Nitrogenous fertilizer (N fertilizer) is crucial to the quality of mulberry leaves. This study evaluated the influences of 4 N fertilizers on the chemical properties of paddy soil, mulberry growth, leaf quality and Cd distribution in mulberry. The results showed the soil pH was reduced with the increasing concentrations of NH4Cl and (NH4)2SO4. The soil pH for NH4Cl and (NH4)2SO4 treatments were 4.60 and 4.62 at 300 mg N/kg soil, 21.10% and 20.75% lower than that of the control, respectively. CO(NH2)2 increased soil organic matter (OM) and the 4 N fertilizers all increased the Cd phytoavailability with (NH4)2SO4>NH4Cl > CO(NH2)2>NaNO3. (NH4)2SO4 and CO(NH2)2 improved leaf production, total mulberry biomass and the total sugar in leaf. CO(NH2)2, NH4Cl and NaNO3 increased the crude protein content and (NH4)2SO4 increased the chlorophyll content (8.10%∼20.20%). (NH4)2SO4 and NH4Cl increased the Cd concentration in leaf, stem and root. CO(NH2)2 increased Cd concentration in leaf and stem. All 4 N fertilizers decreased the percentage content of Cd in roots (1.80%∼37.74%) and increased it in stems (3.90%∼263.81%) and leaves (24.09%∼236.18%). The leaves from the CO(NH2)2 and NaNO3 treatments met the hygienical standard for feeds. CO(NH2)2 and NaNO3 could be recommended to safely utilize the Cd polluted acidic paddy soils.

Developing the sericulture industry is an important way to safely utilize cadmium (Cd) heavily contaminated farmland, and nitrogenous fertilizer (N fertilizer) is crucial for the quality of mulberry leaves and the yield of silkworm cocoons. This study evaluated the influences of N fertilizers (NH4Cl, NH4HCO3, CO(NH2)2, (NH4)2SO4) on the accumulation of Cd in the soil-mulberry-silkworm system, the physiological responses of Bombyx mori L. (silkworm), and the yield and quality of cocoons. The results showed that the four N fertilizers first decreased the ingestion rate (IR) and digestion rate (DR) and then increased them slowly. The maximum concentration of Cd in silkworm excrement (SE) was 0.77 mg/kg And the concentration of Cd in SE is 4.1 6.5 times as high as in the silkworm body. All the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of mulberry organs for Cd were lower than 1, but the translocation factors (TFs) from larva to SE were above 1. The NH4Cl and (NH4)2SO4 increased the BCFs of Cd in root, but CO(NH2)2 and NH4HCO3 decreased them. CO(NH2)2 and NH4HCO3 increased the survival rates of larva pupa, but NH4Cl and (NH4)2SO4 significantly reduced them. The four N fertilizers all increased the ratios of cocoon shells, and NH4HCO3 was the highest, followed by CO(NH2)2. The whole cocoon weight of CO(NH2)2 and NH4HCO3 treatments were 1.34 And 1.42 g, respectively, significantly greater than that of the control treatment. NH4HCO3 decreased the percentage content of Cd accumulation in silkworms and enhanced it in SE. These results indicated that planting mulberry and raising silkworm with reasonable use of NH4HCO3 and CO(NH2)2 contributes to the safe utilization of acidic paddy fields heavily polluted by Cd.

Developing sericulture industry is a promising model for the utilization of soils heavily contaminated with cadmium (Cd), but the management of polluted silkworm excrement (SE) becomes challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the SE biochar (SB) with Cd (SB-Cd) and without Cd (SB-Cd free) on the chemical properties of paddy soil, the mulberry leaf quality and the accumulation of Cd in mulberry. The soil incubation experiments showed that the two SBs all raised the acidic soil pH (20.24 %∼49.97 %) significantly (P < 0.05) with the increasing SB addition rates. The two SBs increased the soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) and played an essential role in reducing the phytoavailability of Cd. The pot experiment elucidated the two SBs all promoted the growth of mulberry, increased the crude protein content and the chlorophyll content, reduced the total sugar content in leaves. The Cd concentrations in root, stem, leaf were decreased with the increase of SB respectively, but no significant differences were found between the same additions of SB-Cd free and SB-Cd. The use of SB-Cd for remediation of the Cd polluted soils could be a reasonable method to address the Cd polluted SE.

