Исследовалось изменение прозрачности кристаллов вольфрамата свинца в процессе непрерывного облучения в течение 1200 ч в поле -излучения радионуклидного источника 60. Температура кристаллов поддерживалась на уровне –15°С при мощности дозы излучения 0.1 Гр/ч. После завершения облучения исследован процесс восстановления прозрачности кристаллов при изменении температуры кристаллов от –15 до +38°С. Работа проведена в рамках подготовки эксперимента PANDA в проекте FAIR в Германии.

Changes in the transparency of lead tungstate crystals under continuous ∼1200-h irradiation with γ rays of a radionuclide 60Co source were investigated. The crystal temperature was maintained at a level of −15°C at a dose rate of 0.1 Gy/h. The crystal transparency recovery process was investigated after the irradiation at temperatures varying from −15 to +38°C. The study was performed while preparing for the PANDA experiment in the FAIR project in Germany.

A new experiment SPASCHARM devoted to a systematic study of polarization phenomena in hadron-hadron interactions in the energy range 10-70 GeV is under preparation at IHEP (Protvino). The physical observables will be single-spin asymmetries, hyperon polarizations and spin-density matrix elements. A universal setup will detect and identify various neutral and charge particles in the full azimuthal angle and a wide polar angle range. A polarized target is used to measure the SSA. The SPASCHARM sub-detectors are being designed and constructed now. The possibility of obtaining a polarized proton beam for the SPASCHARM experiment from Lambda decays is under study.

This document is the Technical Design Report covering the two large spectrometer magnets of the PANDA detector set-up. It shows the conceptual design of the magnets and their anticipated performance. It precedes the tender and procurement of the magnets and, hence, is subject to possible modifications arising during this process.

The first stage of the proposed polarization program SPASCHARM includes the measurements of the single-spin asymmetry (SSA) in exclusive and inclusive reactions with production of stable hadrons and the light meson and baryon resonances.In this study we foresee of using the variety of the unpolarized beams (pions, kaons, protons and antiprotons) in the energy range of 30-60 GeV. The polarized proton and deuteron targets will be used for revealing the flavor and isotopic spin dependencies of the polarization phenomena. The neutral and charged particles in the final state will be detected.

The radiation hardness of a test batch of lead tungstate crystals grown by a new technology at the Bogoroditsk Technochemical Plant for the PANDA experiment has been measured. The optical properties of the crystals have been investigated at temperatures ranging from +20 to −20°C under irradiation with a 137Cs radionuclide source. The light yield in the crystal is seen to considerably increase with a decrease in its temperature. In addition, the loss of the crystal transparency under irradiation at low temperatures is higher than under irradiation at room temperature. As a result, at a fixed dose rate, the signal from the crystal at a negative temperature may be considerably greater than the signal at room temperature even if the accumulated dose is high.

To study fundamental questions of hadron and nuclear physics in interactions of antiprotons with nucleons and nuclei, the universal PANDA detector will be built. Gluonic excitations, the physics of strange and charm quarks and nucleon structure studies will be performed with unprecedented accuracy thereby allowing high-precision tests of the strong interaction. The proposed PANDA detector is a state-of-the art internal target detector at the HESR at FAIR allowing the detection and identification of neutral and charged particles generated within the relevant angular and energy range. This report presents a summary of the physics accessible at PANDA and what performance can be expected.

This document presents the technical layout and the envisaged performance of the Electromagnetic Calorimeter (EMC) for the PANDA target spectrometer. The EMC has been designed to meet the physics goals of the PANDA experiment, which is being developed for the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) at Darmstadt, Germany. The performance figures are based on extensive prototype tests and radiation hardness studies. The document shows that the EMC is ready for construction up to the front-end electronics interface.

For the first time, full size lead tungstate crystals of different suppliers, quality and dopant concentration have been irradiated with gamma-rays at low temperatures down to -25 degrees C at IHEP Protvino. In contrast to the behavior at room temperature, increased damage and extremely slow recovery processes have been observed. These first results are discussed in the light of several very different interpretations. Further more sensitive measurements are under preparation. The outcome will have a strong impact on the presently assembled ALICE-PHOS detector and the design of the EM calorimeter of PANDA at the future FAIR facility.

PANDA is a challenging experimental setup to be implemented at the high-energy storage ring (HESR) at the international facility FAIR, GSI (Germany). PANDA physics program relies heavily on the capability to measure photons with excellent energy, position and timing resolution. For this purpose PANDA proposed to employ electromagnetic calorimeters using two different technologies: compact crystal calorimeter cooled to -25 degrees C around target and lead-scintillator sandwich calorimeter with optical fibers light collection (so-called shashlyk calorimeter) in the forward region.Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP) PANDA group reports on two types of measurements performed at IHEP, Protvino: radiation hardness of the PWO crystals at -25 degrees C and testbeam studies of the energy and position resolution of the shashlyk calorimeter prototype in the energy range up to 19 GeV. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The electromagnetic calorimeter of PANDA at the FAIR facility will rely on the operation of lead tungstate (PbWO4, PWO) scintillating crystals at temperatures near -25∘C to provide sufficient resolution for photons in the energy range from 8GeV down to 10MeV. The radiation hardness of PWO crystals was studied at the IHEP (Protvino) irradiation facility in the temperature range from +20∘C (room temperature) down to -23∘C. These studies have indicated significantly different behavior in the time evolution of the damaging processes well below room temperature. Different signal loss levels at the same dose rate but at different temperatures were observed. The effect of a deep suppression of the crystal recovery process at temperatures below 0∘C has been seen.

