Adding multienzymes to poultry feed rations is recognized as a nutritional strategy aimed at improving poultry performance and health status. Nonetheless, some literatures present an ongoing debate about the extent of multienzymes beneficial impact on poultry growth performance. This study aimed to explore the impacts of dietary multienzyme supplementation on broilers, focusing specifically on growth performance, carcass characteristics, apparent nutrient digestibility, excreta noxious gas emission, and intestinal nutrient transporter gene expression. A total of 3,200 broilers were randomly assigned to five groups (eight replicates per treatment group) and treated with the following: normal control (CON), CON + 100 g/t multienzyme (ME100), CON + 150 g/t multienzyme (ME150), CON + 200 g/t multienzyme (ME200), and CON + 250 g/t multienzyme (ME250). Supplementing with multienzymes significantly influenced the feed conversion rate (linear, P = 0.007; quadratic, P = 0.024) and the European broiler index (linear, P = 0.004; quadratic, P = 0.016) in broilers. Dietary multienzymes significantly influenced apparent metabolizable energy (quadratic, P = 0.015) and neutral detergent fiber (quadratic, P < 0.001). Moreover, multienzyme supplementation in the diet also decreased the emission of ammonia (linear, P = 0.001; quadratic, P = 0.006) and hydrogen sulfide (quadratic, P = 0.006) in the excreta. In addition, dietary multi-enzyme notably elevated (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of nutrient transporter genes, including peptide transporter 1 (PePT1), Na-dependent neutral amino acid transporter (B0AT), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and fatty acid binding protein1 (FABP1). These findings suggest that dietary supplementation with multienzymes can improve the efficiency of feed utilization, and the digestion and absorption of nutrients and reduce excreta gas emission. Furthermore, this study provides a theoretical basis for advancing the use of multienzymes in broiler production.

Background Different types of exogenous protease supplements have a positive impact on animal performance, but their effects on the nutritional value of meat and the gut microbial community of broilers have not been extensively studied. The objective of this investigation was to determine the impact of supplementation with a novel alkaline protease derived from Bacillus licheniformis (at doses of 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 g/t) on the fatty acid and amino acid profiles, inosine monophosphate (IMP) levels, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content found within the breast muscle, as well as the impact on the cecal microbiota and metabolites. Results Supplementation with 200–400 g/t of the novel protease resulted in a significant elevation in the concentration of essential amino acids ( P < 0.001), flavor amino acids ( P < 0.001), and total protein ( P = 0.013) within the breast muscle. Results derived from the 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics analysis of the cecal content revealed that the novel protease reshaped the cecal microbial and metabolite profiles. In particular, it led to increased relative abundances of Bacteroides , Lactobacillus , Alistipes , and Eubacterium , while simultaneously causing a reduction in the metabolites of D-lactic acid and malonic acid. Moreover, correlation analyses unveiled significant relationships between distinct microbes and metabolites with the contents of IMP, fatty acids, and amino acids in the broiler's breast muscle. Conclusion In summary, the novel protease regulated the intestinal microbial community and metabolism, thereby inducing changes in the compositions of fatty acids and amino acids profiles, as well as IMP levels in broiler meat. These alterations significantly contributed to the enhancement of the nutritional value and flavor of the meat. Graphical abstract

BACKGROUND: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary novel alkaline protease from Bacillus licheniformis on the growth performance, meat quality, antioxidant status and intestinal morphology of broilers. In total, 4000 broilers were randomly assigned into five groups and treated with normal control, normal control + 100 mg kg(-1) protease, normal control + 200 mg kg(-1) protease, normal control + 300 mg kg(-1) protease and normal control + 400 mg kg(-1) protease. RESULTS: Supplementing protease impacted final body weight (linear, P = 0.003; quadratic, P = 0.006) and decreased feed conversion rate (linear, P = 0.036) in broilers. Moreover, dietary protease significantly increased breast muscle rate (linear, P = 0.005; quadratic, P = 0.021) and decreased drip loss (linear, P < 0.001; quadratic, P < 0.001). In addition, dietary protease notably increased protein digestibility (linear, P = 0.001; quadratic, P = 0.006) and trypsin activity (linear, P = 0.002; quadratic, P = 0.009) in jejunum. Light microscopy revealed that the jejunum villi in the 300 mg kg(-1) and 400 mg kg(-1) groups exhibited greater height and a denser arrangement compared to those in the control group. The addition of protease decreased malondialdehyde content (linear, P < 0.001; quadratic, P < 0.001) and increased total antioxidant capacity (linear, P = 0.001; quadratic, P < 0.001) in pectoral muscles. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that dietary novel alkaline protease from B. licheniformis improved growth performance by affecting trypsin activity, protein digestibility, antioxidant capacity and intestinal health. (c) 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Production internship is an important teaching tache for undergraduate students to carry out engineering training by using professional skills, and it is a key starting point for fostering application-oriented talents in biotechnology. The Course Group of 'production internship of biotechnology majors' of Binzhou University is investigating application-oriented transformation for local regular colleges and universities, as well as fostering high-level application-oriented talents. By taking green fluorescent protein (GFP) polyclonal antibody as an example, the reform and practice on teaching content, teaching mode, assessment method, continuous improvement of curriculum were carried out. Moreover, the characteristics of the Yellow River Delta-Binzhou Biotechnology & Pharmaceutical Industrial Cluster were taken into account to intensify academic-enterprise cooperation. On one hand, this Course Group designed and rearranged the course contents, carried out essential training through online resources and platforms such as virtual simulation, and recorded, tracked and monitored the progress of production internship through practical testing and software platforms like 'Alumni State'. On the other hand, this Course Group established a practice-and application-oriented assessment method in the process of production internship and a dual evaluation model for continuous improvement. These reform and practices have promoted the training of application-oriented talents in biotechnology, and may serve as a reference for similar courses.

