Innate immunity plays an important role in prevention against pathogenic microorganisms. At present, the significance of its structures during vaccination is widely discussed. The objective of the survey is to study the dynamics of immunological parameters in the immune response to various vaccine types. Animals were vaccinated against anthrax ( n = 5) and rabies ( n = 5) to analyze the levels of serum natural antibodies in sheep and possible correlations between their parameters and the innate immunity parameters in postvaccintation immune response after blood sample collection (for reference values). On the first day of the immune response, a slight increase in total amount of immunoglobulins and an elevated level of neutrophils in blood of sheep of experimental groups were observed, while the lymphocyte count decreased. On the seventh day, the concentration of total amount of immunoglobulins, involving specific antibodies responding to antigens contained in vaccines against rabies and anthrax, increased to two times its reference values. However, the natural antibody concentration slightly increased only on the first day of the immune response to the anthrax vaccine. Regardless of the vaccine administered to the animals, a negative correlation between the counts of lymphocytes and neutrophils always remained stable ( r = –0.88 ± 0.02). A negative correlation between the values for neutrophils and natural antibodies ( r = –0.52; r = –0.76) tended to remain in sheep of the experimental groups and in the control ( r = –0.48), which can indicate the asynchronous activation of phagocytes and natural antibody synthesis. A correlation between lymphocytes and natural antibodies in the immune response to the rabies ( r = 0.5) and anthrax ( r = 0.7) vaccines was determined, while the lack of it ( r = 0.16) was observed for the control group, which can indicate the response of natural antibodies to a foreign antigen. Correlations between both lymphocytes and natural antibodies ( r = 0.7) and lymphocytes and total amount of immunoglobulins ( r = 0.8) were higher in the dynamics of immune responses to the anthrax vaccine than that to the rabies vaccine ( r = 0.5). Apparently, the natural serum anti-KLH antibodies, including various Ig isotypes, may reflect the innate humoral immune competence.

Information about the main characteristics of sprites and related lightning discharges is given. Results are presented of the analysis of atmospherics recorded using the IZMIRAN mobile equipment at the expedition site near the Levaya Avacha River in September, October 2002 and in August, November 2004 on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The results of the analysis are given of electromagnetic emission from lightning discharges that occurred on the Kamchatka Peninsula in July and August 2017 that were recorded by the equipment of the Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Radio Wave Propagation, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences at the Karymshina expedition site are presented. The percentage of positive lightning discharges on the western and southern coasts of the Kamchatka Peninsula, which can be associated with sprites has been estimated.

Innate immunity plays an important role in protecting the body from pathogenic microorganisms. The significance of its structures in vaccination is currently widely discussed. The purpose of the research was to study the dynamics of immunological parameters during the immune response to various types of vaccines.The paper analyzes the levels of natural antibodies in the blood serum of sheep and considers possible correlations with indicators of innate immunity during the post-vaccination immune response. After blood sampling (background), the animals were immunized with rabies (n=5) and anthrax (n=5) vaccines. On the first day of the immune response in the blood of the sheep of the experimental groups, there was a slight increase in tot- Ig, the number of neutrophils increased, and the number of lymphocytes decreased. It was found that on the seven day the concentration of tot- Ig, which also includes specific antibodies to the antigens of vaccines against rabies and anthrax, increased by 2 times compared to the background values. However, the NAb concentration slightly increased only on the first day of the immune response to the anthrax vaccine. In animals, regardless of the vaccine administered, a negative correlation between the number of lymphocytes and neutrophils was constantly maintained (r= -0.88±0.02). As well as in the control (r= - 0.48), the negative correlation between neutrophils /NAb (r= - 0.52; r= -0.76) remained, which indicates the activation of phagocytes and the synthesis of natural antibodies. On the other hand, a correlation relationship between lymphocytes/NAb was established during the immune response to the vaccine against rabies (r=0.5) and anthrax (r=0.7), and the absence of this relationship in the control (r=0.16), which indicates the reaction of natural antibodies to a foreign antigen. The correlations of lymphocytes /NAb (r=0.7) and lymphocytes/tot- Ig (r=0.8) were higher in the dynamics of the immune response to the anthrax vaccine than to the rabies vaccine (r=0.5). It appears that serum anti- KLH NAbs, which include various Ig isotypes, may re ect innate humoral immune competence.