The ecological reconstruction and safe utilisation of a large number of tailings ponds are very important. In this study, the accumulation and transportation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in the soil-mulberry-silkworm system was evaluated through the mulberry planting and silkworm rearing at a tailings pond in Huayuan County, China. The results revealed that both the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of mulberry for Cd and Pb were less than 1. The highest translocation factors (TFs) for both Cd and Pb were appeared in the stage from silkworm to excrement, followed by mulberry stem to leaf. The peak concentrations of Cd and Pb in the silkworm excrement were 2.33 mg kg(-1) and 6.46 mg kg(-1), respectively. Though the Cd and Pb contents in the cocoon shell from Yangjiazhai fitted the Technical Specifications of Ecological Textiles (GB/T 18885-2009, China), the ratio of cocoon shell was reduced by 17.06% under the stress of heavy metals. Developing the sericulture industry could be a reasonable way to utilise the tailings pond.

为了弄清桑螟性信息素诱捕器在桑园的诱蛾效果,在湖南省蚕桑科学研究所澧县试验示范基地(以下简称澧县基地)桑园进行了桑螟性信息素诱捕器诱蛾试验,结果显示:桑螟性信息素诱捕器在澧县基地桑园里从4月底到9月下旬均可诱集到一定数量的桑螟成虫,澧县基地桑园桑螟全年发生5代,且1个诱捕器单日最大诱蛾量平均可以达到35只,诱蛾效果良好;澧县基地桑园桑螟成虫7月份发生量最多,9月份发生量最少;桑园相对湿度、下雨、桑树夏伐均对桑螟发生量具有一定影响.利用桑螟性信息素诱捕器诱杀桑螟成虫,可以作为桑螟绿色防控技术的一个重要措施.

为了丰富湖南地区桑树优质种质资源,同时为桑树品种改良与多用途利用提供技术支持,研究以湘7920桑树品种的冬芽为外植体材料,以MS培养基为基本培养基,初步建立了湘7920桑树品种的组织培养体系.结果表明:湘7920冬芽的最佳培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA,增殖倍数为3.05,30 d可使冬芽增长27 mm;侧芽最佳培养基为MS+3.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.3 mg/L IBA,15 d可使侧芽增长22 mm;最佳生根培养基为1/2 MS+0.5 mg/L IBA,根系状态良好,生根率为73％,移栽成活率为30％.

Morus spp. leaves (MSLs) show various beneficial effects in the treatment of metabolic-related diseases, which have created a growing interest in MSL development as dietary supplements and functional foods. The illustration of chemical compositions and screening of high-quality MSL resources are therefore necessary for further application. This study developed a new UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS strategy of in-source collision-induced dissociation (IS-CID) and target collision-cell CID (TCC-CID) to quickly capture analogues with consistent skeleton, and combined global natural product social molecular networking (GNPS) to efficiently annotate bioactive phytochemicals in MSLs. For the results, 49 bioactive ingredients, including quercetin-type flavonoids, kaempferol-type flavonoids, chlorogenic acid isomers, 1-deoxynojirimycin, γ-aminobutyric acid, amino acids, and unsaturated fatty acids, were systematically identified in MSLs for the first time. Quantification for the typical components was simultaneously carried out in MSLs of 90 Morus resources collected from different locations. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) indicated that quercetin-3-O-(6″-O-malonyl)-glucoside, rutin, kaempferol-3-O-(6″-O-malonyl)-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, and chlorogenic acid showed high variable importance in the project (VIP > 1) that were significant constituents for the differences between MSL species. Then, high-quality MSLs were comprehensively screened in multiple Morus cultivars based on the criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method. This study presented an efficient strategy to annotate bioactive compounds, revealed the difference of bioactive components in MSLs, and provided important information for the high-value production of Morus cultivars in food and supplement fields.

