A one-year monitoring campaign was carried out in 13 representative rivers in Jiashan County, Zhejiang Province, to systematically investigate the spatiotemporal heterogeneity and driving mechanisms of CO2 and N2O in plain river networks. The results indicated that CO2 concentrations in main channels, tributaries without, and those with submerged macrophytes all followed a “higher in summer (1.89 mgC/L, 1.76 mgC/L, 1.33 mgC/L), lower in winter (1.07 mgC/L, 0.99 mgC/L, 0.44 mgC/L)” pattern. For N2O, main channels exhibited a “higher in spring (2.12 µgN/L), lower in autumn (1.3 µgN/L)” trend; tributaries without submerged macrophytes showed a “higher in spring (4.42 µgN/L), lower in summer (2.54 µgN/L)” pattern, whereas tributaries with submerged macrophytes demonstrated a “higher in summer (1.82 µgN/L), lower in autumn (0.88 µgN/L)” variation. Submerged macrophytes significantly inhibited greenhouse gas concentrations. Compared with tributaries lacking macrophytes, dissolved CO2 and N2O levels were 44

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas, with agricultural activities representing its major source. However, the emission mechanism of nitrous oxide efficient by agricultural activities has not yet been fully studied. This study employs metagenomic analysis to elucidate the microbial community structure and functional potential associated with N2O emissions in river and ditch systems of the Yangtze River Delta. The N2O dissolved concentration in the rivers (0.08 +/- 0.03 mu mol NL-1) was significantly lower than that in the ditches (0.21 +/- 0.14 mu mol NL-1) (P < 0.05). According to eight wind-based models, agricultural ditches emissions were 3.53-4.70 times higher than those of the rivers. All models significantly overestimated fluxes (P < 0.05), revealing a systematic overestimation of EF values when using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology. Particulate organic carbon supported microbial activity by providing energy and adhesion sites, while electrical conductivity (EC) served as an indicator of ion inputs from surrounding land use, serving as a critical abiotic driver of EF values in the ditches. The co-occurrence network showed that denitrification genes (norB, nirS, nosZ) formed a tightly clustered subnetwork exclusively in the ditches, indicating broader nitrification niches and stronger functional coupling among denitrifiers in these systems. Metagenomic evidence revealed that EF value correlated significantly with denitrification genes, notably napAB, nirK, norBC and nirK/nosZ (P < 0.05), underscoring denitrification as the primary biotic driver of N2O production. These findings demonstrate the value of metagenomic approaches in revealing microbial mechanisms behind N2O emissions and support the development of more accurate, EF estimates for greenhouse gas inventories in agricultural landscapes.

Environmental pollution emergencies (EPEs) pose significant threats to ecological stability and social security, necessitating a further understanding of their spatiotemporal dynamics and economic linkages for sustainable development. This study investigates the 31-year (1992-2022) spatiotemporal characteristics of EPEs across China and their relationship with economic growth within the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework, reflecting the dynamic interaction between economic expansion and environmental risk by hypothesizing an inverted U-shaped relationship between EPE frequency and per capita GDP. Utilizing 31 provincial-level panel data and spatial econometric models, we find that EPEs exhibit significant spatial clustering, with higher frequency in the economically advanced southeast and lower incidence in the less-developed northwest. The results support the EKC hypothesis, revealing that EPE frequency initially rises with economic growth but declines after reaching a turning point. These findings underscore the need for region-specific policies to balance economic growth and environmental protection, while highlighting the importance of integrated governance and future research on finer-scale data analysis, advanced econometric modeling, and cross-country comparisons to enhance EPE management.