为研究微生物发酵饲料对肉牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵特性和肉品质的影响,选取平均体重(352.00±12.31)kg西杂牛120头,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复4只,用微生物发酵饲料以0％、2.5％、5.0％、7.5％、10.0％5个水平进行替代牛日粮中主要蛋白饲料,饲喂90 d,并进行相关指标测定.结果显示:(1)添加微生物发酵饲料对肉牛平均日采食量(ADFI)无显著影响,但在5％水平时日增重(ADG)最高,较对照组升高15.3％(P<0.05).(2)随微生物发酵饲料添加比例增加,试验组1、2、3、4 pH较对照组分别提高3.3％、6.7％、6.9％、9.5％(P<0.05),挥发性脂肪酸呈下降趋势(P<0.05),氨基氮变化不明显.(3)随着微生物发酵饲料添加量的增加,试验组2、3、4剪切力较对照组分别降低7.8％、1.9％、33.0％(P<0.01),试验组1、2、3、4胆固醇含量较对照组分别降低3.1％、1.9％、4.1％、14.8％(P<0.05).试验结果表明,以一定比例的微生物发酵饲料替代部分精饲料,可以起到提高生长性能、改善肉品质的作用,但比例过高会降低瘤胃能量代谢,对生长性能产生负面影响.

This paper is to explore the problems of intelligent connected vehi-cles (ICVs) autonomous driving decision-making under a 5G-V2X structured road environment. Through literature review and interviews with autonomous driving practitioners, this paper firstly puts forward a logical framework for designing a cerebrum-like autonomous driving system. Secondly, situated on this framework, it builds a hierarchical finite state machine (HFSM) model as well as a TOPSIS-GRA algorithm for making ICV autonomous driving decisions by employing a data fusion approach between the entropy weight method (EWM) and analytic hierarchy process method (AHP) and by employ-ing a model fusion approach between the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) and grey relational analysis (GRA). The HFSM model is composed of two layers: the global FSM model and the local FSM model. The decision of the former acts as partial input information of the latter and the result of the latter is sent forward to the local path -planning module, meanwhile pulsating feedback to the former as real-time refresh data. To identify different traffic scenarios in a cerebrum-like way, the global FSM model is designed as 7 driving behavior states and 17 driving characteristic events, and the local FSM model is designed as 16 states and 8 characteristic events. In respect to designing a cerebrum-like algorithm for state transition, this paper firstly fuses AHP weight and EWM weight at their output layer to generate a synthetic weight coefficient for each characteristic event; then, it further fuses TOPSIS method and GRA method at the model building layer to obtain the implementable order of state transition. To verify the feasibility, reliability, and safety of the HFSM model as well as its TOPSIS-GRA state transition algorithm, this paper elaborates on a series of simulative experiments conducted on the PreScan8.50 platform. The results display that the accuracy of obstacle detection gets 98%, lane line prediction is beyond 70 m, the speed of collision avoidance is higher than 45 km/h, the distance of collision avoidance is less than 5 m, path planning time for obstacle avoidance is averagely less than 50 ms, and brake deceleration is controlled under 6 m/s2. These technical indexes support that the driving states set and characteristic events set for the HFSM model as well as its TOPSIS-GRA algorithm may bring about cerebrum-like decision-making effectiveness for ICV autonomous driving under 5G-V2X intelligent road infrastructure.