This review presents the current state of the problem of development and application of the specific prevention of African swine fever (ASF) with a brief description of its etiology and pathogenesis. The unique nature of the ASF virus (ASFV) determines some limitations and the complexity of solving the problem of vaccine development. Such situation stimulated the development of highly specific diagnostic methods for rapid and accurate detection of the ASFV. In this regard, results of studies, including our own, concerning the comparative analysis of the genome of vaccine and virulent strains of the ASFV, as well as immunodiagnostic approaches to determine causes of high virulence and low protective activity of the ASFV, are briefly presented. Special attention is given to the issue related to the development of safe and effective vaccines against ASF. In this context disadvantages and possible advantages of live attenuated (LAV) and recombinant (RV) vaccines are considered in details. Results of recent studies on the assessment of the immunogenicity of genetically modified vaccines (GMV) which developed in various laboratories around the world are presented. The obtained data indicate that ASF vaccination is currently the most promising measure to stop the spread of this disease in our country and in the world, however, previous experience with ASF vaccination has revealed some problems in its development and application. The significant contribution of foreign researchers to the study of the basics of virulence of this pathogen and the study of its genes functions are noted. The possible further expansion of ASF in Europe and Asia in bordering Russia territories, as well as the established fact of the persistence of ASFV in wild boar population indicate a constant threat of its re-introduction into our country. In conclusion, the importance of developing a safe effective vaccine against ASF and the assessing of the possible risks of creating the artificial sources of the infection in nature as a result of its use is emphasized.

Currently, the use of monoclonal antibodies to study the immune status of animals is the most common in both medicine and veterinary medicine. Monoclonal antibodies were obtained by standard methods using a 2-fold intra-splenic injection of Ig with an interval of 14 days. As a result, an oligoclonal system of monoclonal antibodies to conformational epitopes of cattle IgM was created, specifically interacting with the antigenic determinants of the original, membrane-bound form of IgM, which is the basis of the antigenic B-cell receptor (BCR). B cells are an important structural component of the immune system. The process of antibody formation depends on the number and functional state of B cells. Early detection of target cells, which may be lymphocytes or their subpopulations, is important in infectious diseases. Monomeric IgM pentamer molecules are anchored in the B cell membrane and serve as the basis of the antigenic receptor. In the experiment, the method of immunoperoxidase staining was used, which is based on the detection and determination of the degree of intensity of membrane (sIgM) and cytoplasmic IgM (cIgM) staining. The number of B-lymphocytes in the blood of cattle (25.3±2.6%), sheep (32.0± 2.2%) and goats (20.0±1.5%) was determined. In the blood of calves aged 1 month, the number of B-lymphocytes is 19.2 ± 0.8%. Also, cells with the cytoplasmic form (cIgM) of class M immunoglobulin were found in the blood of calves. cIgM cells can be pre-B cells with cytoplasmic ?-chains or plasma cells synthesizing a soluble form of IgM. It was found that the main form of localization of surface IgM-receptors on B cells of cattle and sheep is an uneven distribution of sIgM along the perimeter of the cell, namely in the form of "patch-endocytosis", which is 68.9±3.9% and 84.0±4.2%, respectively; expression of sIgM-receptors on B lymphocytes of cattle livestock is 8.0high ± 1.0% and 10.5low ± 1.5%, and sheep - 6.3high ± 0.9% and 13.3low ± 0.6%. Thus, in healthy animals, the sIgM-receptors of B lymphocytes are distributed unevenly and with low density in the membrane.