Submerged plants affect nitrogen cycling in aquatic ecosystems. However, whether and how submerged plants change nitrous oxide (N2O) production mechanism and emissions flux remains controversial. Current research primarily focuses on the feedback from N2O release to variation of substrate level and microbial communities. It is deficient in connecting the relative contribution of individual N2O production processes (i.e., the N2O partition). Here, we attempted to offer a comprehensive understanding of the N2O mitigation mechanism in aquatic ecosystems on the Changjiang River Delta according to stable isotopic techniques, metagenome-assembly genome analysis, and statistical analysis. We found that the submerged plant reduced 45 % of N2O emissions by slowing down the dissolved inorganic nitrogen conversion velocity to N2O in sediment (Vf-[DIN]sed). It was attributed to changing the N2O partition and suppressing the potential capacity of net N2O production (i.e., nor/nosZ). The dominated production processes showed a shift with increasing excess N2O. Meanwhile, distinct shift thresholds of planted and unplanted habitats reflected different mechanisms of stimulated N2O production. The hotspot zone of N2O production corresponded to high nor/nosZ and unsaturated oxygen (O2) in unplanted habitat. In contrast, planted habitat hotspot has lower nor/nosZ and supersaturated O2. O2 from photosynthesis critically impacted the activities of N2O producers and consumers. In summary, the presence of submerged plants is beneficial to mitigate N2O emissions from aquatic ecosystems.

Various technologies and projects have been explored and developed for the synergetic control of environmental pollution and carbon emissions in aquatic ecosystems. Planting submerged vegetation in shallow waters was also expected to achieve this purpose. However, the magnitude and mechanism of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission affected by submerged vegetation is not clear enough in complex aquatic ecosystems. This study investigated the influences of submerged plants on CO2 emission, ecosystem metabolism features, and microbial community traits based on observations in river networks on the Changjiang River Delta. The results showed that CO2 emission from planted waters accounted for 73% of unplanted waters. Meanwhile, planted waters had higher dissolved organic carbon removal capacity in overlying water and higher potential of carbon sequestration in sediment at the same time. These distinctions between the two habitats were attributed to (1) improved CO2 and bicarbonate consumption in water columns via enhancing photosynthesis and (2) inhibited CO2 production by reconstructing the benthic microbial community. Additional eco-advantages were found in planted sediments, such as a high potential of methane oxidation and xenobiotics biodegradation and a low risk of becoming black and odorous. In brief, submerged vegetation is beneficial in promoting pollution removal and carbon retention synchronously. This study advances our understanding of the feedback between aquatic metabolism and CO2 emission.

Given the sustained momentum of China's urbanization, the proliferation of black and odorous water bodies has emerged as a foremost predicament within urban settings. Since 2015, China has enacted a succession of policies aimed at mitigating the predicament of black and odorous water bodies. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of research assessing the impact of black-odor governance on water quality at the monitoring-section level. This study constructs the Black and Odorous Comprehensive Index (BOCI) to appraise the efficacy of remediating black and odorous water bodies at the monitoring-section level in China. Utilizing monthly water quality data from national monitoring sections spanning 2016 to 2018, the BOCI index is applied to evaluate the improvement in water quality within black and odorous water bodies, the enhancement of water quality in associated sections, and to quantitatively analyze the remediation effects resulting from the battle against black and odorous water bodies. The results indicate that a significant enhancement in the water quality of black and odorous water bodies in China. Notably, this improvement is most pronounced in water bodies facing more adverse environmental conditions. The Battle Against Black-Odor Water Bodies initiative has effectively compelled local governments to address issues associated with black and odorous water bodies by means of inspections, investigations, and other measures, leading to favorable outcomes.