In order to establish a large-scale suspension culture technology of canine distemper virus(CDV)isolated from mink and realize its high-density cell growth and efficient virus proliferation,Cephodex was used to culture DF-1 cells by suspension to proliferate CDV3.In the whole process,shake flask culture was adopted,and optimal culture conditions were established by optimizing the key technical condi-tions such as virus culture temperature and virus harvest time.The results showed that,after being cultured at 37 ℃ for 72 hours,and the DF-1 cells were inoculated with CDV3.Then,these cells were infected by the CDV3 and continued to be cultured at 35 ℃ for 72 hours,and finally the viral titer reached 105.0 TCID50 per 0.1 mL.Therefore,a technology of CDV micro-carrier suspension culture was established here,which laid an important technical foundation for high-efficiency mink canine distemper vaccine production.

Using complex plant protein sources as raw materials， the effects of mixed fermentation on anti-nutritive factors and nutrients of complex plant protein sources were studied through the orthogonal optimization experiments of mixed bacteria inoculation ratio and mixed bacteria fermentation. The results showed that the maximum degradation rate of free gossypol was 61.67%， which was significantly higher than that of the other groups when the inoculation ratio of Cyberlindnera jadinii and Bacillus subtilis was 1:3 （P＜0.05）. The optimum fermentation conditions of compound plant protein source were as follows: temperature 32℃， time 24h， ratio of material to water 1:0.6， inoculum 8%. Under the optimum conditions， the degradation rate of free gosseol and glucosinolate in fermented compound plant protein source was 77.38%， 66.98%， 12.98% and 4.87%， respectively. The tannin content decreased from 5.00 g/kg to 4.49 g/kg， the contents of calcium and total phosphorus increased from 0.61% and 1.52% to 0.67% and 1.54%， respectively， and threonine， valine， isoleucine， leucine and lysine increased by 9.56%， 7.64%， 6.70%， 7.10% and 10.37%， respectively.

An emerging infectious disease (EID) in foxes called "large kidney disease", characterized by enlarged kidneys, has been breaking out in fox farms in China, although its pathogenesis has not yet been elucidated. Here, we performed viral metagenomics sequencing on diseased fox tissue samples that identified a virus with 82.6% homology to the xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) PreXMRV-1 provirus strain (GenBank accession number NC_007815.2) in sick fox tissue. It was named PreXMRV-20, and its genome was verified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR product sequencing. Nonenveloped and polygonal virus-like particles consistent with the shape and size of XMRV were observed by negative staining electron microscopy. Administered subcutaneously, PreXMRV-20 infected weaned foxes, leading to growth retardation. The discovery of the PreXMRV-20 strain (the first isolation of an XMRV homolog in blue foxes) identifies a potential public health issue in blue fox breeding since XMRV has been confirmed to be a zoonotic virus.

As an acute and highly lethal infectious disease, there is no specific therapeutic drug for canine distemper (CD).Although the process of large-scale production of canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccine of mink has been greatly improved, there are still many deficiencies to be perfected.As one of the most promising technologies for large-scale vaccine production, microcarrier suspension culture technology needs to be further improved.In this study, the application effect of the new Cephodex microcarrier in CDV culture was evaluated to establish a set of technical process for DF-1 cell high-density growth and CDV efficient proliferation.To perfect the large-scale CDV production process, Cephodex was used to suspension culture DF-1 cells for proliferating CDV.In a shake flasks culture system, the optimal culture conditions were established by optimizing culture temperature, virus inoculation and harvest time.Therefore, mink CD vaccine high-efficiency production was laid on the preliminarily established technology of CDV microcarrier suspension culture.The cell density could reach over 3×10 6 cells/mL after 72 h cultured with Cephodex microcarrier at 37°C.Proliferated at 35°C, the CDV titer after 72 h was about 10 0.5 TCID50/0.1mLhigher than that at 33°C and 37°C.These results show that the Cephodex microcarrier could be used for large-scale culture of DF-1 cells and efficient proliferation of CDV.