The main specific functions of B-cells are carried out with the help of membrane receptors. Binding of the receptor to its ligand activates a cascade of reactions leading to the formation of memory cells and protective antibodies. The study was conducted to analyze the phenotypic profile of sheep blood B-cells in the process of postvaccination immune response to an inactivated vaccine against pathogens of acute intestinal diseases of animals. Romanov sheep at the age of 1.5 years were immunized twice with a 2-week interval. Studies were conducted before vaccination and on the seventh, 14th, and 21 days of the immune response. The phenotype of B-cells was determined by immunoperoxidase staining using monoclonal antibodies to CD receptors. A simple radial immunodiffusion reaction was used to assess IgG levels. Vaccination of sheep with an inactivated vaccine caused an increase in the level of the general population of leukocytes and a subpopulation of B2 cells (p < 0.05). The absolute number of leukocytes increased on the seventh and 14th days of the primary immune response and on the seventh day of the secondary immune response compared to the initial values. The number of B2 lymphocytes with the CD5 – IgM+ phenotype increased and amounted to 9.0 × 106 cells/mL on day 7 and 11.2 × 106 cells/mL on day 14 of the primary immune response (4.5 × 106 cells/mL before the introduction of the vaccine). An increase in the level of the CD5 – CD19 + IgM + CD20 + lymphocyte subpopulation was noted in the first 2 weeks of the immune response and was 2.5 times higher than the initial value. Data were obtained on the absence of the effect of vaccination on the level of lymphocytes with the CD5 + CD19 + IgM + phenotype (B1-cells), which did not change during either the primary or secondary immune response, which indicates the independence of priming of the two main subpopulations of B-cells. The structural components of the immune system in the process of immunogenesis are not activated simultaneously, and when evaluating the effectiveness of vaccination, functional interrelations of immunological indicators are of particular importance. A strong correlation between the indicators of B2‑cells and the level of total immunoglobulins of class G (r = 0.9) indicates a positive effect of vaccination.

The influence of tropical cyclones on the thunderstorm activity on the Kamchatka peninsula for winter thunderstorms in the 2008–2018 period is studied. The temporal variations of the quasi-static electric field and meteorological values at the Paratunka Observatory of the Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Radio Wave Propagation (IKIR) of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (φ = 52.97° N; λ = 158.25° E) and data on the solar, seismic, and cyclonic activities available on the INTERNET are used as an indicator of thunderstorm activity. It is shown that, in addition to from solar flares, which are accompanied by increased radiation in the visible and infrared spectra, the infrared radiation from a series of closely located epicenters of average-intensity earthquakes, as well as distant tropical cyclones in the Pacific Ocean, can be a source of powerful flows of warm and humid air for the formation of thunderstorm activity.

Background. Bovine leukemia causes a significant polyclonal expansion of CD5+ , IgM+ B lymphocytes, known as persistent lymphocytosis (PL), in approximately 30% of infected cattle. However, it is not yet clear what happens to this subpopulation of B cells in the early period of infection of animals. Purpose. Quantitative characterization of IgM+ and CD5+ B cells during the immune response, which can provide important information on the mechanisms of lymphocyte priming in BLV infection. Material and methods. The experiment used BLV-negative calves of black-motley breed at the age of 8 months (n = 11). Animals (n = 8) were intravenously injected with blood of a BLV-positive cow. Control calves (n = 3) were injected with saline. Studies were performed before and after infection on days 5, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 65 of the immune response. The determination of the number of B-lymphocytes in the blood was carried out by the method of immunoperoxidase staining based on monoclonal antibodies to IgM, CD5. Results. As a result of the studies, it was found that the level of CD5+ B cells increases on the 14th day of the primary immune response, characterized by polyclonal proliferation of CD5+ B cells, which are the primary target for BLV. Our research data confirm that in the lymphocytes of experimentally infected cattle, surface aggregation of IgM and CD5 molecules on B-lymphocytes is absent. Discussion. It is known that the wave-like nature of IgM synthesis, which was shown in previous studies, depends on a subpopulation of B1 cells. After 7 days of the immune response, IgM+ and CD5+ cells do not correlate, which shows their functional difference. The increase in CD5+ cells is probably not associated with B cells, but with T cells differentiating under the influence of the virus. Conclusions. A subset of B1 cells is the primary target of cattle leukemia virus. The 65th day of the immune response is characterized by the expansion of IgM+ B cells, a decrease in the number of CD5+ cells and a uniform distribution of receptors around the perimeter of the cells.