Black-odorous waters (BOWs) are heavily polluted waters where microbial information remains elusive mechanistically. Based on gene amplicon and metagenomics sequencing, a comprehensive study was conducted to investigate the microbial communities in urban and rural BOWs. The results revealed that microbial communities' assembly in urban and rural BOWs was predominantly governed by stochastic factors at the community level. At the taxonomic level, there were 62 core species (58.48%) in water and 207 core species (44.56%) in sediment across urban and rural areas. Notably, significant differences were observed in the functional genetic composition of BOWs between urban and rural areas. Specifically, rural areas exhibited an enhanced abundance of genes involved in nitrogen fixation, Fe2+ transport, and sulfate reduction. Conversely, urban areas showed higher abundances of some genes associated with carbon fixation, nitrification and denitrification. A sulfur-centered ecological model of microbial communities was constructed by integrating data from the three levels of analysis, and 14 near-complete draft genomes were generated, representing a substantial portion of the microbial community (35.04% in rural BOWs and 29.97% in urban BOWs). This research provides significant insights into the sustainable management and preservation of aquatic ecosystems affected by BOWs.

Passive sampling technology has good application prospects for monitoring trace pollutants in aquatic environments. Further research on the sampling mechanism of this technology is essential to improve the measurement accuracy and extend the application scope of this approach. In this study, adsorption and permeation experiments were performed to investigate the sorption and mass transfer properties of five chiral pharmaceuticals at the enantiomeric level on polyethersulfone (PES) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes used in a polar organic chemical integrative sampler. Batch adsorption experiments showed that the PES membrane had an adsorption phenomenon for most selected pollutants and an insignificant sorption behavior was observed for all selected pharmaceuticals on the PTFE membrane except for R(S)-fluoxetine. The diffusion coefficients of selected pharmaceuticals onto the PTFE membrane were approximately one order of magnitude higher than those onto the PES membrane. The permeation experiment indicated that under different hydraulic conditions, the change of the relative pollutant concentration through the PTFE membrane for the composite pollutant system was more obvious than that for the single pollutant system, and mass transfer hysteresis exists for both contaminant systems through PES membranes. Using the first-order equation or 3-component model to estimate the overall mass transfer coefficients, the results showed that the overall mass transfer coefficient values of pollutants in the composite pollutant system onto both membranes were higher than those in the single pollutant system. This parameter was mainly influenced by the synergistic effects of the multi-analyte interaction and diminished water boundary layers during the mass transfer process.

Vegetation restoration projects can not only improve water quality by absorbing and transferring pollutants and nutrients from non-vegetation sources, but also protect biodiversity by providing habitat for biological growth. However, the mechanism of the protistan and bacterial assembly processes in the vegetation restoration project were rarely explored. To address this, based on 18 S rRNA and 16 S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, we investigated the mechanism of protistan and bacterial community assembly processes, environmental conditions, and microbial interactions in the rivers with (out) vegetation restoration. The results indicated that the deterministic process dominated the protistan and bacterial community assembly (94.29% and 92.38%), influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. For biotic factors, microbial network connectivity was higher in the vegetation zone (average degree = 20.34) than in the bare zone (average degree = 11.00). For abiotic factors, the concentration of dissolved organic carbon ([DOC]) was the most important environmental factor affecting the microbial community composition. [DOC] was lower significantly in vegetation zone (18.65 ± 6.34 mg/L) than in the bare zone (28.22 ± 4.82 mg/L). In overlying water, vegetation restoration upregulated the protein-like fluorescence components (C1 and C2) by 1.26 and 1.01-folds and downregulated the terrestrial humic-like fluorescence components (C3 and C4) by 0.54 and 0.55-folds, respectively. The different DOM components guided bacteria and protists to select different interactive relationships. The protein-like DOM components led to bacterial competition, whereas the humus-like DOM components resulted in protistan competition. Finally, the structural equation model was established to explain that DOM components can affect protistan and bacterial diversity by providing substrates, facilitating microbial interactions, and promoting nutrient input. In general, our study provides insights into the responses of vegetation restored ecosystems to the dynamics and interactives in the anthropogenically influenced river and evaluates the ecological restoration performance of vegetation restoration from a molecular biology perspective.