As an acute and highly lethal infectious disease, there is no specific therapeutic drug for canine distemper (CD). Although the process of large-scale production of canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccine of mink has been greatly improved, there are still many deficiencies to be perfected. As one of the most promising technologies for large-scale vaccine production, microcarrier suspension culture technology needs to be further improved. In this study, the application effect of the new Cephodex microcarrier in CDV culture was evaluated to establish a set of technical process for DF-1 cell high-density growth and CDV efficient proliferation. To perfect the large-scale CDV production process, Cephodex was used to suspension culture DF-1 cells for proliferating CDV. In a shake flasks culture system, the optimal culture conditions were established by optimizing culture temperature, virus inoculation and harvest time. Therefore, mink CD vaccine high-efficiency production was laid on the preliminarily established technology of CDV microcarrier suspension culture. The cell density could reach over 3x106 cells/mL after 72 h cultured with Cephodex microcarrier at 37 degrees C. Proliferated at 35 degrees C, the CDV titer after 72 h was about 100.5 TCID50/0.1mL higher than that at 33 degrees C and 37 degrees C. These results show that the Cephodex microcarrier could be used for large-scale culture of DF-1 cells and efficient proliferation of CDV.

Pork and its products are preferably contaminated by bacteria; thus, it is essential to develop low-cost, high-efficiency and biologically safe preservatives to prevent the growth of bacteria during storage. In the current study, grass carp β-defensin 1 (gcDefb1) was produced and purified from Pichia pastoris through the heterologous expression method. The in vitro antimicrobial assay demonstrated that yeast-derived gcDefb1 possesses a broad antibacterial spectrum, including both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, and the MIC values against Escherichia coli ATCC 25,922 were as low as 30 μg/mL and showed no cytotoxicity or hemolytic activity. The bactericidal rate of gcDefb1 was less than 60 min by disrupting the cell membranes, and it inhibited the formation of bacterial biofilms. Moreover, gcDefb1 was used as a biopreservative for pork storage, indicating that the physicochemical and sensory qualities were improved. This study provides an efficient method to prepare and utilize gcDefb1 as a novel biopreservative.

Foodborne pathogens causing food poisoning and infections are detrimental to human health, and the abuse of antibiotics induced severe antibiotic resistance in past decades. Thus, it is urgent to develop new antimicrobial agents. In the current study, human β-defensin 130 (hBD130), which is an antimicrobial peptide identified in human macrophages in 2017, was initially produced in Pichia pastoris . The purified hBD130 demonstrated broad bactericidal spectrum against foodborne pathogens through a membrane disruption, with concentrations ranging from 10 to 45 μg/mL. Moreover, hBD130 showed a low hemolytic effect and nearly no cytotoxicity to mammalian cells with a dosage of 400 μg/mL. In addition, the secretion amounts and mRNA levels of NO, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in LPS-induced mouse macrophage were significantly decreased with 1 mg/mL of hBD130. Taken together, these results showed that hBD130 is a promising antimicrobial agent to treat foodborne bacterial infections and inflammation.

中医药是我国中国传统文化和传统医学的代表,在其不断发展的同时,中药种植的规模也在不断扩大.该研究将在"进一步发展中医药"指导下运用《中医药法》,以滨州市中药经济作物种植模式的主要问题为核心,探究引导更多粮农种植中药的策略方法,创新沿黄流域中药经济作物种植模式,促进粮农转药农转型,为进一步推动滨州市中医药产业健康持续发展提供帮助.

为探究山东省滨州市畜禽粪污资源的空间分布现状及近年来畜禽粪污土地承载力变化情况,优化畜牧业发展格局,推动畜牧养殖业绿色发展,参照《土地承载力测算技术指南》中的相关计算方法,测算了2018年滨州市各县区的畜禽粪污养分供应量、农作物粪肥养分需求量以及畜禽粪污土地承载力,分析了滨州市近6年畜禽粪污土地承载力变化.结果表明,滨州市的种植业与畜牧业发展规模在空间上存在一定的错位,种植业发达的地区主要为惠民县、邹平市、沾化区,而畜牧业发达的地区则分布在阳信县、无棣县;2018年滨州市农作物粪肥氮、磷养分需求量分别为3.47万t和0.74万t,畜禽粪肥氮、磷的供给量分别为2.98万t和0.56万t,可见,该区域农作物粪肥养分需求量均高于畜禽粪污养分供给量.从时间上来看,近6年滨州市以氮、磷为基准的畜禽粪污土地承载力指数均呈持续下降趋势.结果表明,滨州市全市畜禽养殖发展空间较大,可适度增加畜禽养殖规模,但在农牧业生产布局和区域间协同上仍需重点关注.

本文简要概述了过瘤胃脂肪的种类和特点,系统整理了过瘤胃脂肪在反刍动物上的应用情况,以及其在反刍动物饲料中添加的注意事项,旨在为过瘤胃脂肪在实际生产中的利用提供理论指导.