The function of the immune system of animals is influenced by a fairly large number of external (environmental, anthropogenic, infectious) and internal (mutations, impaired protein synthesis) factors. The result of their exposure is either the activation of the entire system or its individual links, or its suppression, causing the development of an immunodeficiency state. The quantitative determination of proteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily, namely, natural antibodies and cell receptors, provides valuable clinical information for clarifying the pathogenesis of the disease and differential diagnosis. The immunoglobulin profile of the body determines the functional ability of the immune system to recognize foreign agents. B-cell membrane immunoglobulins are the receptor for the antigen and are identical to its secreted form - the antibody. The modulation of their number reflects the processes of activation and inhibition of cellular reactions. The cell is constantly recycling membrane proteins. Similar processes occur with immunoglobulins, some of which are immersed in the cell, while others, on the contrary, are built into the membrane or secreted into the extracellular space in soluble form. Immunodiagnostics based on the determination of the immunoglobulins that make up the membrane and soluble pools makes it possible to assess the functional state of not only B cells, but also the immunoreactivity of the body as a whole. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of the soluble and membrane forms of clinically healthy cattle immunoglobulins using poly- and monoclonal antibodies.

Introduction. Bovine leukemia is a widespread infection worldwide, the causative agent of which is the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in structural structure and functional features similar to human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) and It is considered as an actual medical and social problem. The study of the immune response in experimentally infected calves at an early stage of the disease development, synthesis of specific antibodies of classes G and M (IgG and IgM), diagnostic informativeness of detection of IgM in cattle leukemia is relevant and determines the purpose of this study. Material and methods. Samples of blood and serum of cattle: animals experimentally infected with VLCRS, patients with cattle leukemia; control negative; specific to heterologous pathogens of cattle diseases. Indirect and sandwich variant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); commercial ELISA kits (IDEXX, USA; Hema LLC, FKP Kursk Biofactory Firm BIOK, Russia) for the detection of specific IgG and IgM for BLV in the agar gel immunodiffusion reaction (RID). Results. The humoral immune response develops shortly after infection — by 1-8 weeks. IgM are detected starting from the 3rd day, and IgG from the 7th day after infection. Up to 97% of coincidence of positive results in RID and indirect variant of TF ELISA based on monoclonal antibodies to cattle IgM (IgMbovine ) were found. Discussion. The dynamics of the synthesis of antibodies of classes M and G to the glycoprotein gp 51 BLV has a dose- dependent wave-like character, is consistent with the levels of increase / decrease in the absolute and relative number of leukocytes / blood lymphocytes of infected calves. Findings. Serum specific IgM was detected starting 3 days after infection with BLV. Early detection of IgM in serum of cattle can be used as an additional test for the detection of sick animals.

Winter thunderstorms in Kamchatka are a rare meteorological phenomenon. Temporal variations of the quasi-static electric field and meteorological values at the Paratunka observatory of the Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Radio Wave Propagation, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (φ = 52.97° N; λ = 158.25° E), as well as data on solar, seismic and cyclonic activities available on INTERNET, are used to study the nature of this phenomenon. It is shown that powerful solar flares accompanied by increased radiation in the visible and infrared spectra, as well as the infrared radiation from the Earth that enters the atmosphere before powerful earthquakes with a magnitude of M > 8 may serve as an additional heat source in the surface atmosphere of Kamchatkan for the formation of thunderstorm activity. The contribution of tropical cyclones to these processes with weak seismic activity is not clearly defined and requires further detailed study.