为揭示沉水植物生态修复在减缓河流温室气体释放方面的作用,在浙江省嘉善县选择盛家湾(有沉水植物)和东龙港(无沉水植物)2 条河流,利用扩散模型法对其水体CO2、CH4、N2O释放通量进行 24 h连续监测,并进行对比分析.结果表明:2 条河流除盛家湾水体在 16:00 表现为CO2 吸收外,其余监测时间内 3 种气体均呈过饱和状态,表现为向大气释放温室气体,24 h内比较,有沉水植物的盛家湾可减少 89%的温室气体释放.将气体释放通量与环境因子进行相关性分析发现,盛家湾水体CO2 释放通量与水温、pH、溶解氧浓度呈显著负相关,与氧化还原电位呈显著正相关,N2O释放通量与水温、pH、溶解氧浓度呈显著正相关,与氧化还原电位呈显著负相关;东龙港水体CO2 释放通量与水温呈显著正相关,CH4 释放通量与水温、溶解氧浓度呈显著正相关,N2O释放通量与水温呈显著正相关.

Riparian zones are considered as an effective measure on preventing agricultural non-point source nitrogen (N) pollution. However, the mechanism underlying microbial N removal and the characteristics of N-cycle in riparian soils remain elusive. In this study, we systematically monitored the soil potential nitrification rate (PNR), denitrification potential (DP), as well as net N2O production rate, and further used metagenomic sequencing to elucidate the mechanism underlying microbial N removal. As a whole, the riparian soil had a very strong denitrification, with the DP 3.17 times higher than the PNR and 13.82 times higher than the net N2O production rate. This was closely related to the high soil NO3--N content. In different profiles, due to the influence of extensive agricultural activities, the soil DP, PNR, and net N2O production rate near the farmland edge were relatively low. In terms of N-cycling microbial community composition, the taxa of denitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction, and assimilatory nitrate reduction accounted for a large proportion, all related to NO3--N reduction. The N-cycling microbial community in waterside zone showed obvious differences to the landside zone. The abundances of N-fixation and anammox genes were significantly higher in the waterside zone, while the abundances of nitrification (amoA&B&C) and urease genes were significantly higher in the landside zone. Furthermore, the groundwater table was an important biogeochemical hotspot in the waterside zone, the abundance of N-cycle genes near the groundwater table was at a relative higher level. In addition, compared to different soil depths, greater variation in N-cycling microbial community composition was observed between different profiles. These results reveal some characteristics of the soil microbial N-cycle in the riparian zone in an agricultural region and are helpful for restoration and management of the riparian zone.

Implementing runoff control infrastructure has been regarded as an efficacious measure in stormwater management. The issue of its cost-effectiveness is a primary concern for decision makers since it is an exorbitant investment. However, most of existed studies only concentrated on the cost-effectiveness optimization of runoff control infrastructure, especially green infrastructure, between hydrological and economic aspects, and therefore, the potential layout scenarios with high extra environmental benefits could be neglected in the traditional two-dimensional frameworks. In this study, a novel carbon dioxide equivalent-based index was quantified to represent the extra environmental benefits of runoff control infrastructure besides stormwater management and was further integrated into the assessment framework. The effectiveness of green and grey infrastructure was comprehensively evaluated and traded off between hydrological, environmental and economic aspects. The results demonstrated that grey infrastructure is a better measure than green infrastructure when only hydrological (HF index) and economic (CI index) performances were considered. Nevertheless, the environmental performance (EROI index) of green infrastructure prevails over grey infrastructure, and when optimizing green and grey infrastructure simultaneously in the three-dimensional framework considering environmental effectiveness, green infrastructure is comparable with grey infrastructure. Furthermore, an appropriate composition of coupled green-grey infrastructure is requisite, which could achieve an optimal trade-off between hydrological and environmental effectiveness. The sources of environmental benefits were also identified and analyzed from three representative preference scenarios. The findings of the study could serve as a trade-off basis between green and grey infrastructure, as well as between EROI and HF.

