In order to study the SST variability of different sea regions under the background of global warming,according to the 155 years' SST data from 1854 to 2008-ERSST V2 and analyzing the space distribution of the global average annual SST variance,we can find that the oceans with large fluctuations in SST in the globe mainly distribute in the equatorial eastern Pacific waters,the northern hemisphere mid-latitude Pacific Ocean waters,the northern hemisphere Atlantic mid-latitude waters,and African southwestern end waters.The SST varies dramatically in equatorial and mid-latitude waters.There is more dramatic SST variability in Pacific than that in Atlantic and Indian Ocean.The water is mostly the water with more obvious SST variability modes.In different periods,the distribution of SST variance is also different.As global warming,the high variance water is becoming more and more,and the modes of SST oscillations are changing gradually,of which the high frequency part is intensified.By observing the distribution of global SST oscillations modes,we find: the mode of high frequency oscillation mainly distribute in low-latitude waters,and in middle and high latitude waters is mainly the low frequency oscillation modes.

Objective To evaluate the effects of different vector mosquito control measures for malaria in Yongcheng through field tests.Methods Vector monitoring was conducted in villages using different vector prevention and control measures,where mosquitoes of anopheles were captured every ten days using 50 mosquito nets indoors in early morning and using human baits outdoors at night.Results A total of 79 anopheles mosquitoes were captured by nets in early morning,accounting for 33.33%,with other captives of 158 accounting for 66.67%.The average anopheles density was 0.18/net per capture in the control group,and 0.03,0.03,0.05 and 0.06/net per capture in the impregnated-net group,residual spraying group,impregnated-net plus larviciding group and residual spraying plus larviciding group,respectively.Albeit effective in reducing anopheles density(F=4.553,P0.01),these measures were not deemed different in the effects.The average man-biting rate was 0.10 mosquito/(person·night) in the control group,and 0.02,0.01,0.03 and 0.03 mosquito/(person·night) in the impregnated-net,residual spraying,impregnated-net plus biological larviciding and residual spraying plus larviciding groups,respectively.Though effective in reducing man-biting rates(F=5.261,P0.01),the measures were not considered different in the effects.At different monitoring sites,183 anopheles mosquitoes were captured outdoors by human baits at night,accounting for 15.69%,with other captives of 983 accounting for 84.31%.The average anopheles density was 2.48/h in the control group,and 0.76,2.12,0.24,1.08 and 0.64/h in the impregnated-net,residual spraying,biological larviciding,impregnated-net plus larviciding and residual spraying plus larviciding groups,respectively.The mosquito density in the impregnated-net,biological larviciding,impregnated-net plus larviciding and residual spraying plus larviciding groups was lower than that in the control group,and the density in the residual spraying group was higher than those in the impregnated-net,biological larviciding and residual spraying plus larviciding groups.The average man-biting rate was 12.40 mosquitoes/(person·night) in the control group,and 3.80,10.60,1.20,5.40 and 3.20 mosquitoes/(person·night) in the impregnated-net,residual spraying,biological larviciding,impregnated-net plus larviciding and residual spraying plus larviciding groups,respectively.The man-biting rates in the impregnated-net,biological larviciding,impregnated-net plus larviciding and residual spraying plus larviciding groups were lower than that in the control group,while the rate in the residual spraying group was higher than those in the impregnated net,biological larviciding and impregnated-net plus larviciding groups.The Pearson correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between the outdoor anopheles density in October and the incidence of malaria in November(r=0.945,P0.01),and a positive correlation between the corrected man-biting rate in October and the incidence of malaria in November(r=0.927,P0.05).Conclusion The above prevention and control measures were effective in reducing both indoor and outdoor anopheles density as well as man-biting rates in Yongcheng city;however,the advantages and disadvantages of specific measure should be further studied.