Due to the lack of effective tools of ASF specific prevention it is evident that early diagnosis is one of the most important and resultative ways of the disease control. However, contemporary diagnosis is a complex component of any effective surveillance system. Latest scientific achievements facilitated not only highly specific and sensitive but also rapid methods of laboratory diagnosis. Nevertheless, further development, improvement and expansion of ASF diagnosis techniques including rapid tests is a topical task of a great concern. The research is devoted to development of rapid test methods for rapid detection of antibodies to ASFV in blood sera of infected animals as well as to analysis of their use effectiveness. The following methods were suggested: immunoperoxidase monolayer assay using fixed cell line (ASFV permissive CV-1 cell-line infected with the virus strain ASF/ARRIAH/CV-1) and latex agglutination test using ASFV p30 recombinant protein. The performed research demonstrated the effectiveness of the applied techniques for ASF serological diagnosis. Latex agglutination test and immunoperoxidase monolayer assay give rapid and high quality test results (within 1–2 hours). The advantage of the specified methods as compared to ELISA is their simplicity and the possibility of use in conditions of limited technical support.

Представлены результаты наблюдений активности свистов в обс. Карымшина (Камчатка) в период ноябрь-декабрь 2008 г. Этот период характеризовался превышением значений f0F2 и уменьшением hF2 по сравнению с обычным уровнем. Наиболее отчетливо этот эффект наблюдался в Иркутске, однако проявлялся и на Камчатке, хотя был выражен слабее. Такое событие объясняют 4 как изменением состава термосферы, так и возникновением западной составляющей электрического поля и градиента электронной концентрации в максимуме возмущений. Последнее также связывают с изменением направления северной компоненты межпланетного магнитного поля 4. В обычных условиях показатель преломления ОНЧ-волн в дневных условиях выше, чем в ночных 7, а число свистов, напротив, ночью выше, чем днем. 18-19 декабря на Камчатке наблюдалось появление свистящих атмосфериков (СА) днем в таком же количестве, как и ночью, порядка 10 1/мин. В то же время в периоды, следующие за максимумом изменения характеристик ионосферы (23, 24, 27, 29, 30 декабря), наблюдалось резкое возрастание количества свистов в дневное время до 50 1/мин. Возможно, что в данном случае источником свистов являлись атмосферные разряды, инициируемые в тайфуне, который наблюдались вблизи сопряженной области в южном полушарии. Увеличение числа свистов связано с изменением условий захвата на силовой линии L 2.4. The results of observations of whistlers in obs. Karymshina (Kamchatka) in the period November-December 2008 are presented. This period was characterized by an excess of f0F2 values and a decrease in hF2 compared to the usual level. This effect was most clearly observed in Irkutsk, however, it also manifested itself in Kamchatka, although it was less pronounced. Such an event is explained 4 by both a change in the composition of the thermosphere and the appearance of the western component of the electric field and the electron concentration gradient at the maximum of disturbances. The latter is also associated with a change in the direction of the northern component of the interplanetary magnetic field 4. Under normal conditions, the refractive index of VLF waves in daytime conditions is higher than at night 7, and the number of whistlers, on the contrary, is higher at night than during the day. On December 18-19, the appearance of whistling atmospherics in the daytime was observed in Kamchatka in the same amount as at night, about 10 1/min. At the same time, in the periods following the maximum changes in the ionosphere characteristics (23, 24, 27, 29, 30 December), there was a sharp increase in the number of whistles in the daytime to 50 1/min. It is possible that in this case the source of whistles were atmospheric discharges initiated in a typhoon, which were observed near the conjugate region in the southern hemisphere. The increase in the number of whistlers is associated with a change in the conditions of capture on the force line L 2.4.

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The mechanism of formation and the receptor-binding and functional properties of the B-lymphocyte subpopulations in the various immune pathologies are the factors that can affect the basic principles of initiation of a specific immune response and its relationship with the innate immunity of an organism. Identification of the positions of the immunoglobulin receptors on the lymphocytes is the specific clinical information on more accurate disease pathogenesis and differential diagnosis. The survey has proven that the IgM C2 and C9 monoclonal antibodies interact with the bovine blood B-lymphocytes. The relative numbers of B cells in the animal peripheral blood and the variation in the positions of the Ig receptors have been determined with the method for direct immunoperoxidase staining.