazard index greater than one for children, teens and adults were 74.0%, 81.1%, and 78.0%, respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the Cd concentration and ingestion rate were the two principal factors contributing to the total risk. In addition, potential carcinogenic risk was indicated. These results suggest that the need for increased monitoring of toxic elements in rice.

We investigated 14 antibiotic residues in 8 marketed freshwater fish species from southeast China and estimated the associated health risks to local consumers. The antibiotic residues were determined by UPLC-MS/MS. Our findings revealed widespread distribution of quinolones (QNs), tetracyclines (TCs), and chloramphenicols (CAPs) in the freshwater fish. Notably, the average concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin reached levels as high as 62.5 μg/kg wet weight (ww) and 11.7 μg/kg ww, respectively, and detection frequencies were 68.7% for enrofloxacin and 31.6% for ciprofloxacin. Additionally, we detected chloramphenicol, a prohibited antibiotic, in samples with a detection frequency of 0.76%. Among the fish species, the mean concentration of total antibiotic residues was highest in bluntnose black bream (263.3 μg/kg), followed by English perch (52.4 μg/kg), crucian carp (46.3 μg/kg), black carp (28.6 μg/kg), yellowcheek carp (21.0 μg/kg), grass carp (15.3 μg/kg), bighead carp (3.78 μg/kg), and mandarin fish (3.69 μg/kg). We estimated the daily intake values of these antibiotic residues which were lower than the acceptable daily intake values and hazard indexes were much less than 1. It indicates that there is very low direct health risk to consumers. Despite that, investigation on the chronic impact, such as antibiotic-resistant bacteria, gut microbiota disruption, and allergic reactions, is urgently needed.

We investigated fourteen antibiotics, three illegal drugs, and two toxic elements in commercially available gastropods from southeast China. The data revealed high detection frequencies (DFs) for florfenicol (61.32%), florfenicol amine (47.33%), and thiamphenicol (39.88%), with maximum concentrations of 1110, 2222, and 136 μg/kg wet weight (ww), respectively. The DFs of illegal drugs were 3.54% for leucomalachite green and 0.3% for chloramphenicol. The average levels of Cd and As were 1.17 and 6.12 mg/kg ww, respectively. All chemicals presented diverse DFs in different sampling months. The highest DFs of florfenicol, florfenicol amine, and thiamphenicol were in July. The health risk assessment showed that targeted hazard quotients (THQs) of antibiotics, Cd, and As for children, teens, and adults were all less than one. Notably, the toxic elements (Cd and As) were identified as the primary health risk in gastropods, contributing to over 90% of the total THQs.

This study described the presence of twenty antimicrobial substances in farmed shrimp from southeast China and performed a probabilistic health risk assessment. Quinolones (QNs), tetracyclines (TCs), nitrofuran metabolites (NMs), chloramphenicols (CAPs), malachite green (MG), and leucomalachite green (LMG) were targeted for analysis in different shrimp species. The detection frequencies were 49.07 % for QNs, 33.39 % for NMs, 3.59 % for TCs, and 1.49 % for CAPs. It revealed high detectable levels of enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and semicarbazide in shrimp samples. Detection frequencies varied among different shrimp species. Seasonal variations in residue concentrations were observed with higher levels detected in the summer months. The health risk assessment, conducted using Monte Carlo simulation, indicated that the estimated daily intake (EDI) of these substances was below the acceptable daily intake (ADI). It suggests there are minimal health risks to local consumers. However, the surveillance of antimicrobial substance residues in shrimp should be continuously conducted considering other potential hazards, such as antibiotic resistance and allergic reactions.

Objective Investigating the anatomical connections between cervical sympathetic ganglia and spinal ganglia in rabbits and assessing the role of Neuropeptide Y in the pathogenesis of cervical vertigo. Method Part 1: 32 adult healthy male New Zealand white rabbits (whose skin is very sensitive, so rabbits are generally used for stimulation experiments) were randomly divided into the upper cervical sympathetic ganglia (SCSG) stimulation group and the lower cervical sympathetic ganglia (ICSG) stimulation group, with 16 rabbits in each group. The two groups were divided into an experimental group and a control group, with 8 rabbits in each group. The cervical ganglia of each group of white rabbits were injected with 4% FluoroGold solution and observed under a section microscope. Part 2: Sixty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into a blank control (n = 12), SCSG stimulation group (n = 12), SCSG sham surgery control (n = 12), ICSG stimulation group (n = 12), and ICSG sham surgery control group (n = 12). The SCSG group and ICSG group were subjected to electrical stimulation (i.e. 30.0Hz, 10.0V, 5-minute pulse width of 0.5 ms square wave pulse), and specimens were made. The expression of NPY was detected using immunohistochemical methods. Result Neuropeptide Y was weakly expressed in all cervical ganglia (C1-C8). Compared with the sham surgery group, the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion stimulation group showed an increase in Neuropeptide Y positive cells in C2, C3, C4, and C5, with C2 and C3 showing the most significant increase. The number of C6, C7, and C8 Neuropeptide Y positive cells in the 3 C、3D and 4B, lower cervical sympathetic ganglion stimulated groups was higher than in the sham sham-operated group, and C6 and C7 significantly increased. Neuropeptide Y is like immunoreactive neurons in the cervical spinal ganglia, and the immunoreactive products are small brown particles distributed in the cytoplasm after electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic ganglia. The Neuropeptide Y content in the corresponding segment of the cervical spinal ganglia is significantly increased compared to the control group (P < .05). Conclusion In New Zealand white rabbits, nerve fibers are interconnected between the cervical sympathetic ganglion and the cervical spinal ganglion, and this neural fiber connection has a certain segmental nature, providing experimental basis for the existence of the cervical spinal cord external nerve reflex arc and elucidating the pathogenesis of cervical vertigo in terms of neural anatomy. By using neuroelectrophysiological methods, it has been confirmed that electrical stimulation in the cervical spinal ganglia can reach the corresponding cervical sympathetic ganglia on the same side through a certain conduction pathway, providing experimental basis in neuroelectrophysiology for the existence of the cervical extraspinal nerve reflex arc and elucidating the pathogenesis of cervical vertigo. NPY may be involved in the pathogenesis of cervical vertigo, providing a theoretical basis for the clinical diagnosis of cervical vertigo.