目的 研究实施生物灭蚊幼措施防治永城市疟疾暴发流行的效果. 方法 选择永城市2006年出现疟疾暴发和疟疾疫情较重的5个乡镇的31个行政村实施生物灭蚊幼措施,使用球形芽孢杆茵悬浮剂喷洒村内和村周水塘,剂量为8ml/m2水面,15d喷洒一次至流行季节结束,喷洒前和喷洒后2d调查中华按蚊蚊幼密度和成蚊密度.收集疟疾报告、个案调查等资料进行统计,并与5个乡镇中未实施生物灭蚊幼措施的行政村疟疾发病情况进行比较分析. 结果 喷洒后2d蚊幼密度下降75.6～100%.成蚊密度下降50～100%.永城市2007年没有出现疟疾暴发点.实施生物灭蚊幼措施行政村当年共发病323例.发病率为0.48%,较上年0.98%的发病率下降51.3%.有统计学差异(X2=118.099,P<O.001).与未实施生物灭蚊幼措施的行政村相比,两者2006年发病率没有统计学差异(X=2.818,P=0.093),2007年前者低于后者0.54%的发病率,有统计学差异(X2=4.378,P=0.036). 结论 球形芽孢杆菌水面喷洒可降低中华按蚊蚊幼密度和成蚊密度,实施生物灭蚊幼措施可有效减少疟疾发病率.

Objective To evaluate different radical treatment methods for malaria during pre-transmission season in different target people in Yongcheng County, and provide data for malaria control.MethodsMaqiao, Lizhai and Peiqiao township in Yongcheng County were selected as trails in this study. According to malaria incidence of village in 2006, 3 villages with malaria incidence of over 1% were given all-people the radical treatment measures, which all stationary population were regarded as target. One administration village with malaria incidence of less 1% were given patients-and-relative radical treatment, which malaria patients, his family and neighbour were defined target.All target population were given treatment of Chloroquine and Primaquine for 8 days. Data on malaria epidemic situation, case report, information and statistical table related to observed village were collected and analyzed.ResultsIn 2007, malaria incidence was 0.7%(42/5618) in the villages with all-people radical treatment, and had 69.6% of decreasing comparing to 2.3% of previous year, statistic difference were found(χ2=44.947,P0.001). Malaria incidence was 0.4%(8/1955) in administration villages with patients-and-relative radical treatment, with 55.6% of decreasing comparing to 0.9% of the last year, but no statistic difference were found(χ2=3.261,P=0.071). Before October in 2007, no statistic difference were found in cumulative month malaria incidence(χ2=0.501,P=0.479) and total year malaria incidence(χ2=2.532,P=0.112) between two groups.ConclusionThe rising trends of malaria situation could be reversed using the measure of all-people radical treatment in pre-transmission season in village with malaria incidence of over 1%, while patients-and-relative radical treatment in pre-transmission season in administrate village with malaria incidence of less 1% can effectively block the rising trends of malaria situation.

Objective To understand and analyze the malaria situation in Yongcheng City in 2007 and to evaluate different malaria prevention and control measures. Methods Data on the malaria epidemic situation were collected and analyzed. Malaria antibody levels and vector were evaluated by IFAT and vector surveys, respectively, and different malaria prevention and control measures were evaluated. Results The malaria incidence in 2007 was 0.16, which was a 45.02% decrease from that of 2006. The malaria antibody positive rate and GMRT in 2007 were greater than in 2006. Anopheles sinensis was the only vector in Yoncheng City, and a vector survey showed that the man biting rate, multifarious rate and human blood index were 3.75/person, 54.55% and 0.666 7, respectively. The vectorial capacity and basic reproductive rates were 0.689 and 1.453 6, respectively. The malaria incidence between different malaria prevention and control measures were not statistically different. The malaria incidence in villages with biologic control measures in 2007 dropped 51.0% and was statistically significant (χ2=118.099, P0.05). Conclusion The resurgence of malaria appeared in Yongcheng County, and malaria prevention and control measures suitable for the local situation will control the malaria situation effectively.