INTRODUCTION:Although forecasting electric vehicles' growth in China was frequently reported in the literature, predicting electric vehicles market penetration as well as corresponding energy saving and carbon dioxide mitigation potential in a more suitable method is not well understood. METHODS:This study chose the double species model to predict electric vehicles' growth trajectory under mutually competitive conditions between electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles. For comparison, it set two scenarios: with 200 and 300 vehicles per thousand persons at 2050. To give details on energy saving and carbon dioxide mitigation potential induced by electric vehicles' market penetration, it further divided electric vehicles into five subgroups and internal combustion engine vehicles into seven subgroups, therein forming respective measurement formulas. RESULTS:This paper solved the double species model and thus got its analytical formula. Then it employed the analytical formula to conduct an empirical study on electric vehicles market penetration in China from year 2010 to 2050. Under scenario 300, electric vehicles growth trajectory will emerge a quick growth stage during 2021-2035, thereafter keeping near invariant till 2050. Meanwhile, current internal combustion engine vehicles' quick growth will continue up to 2027, then holding constant during 2028-2040, afterwards following a 10-year slowdown period. Scenario 200 has similar features, but a 2-year delay for electric vehicles and a 5-year lead time for internal combustion engine vehicles were found. On average, scenario 300 will save 114.4 Mt oil and 111.5 Mt carbon dioxide emissions, and scenario 200 will save 77.1 Mt oil and 73.4 Mt carbon dioxide emissions each year. Beyond 2032, annual 50.0% of road transport consumed oil and 18.6% of carbon dioxide emissions from this sector will be saved under scenario 300. DISCUSSION:Compared with scenario 200, scenario 300 was more suitable to predict electric vehicle market penetration in China. In the short-term electric vehicle penetration only brings about trivial effects, while in the long-term it will contribute a lot to both energy security and carbon dioxide mitigation. The contribution of this article provided a more suitable methodology for predicting electric vehicle market penetration, simulated two coupled trajectories of electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles, and discussed relative energy-saving and climate effects from 2010 to 2050.

本文简要概述了异位发酵床的技术原理及主要影响因素,总结了异位发酵床技术在奶牛养殖中的应用效果,以期为异位发酵床在养殖业中的利用提供理论指导. 异位发酵床,也叫舍外(场外)发酵床,是指在养殖栏舍外建立发酵床,铺入垫料,接上菌种,然后将养殖场的粪污抽送到发酵床上,通过翻动和高温发酵,达到将养殖场粪污消耗掉而不进行对外排放的目的(翁明忠, 2020).该方法相对稳定,受外界环境影响小,比普通静态发酵方法更先进.规模化、集约化奶牛养殖的发展,不仅给人们提供了大量牛奶,与此同时产生的大量粪污也给环保带来了极大的压力(王均良,2020).目前,异位发床在养猪生产中已得到一定的推广,但在奶牛生产上的应用却鲜有文章报道,究其原因,可能奶牛养殖过程中存在尿液量大、粪便稀、污水排放量大、冲洗次数多等缺点,应用异位发酵床处理有一定的难度有关.异位发酵床技术作为一种新型畜禽粪污处理环保技术,在降低面源污染上效果明显(林勇等,2015),为养殖业开辟了健康养殖路径,能较好地解决奶牛场所面临的粪污处理难题(翁明忠,2020).

试验旨在研究不同玉米秸秆处理方式饲料配方对杂交肉牛的育肥性能的影响,选择52头体重相近(550.0±51.0) kg的杂交肉用公牛(西门塔尔牛)随机分为A组(对照组)、B组、C组、D组4个试验组,分别饲喂不同配方饲料,依次对应为黄贮+玉米组、黄贮+精料组、微生物青贮剂发酵黄贮+精料组、全株青贮+精料组,并根据饲料配方比例调整,将育肥试验分为29 d前期与32 d后期,即全期61 d.结果 显示:试验前期以A组传统饲料配方增重效果最好,B组配方成本最低、利润最高;试验后期以D组育肥性能最佳,C组次之,均优于对照组与B组;全期综合分析,B组、C组、D组饲养成本均低于对照组,差异极显著(P＜0.01),D组平均利润明显高于其他组.该育肥试验结果表明,应用全株玉米青贮饲养肉牛在所获利润上处于明显优势,使用微生物青贮剂发酵能够显著提高黄贮的育肥性能,这为提高肉牛生产性能、增加养殖收入提供了候选饲料配方.

硒是反刍动物必需的微量元素,与无机硒相比,有机硒具有较高的吸收利用率及生物学功效.有机硒在促进反刍动物瘤胃发酵、改善生物学功能、提高生产性能等方面有明显作用.本文通过对有机硒的适宜添加量、反刍动物的营养学作用及其应用进行综述,以期为有机硒在反刍动物营养中的合理应用提供参考.