为探讨不同化肥处理对重金属污染农田土壤及桑树中重金属含量的影响,采用大田施肥试验研究了不同化肥施用对湖南省株洲市农田土壤和桑树中镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)含量的影响.结果显示:试验农田土壤Cd的单项污染指数为7.80,综合污染指数为5.87,属于重度污染.与对照组F0(不施任何肥料)相比,不同化肥处理降低了土壤中Cd和Pb的含量,其中F1(施用由复混肥、尿素复配而成的肥料)处理的土壤中Pb含量最低,为105.65 mg/kg,F4(施用尿素)处理的土壤中Cd含量最低,为1.75 mg/kg.尽管化肥施用对土壤的pH值及有效镉含量的影响都不显著,但与F0相比,除了F1外,F2(施用复合肥)、F3(施用由尿素、氯化钾、磷酸一铵复配而成的肥料)和F4都降低了土壤的pH值,且施肥处理都提高了土壤中的有效镉含量,其中F1处理的土壤中有效镉含量最高,达到1.42 mg/kg.同时,施肥处理增加了Cd在根和茎中的含量,其中F2显著增加了Cd在桑树根、茎、叶中的含量(P＜0.05).与F0相比,不同施肥处理条件下根和茎中Pb的含量都没有显著差别,其中F1和F2增加了Pb在桑树根部的积累,降低了其在茎和叶中的含量,而F3和F4降低了Pb在根和茎中的含量,增加了其在叶中的积累.对于Cd和Cr,其在桑树中的含量分布都满足根＞叶＞茎,且桑树根、茎、叶对土壤中重金属Cd、Pb、Cr的富集系数都小于1,粤桑11号对重金属的富集能力表现为Cd＞Pb＞Cr.研究表明,不同化肥处理除F1处理的土壤中pH值略有增加外,其余处理都降低了土壤pH值,而且都增加了土壤中有效镉含量,促进了桑树对重金属的吸收,从而降低了土壤中Cd和Pb的含量,提高了桑树对重金属的富集能力.

Mulberry is an important material to utilize the Cd polluted farmland in China and planting forage mulberry is a new development direction. This study aimed to investigate the changes of annual biomass and Cd content in shoot of Guisangyou 62, Guisangyou 12 and Yuesang 11 in field XT-C1, XT-X1 and ZZ-M1 under the pressure of Cd in 3 years. The Cd extraction ability of forage mulberry was analyzed, and the safety of forage mulberry was also discussed. The results showed that the annual biomass of each forage mulberry shoot could reach 64.52 ∼ 86.61 t/hectare (ha). The total harvest biomass of Guisangyou 12 was the highest, followed by Guisangyou 62 and Yuesang 11. In the same test area, for different forage mulberry varieties, there were no significant differences in Cd content in the shoot at each sampling time, and the Cd concentrations in shoot were in the range of 0.05 ∼ 0.66 mg/kg, meeting the hygienical standard for feeds (GB 13078-2017, China). Without considering the test area, the average Cd removal amount of each forage mulberry in a year was about 18.52 g/ha. Planting forage mulberry may become a new ecological economic model to achieve the safe utilization of Cd polluted farmland.Novelty statement Mulberry is one of the most important plants for safe utilization the Cd polluted farmland in China and planting mulberry as animal feed is a new development direction. This study investigated the effects of Cd on the shoot biomass of 3 forage mulberry varieties at 3 experimental areas in 3 years. It also examined how much Cd could be removed from soil by harvesting forage mulberry for 4 times a year. The Cd content in the shoot of forage mulberry and its safety were also evaluated.