Objective To investigate results of control malaria outbreak in Yongcheng County by biological control of mosquito larvae.Methods Biologic control measures against mosquito larvae were carried out in 31 administration villages of 5 townships in Yongcheng County with serious malaria situation and/or malaria outbreaks in 2006.8ml/m2 suspending agent of Bacillus sphaericus were nebulized on surface of pond in/or around the villages at the interval of 15 days.Density of Anopheles sinensis larvae and adult were surveyed before and two days after nebulizing.Data on malaria epidemic situation,case report,information and statistical table related were collected and analyzed.Results Density of Anopheles sinensis larvae and adults decreased by 75.6%～100%,50%～100% respectively two days after nebulizing.No outbreak occurred in Yongcheng County in 2007.323 malaria cases were reported and malaria incidence were 0.48% in observed villages and 0.98% in control villages,a reduction of 51.3% in 2007,showing significantly statistical difference(χ2=118.099,P0.001).Conclusions Spraying of suspending agent of Bacillus sphaericus can reduce the density of Anopheles sinensis larvae and adult and malaria incidence.

Objective To select different population for malaria-transmission resting stage treatment in plain areas with rapidly rising malaria infections,analyze effect of measures and provide evidence for malaria control.Methods There 17 villages in two townships of Yongcheng County with high malaria incidence and rapidly rising malaria infections in 2005 were selected.The villages with same malaria incidence were randomly divided into Group A,mass treated group,Group B consisted of inhabitants living around the patients' houses and those with malaria history,family member of the patients and te patient neighbours and Those in Group C consisted of inhabitants with malaria history were given malaria-transmission resting stage treatment with chloroquine and primaquine.Individual data,infection reporting and statistical forms concerning malaira infections were collected and analyzed.Results In 2006,malaria incidence in areas with an average malaria incidence of 0.5% was increased to various extent.The incidence in Group C was 1.62%(24/1 482),3 times higher than that of last year,showing significant difference compared to that of last year(χ2=10.923,P=0.001).Malaria incidences in Group A and B were 0.79%(15/1 898)and 0.85%(13/1 529),25% and 85.7% higher compared to previous year without satitstical differences compared to that of last year(χ2=0.336,P=0.562;χ2=1.812,P=0.178).In 2006,most of infections occurred in September and Octorber,acounted for 43.5% of the total infections.There no statistical differences were observed in malaira incidence between Group A and B,Group B and C(χ2=0.038,P=0.846;χ2=3.677,P=0.055).Conclusion The results of malaria-transmission resting stage treatment with mass drug administration for delaying the rising trend of malaria infection in plain areas with rapidly rising malaria infection were superior to simply treatment of those with malaria hitory.But mass drug administration can not rolling back malaria infection,thus the coverage of mass drug administration be expanded and and integrated control measures be adopted.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological situation of malaria in Yongcheng County of Henan province in 2006, and explore the measures to control malaria outbreak in this areas. Method Data of malaria cases report,case investigations, blood examination of fever patients, under-report investigation of outbreak spot and whole population survey were collected and analyzed. Result 2889 malaria cases were reported in Yongcheng County in 2006, with incidence rate of 222.7/100,000, which was 3.3 time higher than 51.9/100,000 in 2005. 1825 cases were found in 4 towns, Maqiao, Lizhai, Shuangqiao and Xinqiao, which accounted for 63.2% of total malaria cases of Yongcheng, with the average incidence rate of 1067.3/100,000, which was 4.8 time higher than the overall average incidence rate of Yongcheng. 36 malaria outbreaks were localized in above 4 townships. In outbreak spots, 1265 cases were found and were accounted for 69.3% of total cases of 4 townships, with the average incidence rate of malaria of 1.8%. In Pengzhuang village of Lizhai township, there were 43 malaria cases and the malaria incidence rate was up to 4.0%. Among 1265 cases in outbreak spots, the ratio of male and female was 1∶1.36(730/535). The youngest patient was only 4 month while the oldest was 92, 23.3%(295/1265) of patients were below 15 years old, 2.8%(35/1265)were under 5 years old. Farmers and students were accounted for 73.4%(928/1265)and 3.3%(294/1265) of total cases, respectively. 31 malaria outbreaks were mainly found during late August to early October, and were accounted for 86%. Under report rate was 5% in outbreak spot and 417 suspect cases were found by the whole population survey at end of 2006. Conclusion Malaria outbreak occurred in Yongcheng county and malaria situation were serious in 2006.