This study investigated concentrations of cadmium (Cd) in 2465 vegetable samples (52 species) from 2018 to 2022 and estimated the associated health risk for local consumers. The average concentration of Cd was 0.035 mg kg−1, and the percentage of samples exceeding the Chinese maximum allowed concentration was 3.89% (96/2465). The top five species with highest Cd levels were Lilium brownii F (0.182 mg kg−1), Allium chinense G (0.117 mg kg−1), Allium macrostemon Bunge (0.105 mg kg−1), Colocasia esculenta (0.064 mg kg−1), and Amaranthus tricolor L (0.054 mg kg−1). Bulb vegetables had a higher relative accumulation of Cd compared to other vegetables. The levels of Cd in vegetables varied significantly across sampling areas and years. The mean estimated daily intake (EDI) of cadmium through consumption of vegetables was 0.519 μg kg−1 bw per day for adults and 0.217 μg kg−1 bw per day for children. The target hazard quotients (THQs) were all less than the threshold of 1 for both adults and children. This indicates that there is low health risk for Cd through vegetable consumption. However, routine monitoring of Cd levels in food is still crucial to ensure food safety and protect public health.

This study analyzed cadmium (Cd) concentrations in 2465 vegetable samples (52 species) from year 2018 to 2022, and estimated the health risk to local consumers. Average concentration of Cd was 0.035 mg kg-1, and the rate of exceeding the Chinese maximum allowed concentration was 3.89% (96/2465). The top 5 species with Cd level were Lilium brownii F (0.182 mg kg-1), Allium chinense G (0.117 mg kg-1), Allium macrostemon Bunge (0.105 mg kg-1), Colocasia esculenta (0.064 mg kg-1), and Amaranthus tricolor L (0.054 mg kg-1). Bulb vegetables accumulated relative more Cd content than other vegetables. The levels of Cd in vegetables were presented statistical difference in sampling areas and years. The target hazard quotient (THQ) was used for health risk assessment by comparing the dietary exposure value to reference dose. THQs were all less than the threshold of 1 both for adults and children. It indicates that there is very low health risk for Cd through the vegetable intake.

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is an extremely potent marine biotoxin. An analytical method was developed for both trace contamination and extremely high levels of TTX in gastropods by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with clean-up of cation exchange solid phase extraction (SPE) in this study. The limit of detection (LOD) in the sample matrix was 0.5 μg/kg. With the calibration of a screened internal standard (validamycin, IS), the linear range was 0.1–100 ng/mL (1.5–1500 μg/kg in sample matrix) with a correlation coefficient of r2 > 0.999. The average recoveries at three spiking levels (1.5 μg/kg, 44 μg/kg, and 1500 μg/kg) were 82.6–94.4% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 8.4%. TTX levels in seven gastropods (741 samples) were studied. The contamination and analogues in Neverita didyma (N. didyma, 565 samples collected in Zhejiang province, China, from 2016 to 2022) were first reported. The detection rate of TTX in N. didyma was 34.2%. The average concentration was 23.1 μg/kg, and the maximum value was 2327 μg/kg. The time distribution study indicated that high contaminations of TTX occurred from May to August for N. didyma.

目的 基于平行反应监测(PRM)模式的超高效液相-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS)法,通过优化样品前处理方法建立鸡肉中抗生素残留的检测方法.方法 通过空白基质加标的鸡肉样品,采用含乙二胺四乙酸二钠和甲酸的95％乙腈水溶液提取;提取液采用C18、PSA和GCB 3种填料的不同组合方式净化并选择抗生素回收率较高的组合;采用UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS的PRM模式测定32种抗生素残留.结果 采用C18填料净化提取液,加标回收率＞80％的抗生素数量最多,基质效应为82.2％～112.6％.32种抗生素的检出限为0.8～5.8μg/kg,线性相关系数均＞0.99,加标回收率为71.3％～111.5％,相对标准偏差为3.2％～14.2％.结论 该方法适用于鸡肉中多种抗生素的检测与定量分析.

目的 探讨NLRP3炎症小体通路在细胞炎症因子IL-6和TNF-α促进椎间盘髓核细胞(NP细胞)神经营养因子(NGF)和感觉神经肽P物质(SP)表达中的作用.方法 从3只Sprague-Dawley大鼠椎间盘组织中提取原代NP细胞,分为对照组、处理组和MCC950组.对照组不经过任何处理,处理组用浓度1、10和100 ng/mL的IL-6或TNF-α处理48 h,MCC950组用1 μmol/L的NLRP3抑制剂MCC950处理1 h后,用100 ng/mL的IL-6或TNF-α处理48 h.采用ELISA检测细胞培养上清液中NGF和SP的水平.结果 与对照组相比,1、10和100 ng/mL IL-6或TNF-α处理NP细胞后,NGF和SP蛋白水平升高(P均＜0.05).MCC950组NGF、SP蛋白水平均较100 ng/mL IL-6或TNF-α处理组降低(P均＜0.05).结论 细胞炎性因子IL-6和TNF-α能够通过激活NP细胞中NLRP3炎症小体信号通路,促进NGF和SP的表达.