为了评价在重金属污染耕地种植果桑的安全性,于2018—2020年在长株潭地区现有果桑基地采集了土壤和桑葚样品,采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法对取样点土壤进行污染评价,结合相关标准对取样点桑葚进行安全性评价,并对土壤部分理化指标与桑葚Cd含量及富集系数之间的关系进行了相关性分析.结果表明:长株潭已栽果桑基地土壤pH值最低为4.37,最高为8.23,变化范围大;各种金属综合污染指数由高到低排列依次为Cd(1.76)>As(0.87)>Pb(0.81)>Hg(0.61)>Cr(0.52),存在不同程度的Cd、As、Pb污染,应防范土壤Cd、Pb、As含量的持续累积;相关性分析结果显示,土壤pH值与桑葚对Cd的BCF极显著负相关,桑葚Cd含量与土壤有效Cd占比显著正相关.综合表明,在土壤pH值≤5.5的农田以及土壤pH值>5.5、土壤Cd含量高于风险筛选值的农田中,栽种果桑的风险较大.

概述了湖南省果桑生产中的主要病虫害种类、危害及发生规律,从绿色安全角度,提出了以农业防治与物理防治为主、化学防治为辅的综合防治措施.

A 3-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the accumulation ability of 3 forage mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.) varieties (Guisangyou 62, Guisangyou 12, Yuesang 11) for Cadmium (Cd). The results showed that the shoot biomass of forage mulberry could reach to 64.51~69.58 t/ha in 2018. The total production of Guisangyou 12 was the highest among the tested 3 cultivars in each year. However, the biomass of the 3 varieties displayed without significant differences at every sampling time. In addition, the concentrations of Cd in the roots of the 3 mulberry cultivars were higher than those in the corresponding shoots in 2018. But in 2019, the Cd content in roots was near to that of shoots. The Cd concentrations in the roots of the forage mulberry showed Guisangyou 62 > Yuesang 11 > Guisangyou 12. And the Cd concentrations in shoots of all the 3 tested forage mulberry varieties were less than 1 mg/kg, meeting the hygienical standard for feeds (China). Though the 3 forage mulberry varieties were not hyperaccumulators for Cd, they could be used as alternative plants to make use of the Cd-polluted (< 1.0 mg/kg) paddy soils.

为了探明不同污染程度农田种植桑树后,农田土壤和桑树内镉含量随栽植年限的延长而发生的变化,在长株潭地区选取3个地点进行长期取样调查.结果表明:在Cd含量为风险筛选值之上的农田种植桑树,栽植3 a,土壤pH值明显升高,土壤Cd含量明显降低,但仍处于风险筛选值之上;生长至10月下旬、11月上旬,桑树各部位Cd含量分布表现为叶>根>枝;多年生木本植物桑树,随着栽植年限的增加,各部位富集Cd的能力逐渐下降;结合前期试验结果进行推测,桑树在超过风险管控值的农田种植3 a后,可以实现安全利用.

桑椹肥大性菌核病是桑椹的一种毁灭性真菌病害.目前控制该病最有效的方法是化学防治.将不同药剂及组合对该病进行大田防治试验,结果表明:多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵、腐霉利、菌核净、咪鲜胺5种农药防治桑椹肥大性菌核病均有较好的效果.桑椹农药残留检测只有多菌灵超标,达到17.2mg/kg,是0.5 mg/kg标准的34.4倍.结合大田防治效果、桑椹农药残留及病原抗药性等因素综合分析,处理III 25％咪鲜胺乳油500倍液+40％菌核净可湿性粉剂750倍液组合是控制该病适宜的化学防治方法.