Objective To select different population for malaria-transmission resting stage treatment in plain areas with rapidly rising malaria infections,analyze effect of measures and provide evidence for malaria control.Methods There 17 villages in two townships of Yongcheng County with high malaria incidence and rapidly rising malaria infections in 2005 were selected.The villages with same malaria incidence were randomly divided into Group A,mass treated group,Group B consisted of inhabitants living around the patients' houses and those with malaria history,family member of the patients and te patient neighbours and Those in Group C consisted of inhabitants with malaria history were given malaria-transmission resting stage treatment with chloroquine and primaquine.Individual data,infection reporting and statistical forms concerning malaira infections were collected and analyzed.Results In 2006,malaria incidence in areas with an average malaria incidence of 0.5% was increased to various extent.The incidence in Group C was 1.62%(24/1 482),3 times higher than that of last year,showing significant difference compared to that of last year(χ2=10.923,P=0.001).Malaria incidences in Group A and B were 0.79%(15/1 898)and 0.85%(13/1 529),25% and 85.7% higher compared to previous year without satitstical differences compared to that of last year(χ2=0.336,P=0.562;χ2=1.812,P=0.178).In 2006,most of infections occurred in September and Octorber,acounted for 43.5% of the total infections.There no statistical differences were observed in malaira incidence between Group A and B,Group B and C(χ2=0.038,P=0.846;χ2=3.677,P=0.055).Conclusion The results of malaria-transmission resting stage treatment with mass drug administration for delaying the rising trend of malaria infection in plain areas with rapidly rising malaria infection were superior to simply treatment of those with malaria hitory.But mass drug administration can not rolling back malaria infection,thus the coverage of mass drug administration be expanded and and integrated control measures be adopted.

Objective To understand and analyze malaria situation in Yongcheng city of Henan province during 2003-2005 and provide evidence for malaria control and prevention. Methods Data on malaria epidemic situation, vector surveillance, blood examination of fever cases and serological surveillance on students were collected and analyzed. Results 890 malaria cases were reported and average incidence of malaria was 2.17 per ten thousand in Yongcheng city during 2003-2005. The number of reported malaria cases in 2004 and 2005 were 13.00 and 3.23 times of that of the previous year, respectively. The number of malaria cases reported from 10 townships in eastern part of the city accounted for 80.22% of the total cases. Most of malaria cases were students and farmers. Positive rate was 5.82% in blood examination of fever patients and 15.31% in IFA of students, respectively. 154 Anopheles sinensis were captured and no An.anthropophagus was found in vector surveillance in 2005. Conclusion Dramatic re-emergence of malaria was observed in Yongcheng city. Various control measures of malaria should be strengthen and rising trend of malaria epidemic situation should be timely suppressed.

At present,a new upsurge in the construction of theme park,ecological agriculture park,and wetlands based on the aquatic flower is rising.This paper took the design of Zhenxing Heyuan in Lianyungang for instance,concentrating on how to give prominence to the characters of aquatic flowers in theme park and implement our traditional flower-lotus combining with the design skills of west- ern landscape.

Objective To understand and analyze malaria situation in Shangqiu City during 2000～2005 and provide evidence for malaria control and prevention. Methods Data concerning malaria prevalence and infection were collected and analyzed. Results 1 028 malaria cases were reported and average malaria incidence was 2.09 per ten thousand in Yongcheng City during 2000～2005.The numbers of reported malaria cases in 2003～2005 were 23.00,7.04 and 3.17 times higher than that of previous year.Yongcheng City and Xiayi County located in the east of city were main endemic areas accounted for 94.14% of total cases.The number of cases was 623(60.60%) in people aged 10～50 years and the ratio of male to female was 1.27:1.Farmer and pupils were accounted for 67.70%(696/1 028) and 23.54%(242/1 028) of the cases.78.21%(804/1 028) of the cases was found during August-October,the incidence of malaria reached to the peak and accounted for 28.21 %(290/1 028) in September. Conclusion There is Dramatic resurgence of malaria infection in Shangqiu City in resent 3 years and various malaria control measures be strengthened to roll back the rising trend of malaria infection.