氮(N)与磷(P)的化学计量学特征反映了N、P在生态系统过程中的耦合关系.当前对于长江水系中全流域N与P摩尔质量比(N:P)的时空衍化规律及其对人类活动的响应机制仍然缺乏科学认知,难以满足长江流域生态保护的治理理论和管理实践需求.根据长江水系水质监测数据和河流水沙数据,从全流域尺度上阐述长江水系N:P的时空分布特征,识别关键控制因素.结果表明:长江干流的N:P从上游到下游呈下降趋势,均值为92±78,大通站N:P输出为47±16;影响长江水系N:P空间变化的主要因素包括支流汇入、沿途面源输入、城市污水输入、磷矿开采活动以及水库拦截;颗粒态P和溶解态N的输入和截留控制着长江干流N:P的季节性差异.从生态化学计量学的角度,揭示人类活动对长江水系营养盐迁移转化的影响,可为未来长江流域生态修复和治理保护工作提供理论参考.

水是生命之源、生产之要、生态之基.近30年来,随着经济社会的快速发展和城市化、工业化演进,我国河流水环境与水生态问题引起各界高度重视[1].2018年6月,《中共中央国务院关于全面加强生态环境保护坚决打好污染防治攻坚战的意见》[2]指出,要全面加强生态环境保护,提升生态文明,建设美丽中国,部署实施蓝天、碧水、净土三大保卫战.至2020年底,污染防治攻坚战阶段性目标任务已顺利完成,生态环境质量明显改善.据统计,2020年全国地表水优良水质断面比例由2015年的66％上升到83.4％,超过"十三五"目标值13.4％;劣V类水体比例由9.7％下降到0.6％,超过"十三五"目标值4.4％;长江干流全部实现Ⅱ类及以上水质[34].在水质全面提升改善的基础上,"十四五"期间,水环境治理由水环境质量改善向"水资源、水环境、水生态"三水统筹转变,坚持污染减排和生态扩容两手发力,推进"美丽河湖"保护与建设.河流生态缓冲带是河流生态系统的重要载体,具有保护河流生物多样性、减少陆域污染物入河、提高水体自净能力以及阻隔人类生产生活活动的直接干扰等生态功能,因而开展河流生态缓冲带构建、保护修复是"十四五"流域水生态环境保护的重点工作[5-6].

河岸植被缓冲带的划定是河流生态缓冲带建设和管理的基础.从面源污染阻控角度出发,根据河岸的土地利用类型,将各河流所处河段划分为堤防型河段、城镇型河段、农田型河段、村落型河段和林草型河段.采用植被过滤带模型(VFSMOD),并结合现有生态红线、河湖管理范围、城市蓝线等空间管控要求,提出了各类型缓冲带的划定方法,以期为我国河岸植被缓冲带的划定工作提供参考.

河流生态缓冲带是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,一些国家已将河流生态缓冲带的构建与维护作为控制流域面源污染的关键措施.针对河流生态缓冲带的农业面源污染阻控功能,梳理了河流生态缓冲带的研究进展.基于河流生态缓冲带类型的划定,重点总结了河岸植被缓冲带的阻控机制及影响阻控效果的主要因素、氮磷削减途径和缓冲带生态构建模式,并就植被缓冲带对污染物的削减机理及量化方法、缓冲带的设计理念与构建模式、缓冲带的长期效果评估和管理机制等方面提出了展望,以期为我国河流生态缓冲带的科学划定、生态构建以及生态系统管理提供参考.