Evaluation of the transportation of heavy metals in food chain has received a great deal of attention. In this study, the mobility of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in soil-mulberry-silkworm system was assessed. The results showed that bioconcentration factors for Cd and Pb were lower than 1 for all the three mulberry cultivars. Higher translocation factors (TF5) were observed in the levels from branch to leaf, larvae to excrement. The BCFs of Pb in root and silkworm excrement were higher than those in the other parts. Meanwhile, most of Cd accumulated from soils located in the root (48.00-54.40%) and only about 10% was in the leaf. But the Cd and Pb had significant effects on the ratios of cocoon shell with Yuesang 11 under different planting densities. For Yuesang 11 and Qiangsang 1, the Pb percentages were roots > branches > leaves > stems. The rates of ingestion (IR) and digestion (DR) were a little higher than those in the control at first and then decreased gradually with time. The IR reached the lowest values on 8th day while the DR arrived at the highest. Planting mulberry and raising silkworm could be a reasonable method for the utilization of heavy metal contaminated paddy soils. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mulberry tree (Morus alba L.) is an effective material available for the remediation and utilization of heavy metal contaminated soil. A three-year experiment was carried out to assess the effects of three mulberry varieties under three planting densities on the removal of Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). Meanwhile, the pollution levels of the farmland by Cd and Pb were also evaluated. Results showed that the soils were strongly to extremely polluted by Cd and moderately to strongly contaminated by Pb. The biomasses of mulberry trees were increased with the increasing planting densities both in 2014 and 2015, except the biomasses of Nongsang 14 in the planting density 30,000 plants/hectare (ha) in 2014. The total biomasses of Yuesang 11 were the highest among the test three cultivars. In addition, the concentrations of Cd and Pb in the root were much higher than those in the stem or branch or leaf. One hectare mulberry shoots could extract 1.92-7.89 g Cd and 9.70-83.58 g Pb every year, respectively. The three mulberry varieties were all not hyperaccumulators for Cd or Pb because both the bio-concentration factors (BCFs) and translocation factors (TEs) were less than 1. These results indicated that mulberry trees can be used as an alternative plant to make use of heavy metal polluted paddy soils and Yuesang 11 may be regarded as a candidate species for phytostabilization of Cd and Pb, with the planting density of 30,000 plants/ha.

蚕沙是养蚕的副产物,主要用作农家肥或为动物提供饲料.近年来通过对蚕沙在成分、结构、特性等方面的深入研究,蚕沙的许多优良特性被发掘并利用,蚕沙资源多元化创新利用丰富了蚕桑产业的内涵.本文从蚕沙作栽培材料用、作药用、作化工原料用、作肥料用、作饲料用、作环保材料用等6个方面阐述了蚕沙的应用现状,并提出了蚕沙资源多元化利用的意见和建议.

针对目前饲料桑收获机械存在的茬口质量差、刀具易损坏、桑枝易缠绕等问题,设计制造了一种具有切碎输送一体化转筒式输送机构及液压翻斗集料箱的饲料桑专用收获机,同时改进了割刀参数,经试验,各项表现均已达到设计要求,上述问题基本得到解决.

以湖南省蚕桑科学研究所桑树种质资源圃保存的杂交桑和湖桑品种为材料,采用大棚盆栽自然接种桑叶枯病病原的方法,调查不同桑树品种在高Cd 和低Cd 浓度胁迫下桑叶枯病的发病率,以及相同 Cd 浓度条件下大树和建筑物遮荫(低温区)对桑叶枯病发病率的影响,发病率以发病叶片数占整株桑树叶片总数的百分比表示.结果表明: 不同的桑树品种,其桑叶枯病的发病率差异较大.在调查的 66 个桑树品种中,育 2 号等 9 个品种的桑叶枯病平均发病率低于 5％,为抗性品种; 粤桑 11 号等 16 个品种的桑叶枯病平均发病率高于 50％,为易感品种.高 Cd 浓度区与低 Cd 浓度区,高温区与低温区发病率差异也较大,其平均发病率分别为高温高 Cd 区 60. 75％、 低温高 Cd 区29. 50％、 高温低 Cd 区 46. 43％和低温低 Cd 区 20. 00％,高温高 Cd 区平均发病率比低温高 Cd 区高 31. 25 个百分点,高温低 Cd 区平均发病率比低温低 Cd 区高 26. 43 个百分点.