A precise measurement of the angle α in the CKM triangle is very important for a complete test of the Standard Model. A theoretically clean method to extract α is provided by B 0 → ρπ decays. Monte Carlo simulations to obtain the BTeV reconstruction efficiency and to estimate the signal-to-background ratio for these decays were performed. Finally the time-dependent Dalitz plot analysis, using the isospin amplitude formalism for tree and penguin contributions, was carried out. It was shown that, in one year of data taking, BTeV could achieve an accuracy on α better than 5°.

The new polarization program SPASCHARM is being prepared in Protvino. The program has two stages. The first stage is dedicated to single-spin asymmetries in the production of miscellaneous light resonances with the use of 34 GeV $π^-$-beam. Inclusive and exclusive reactions will be studied simultaneously. The second stage is dedicated to single-spin and double-spin asymmetries in charmonium production with the use of 70 GeV polarized proton beam which will allow us to understand charmonium hadronic production mechanism and make gluon polarization $Δg(x)$ extraction at large $x$.

A highly stable monitoring system based on blue and red light emitting diodes coupled to a distribution network comprised of optical fibers has been developed for an electromagnetic calorimeter that uses lead tungstate crystals readout with photomultiplier tubes. We report of the system prototype design and on the results of laboratory tests. Stability better than 0.1% (r.m.s.) has been achieved during one week of prototype operation.

BTeV is a new dedicated B-physics project at Fermilab. It requires excellent photon detection which is crucial to study CP violations in B decays and rare decays of B's to explore physics beyond the standard model. Electromagnetic calorimeter (EMCAL) built of lead tungstate (PbWO4) scintillating crystals can provide excellent energy and position resolution, compact shower size, fast signal, and reasonable radiation hardness. We have carried out beam studies of a prototype of the BTeV electromagnetic calorimeter. The test took place at the Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia. The prototype was built of 25 PbWO4 crystals, from russian and chinese manufacturers. The results of the first set of measurements have confirmed the expected good energy and position resolution of the prototype, though revealed the fact that PbWO4 was not as radiation hard as expected when irradiated with intense high energy hadron and electron beams. The next step included additional studies of radiation hardness, methods of monitoring changes of crystal signal due to radiation using LEDs with different wavelength, and possible procedures for testing PbWO4 radiation hardness without high energy beams.

Radiation damage in lead tungstate crystals reduces their transparency. The calibration that relates the amount of light detected in such crystals to incident energy of photons or electrons is of paramount importance to maintaining the energy resolution the detection system. We report on tests of lead tungstate crystals, read out by photomultiplier tubes, exposed to irradiation by monoenergetic electron or pion beams. The beam electrons themselves were used to measure the scintillation light output, and a blue light emitting diode (LED) was used to track variations of crystals transparency. We report on the correlation of the LED measurement with radiation damage by the beams and also show that it can accurately monitor the crystal recovery from such damage.

We employed two independent methods to study possible damage to the scintillation mechanism in lead tungstate crystals due to irradiation by a 34 GeV pion beam. First, 10 crystals were irradiated simultaneously over 30 hours by a narrow beam, so that only a small region of each crystal was affected. We studied the effect of the irradiation on the light output non-uniformity. If a localized degradation was observed, it would indicate damage to the scintillation mechanism. Secondly, we detected light output using two phototubes attached to sides of a crystal. Since these phototubes detect scintillation light only from a small localized region, the effect of transmission loss should be minimal. We did not see any statistically significant evidence for scintillation mechanism damage with either method. The effect is consistent with zero, and the upper limit is 0.5% at 95% C.L.

Studies of the radiation hardness of lead tungstate crystals produced by the Bogoroditsk Techno-Chemical Plant in Russia and the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics in China have been carried out at IHEP, Protvino. The crystals were irradiated by a 40GeV pion beam. After full recovery, the same crystals were irradiated using a 137Csγ-ray source. The dose rate profiles along the crystal length were observed to be quite similar. We compare the effects of the two types of radiation on the crystal's light output.

We report on the performance of a monitoring system for a prototype calorimeter for the BTeV experiment that uses Lead Tungstate crystals coupled with photomultiplier tubes. The tests were carried out at the 70 GeV accelerator complex at Protvino, Russia.