河流生态缓冲带(后称"缓冲带")对改善河流水环境、控制面源污染和水土流失等具有重要作用.如何确定缓冲带的宽度并对其进行合理构建,已成为学者与管理部门关注的热点之一.以浙江省湖州市平原河网型河流大钱港(溇港)为例,基于VFSMOD模型计算和地形坡度、水体流向、土地利用状况、降水条件、土壤类型等现状条件,确定了农田型河段、村落型河段、林草型河段的缓冲带宽度;针对城镇型河段,结合城市河道蓝线,确定了缓冲带的宽度.结果 表明,大钱港干流左右岸缓冲带长度共约16.1 km,面积共约0.408 km2;同时,采用GIS对数据进行处理,并实现了缓冲带的可视化表达.结合农业农村面源污染负荷空间分析,筛选出高污染入河负荷区中的唐家浒自然村汊港段,并提出了缓冲带修复方案,以期为其他缓冲带划定与构建提供参考.

采用植被缓冲带模型(VFSMOD)对不同情景下河流生态缓冲带(简称"缓冲带")的截留效果进行了模拟,考察了土壤可蚀性、土壤质地、坡度、径流源区长度、缓冲带宽度等对缓冲带拦截效果的影响.结果 表明:随着土壤可蚀性因子(K因子)变大,土壤可蚀性增强,缓冲带泥沙输入量变大;坡度变大,拦截效率下降,在坡度分别为1％、3.5％、9％和30％的条件下,达到60％的径流截留效率(RIR),缓冲带的宽度分别需要43.9,50.6,52.9和68.8 m;当RIR达到60％,砂质黏壤土、粉质黏壤土、壤土和黏土所需缓冲带的宽度为109.2、114.6、50.6、128.7 m;径流源区长度越长,缓冲带拦截效率越低.上述模拟结果可为缓冲带的设计提供参考.

The compositional characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) have important implications for lake water quality and aquatic ecology. Seasonal changes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as well as phytoplankton abundance and composition in Shahu Lake from April to July were characterized by three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy (3DEEMs) combined with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis. The relationship between the response of components of the DOM and phytoplankton abundance were explored via Pearson correlation and redundancy analysis (RDA) in the overlying water. The results showed that the DOM was composed mainly of tryptophan-like (C2+C4), fulvic-acid-like (C3), humic-acid-like (C1), and tyrosine-like (C5) compounds that accounted for 44.47%, 20.18%, 20.04%, and 15.31%, respectively, of the DOM. The DOM was derived from both endogenous and terrestrial sources. With seasonal changes, endogenous DOM produced by phytoplankton growth and metabolism gradually increased. In spring and summer (April–July), Chl-a concentrations were significantly correlated with C3 (p < 0.01) and C5 (p < 0.05). The concentration of protein-like fractions (C2+C4, C5) were correlated with Cyanobacteria abundance, and the concentrations of humic-like component content (C1, C3) were correlated with the abundance of Xanthophyta, Chlorophyta, and Cryptophytes. Overall, phytoplankton density and Chl-a content increased by 125% and 197%, respectively, and the abundance of C3 and C5 in the DOM increased by 7.7% and 22.15% in parallel. Thus, seasonal phytoplankton growth had an important influence on the composition of the DOM.

河流生态修复是改善水质和维持河流生态系统稳定的重要措施,是贯彻落实"十四五"重点流域水生态环境保护总体要求的重要举措.以嘉善姚庄镇俞汇塘支流盛家湾河道为研究对象,探讨了河流缓冲带与水生态修复工程实践.针对该区域生态空间严重被挤占、部分河段生境受损严重、生物多样性降低、河道水质不稳定等环境问题,提出了以保护—修复—发展为创新思路的盛家湾河道生态修复工程总体方案;以全面提升河道的水生态环境质量、构建健康稳定的水生态系统为修复目标,实施了面源污染阻控、生态空间恢复以及水生态修复等工程,其中包括面积为17700 m2的人工湿地及2200 m长的生态植草沟建设,约30 m宽和1480 m长的陆域植被缓冲带构建,1210 m长的河岸线生态化改造,以及面积为20400 m2的水下森林生态修复工程.通过盛家湾河道的生态修复,全面改善了盛家湾区域的生态环境,实现了"水清岸绿",恢复了水体的生物多样性.