Precision polishing of micro-curved surfaces remains a significant challenge in the manufacturing of high-performance electrical connectors. This study utilized a large-spot, high-energy nanosecond pulsed laser to polish the convex and concave end surfaces of tin-bronze pins. The influences of laser power density and the number of irradiations on surface topography, surface roughness (Sa), elemental composition, cross-sectional profiles, and remelted layer thickness were comprehensively investigated. The results indicated that the optimal polishing performance was achieved at a power density of 0.68 GW/cm2 with four irradiations. Under these conditions, the surface roughness (Sa) of the convex and concave surfaces was significantly reduced by 91.41% and 88.42%, respectively. SEM observations revealed that the center and transition regions achieved exceptional smoothness, whereas the edge regions exhibited characteristic periodic ripple structures attributed to localized melt flow. EDS analysis confirmed that no new oxides were generated during the polishing process. Furthermore, cross-sectional analysis revealed a radial thickness gradient in the remelted layer, while the overall geometric accuracy of the curved surfaces was well-preserved. These findings demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly enhance the contact reliability of electrical connector pins by providing ultra-smooth surfaces without compromising dimensional precision or chemical purity. This study offers an efficient, non-contact solution for the polishing of precision micro-components with complex geometries.

With low energy consumption and short processing time, the room-temperature blackening process aligns with the current industrial requirements for green and energy-saving technologies. However, the room-temperature blackening coatings typically suffer from a porous structure and poor adhesion, which restricts the application of this process. In this study, Q235 steel specimens were first subjected to a room-temperature blackening treatment, and the resulting coating was subsequently irradiated by a nanosecond pulsed laser. The influence of the laser treatment on the surface morphology, phase composition, adhesion, and corrosion performance of the coating was systematically investigated. At an optimized laser power of 4 W and a scanning speed of 400 mm s-1, the treated coating exhibited a more uniform and dense structure. The cross-cut test indicated that the coating adhesion improved from Grade 2 to Grade 1. Furthermore, electrochemical tests revealed that the laser-treated coating exhibited a positive shift in corrosion potential, a decrease in corrosion current, and a significant increase in charge transfer resistance (Rct). Moreover, a 120 h salt spray test confirmed the enhanced corrosion resistance of the laser-treated coating. The results demonstrate that nanosecond laser irradiation can effectively improve the structure, adhesion, and corrosion resistance of the room-temperature blackened coating.

This work aims to enhance the corrosion resistance of Yb2Si2O7 (YbDS) environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) in molten CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CMAS). For this purpose, an approximately 30 μm thick Al2O3 layer was deposited on the YbDS coating by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) and subsequently treated by ultraviolet (UV) picosecond laser micro glazing (LMG). The spreading, reaction, and infiltration behaviors of molten CMAS on the modified Al2O3/YbDS composite coating were investigated at 1250 °C. The results indicate that LMG produced a dense remelted surface layer approximately 12 μm thick, with cracks narrower than 0.6 μm. Compared with the Al2O3/YbDS coating, the LMG-Al2O3/YbDS coating exhibited a markedly lower surface roughness, decreasing from 1.586 ± 0.172 to 0.295 ± 0.021 μm, corresponding to a reduction of 81.4%. It also significantly suppressed the spreading and infiltration of molten CMAS. Specifically, the total affected area decreased from 37.6 to 19.5mm², while the Ca penetration depth decreased from 55 ± 2 to 25 ± 2 μm, corresponding to reductions of 48.1% and 54.5%, respectively. The enhanced CMAS corrosion resistance was mainly attributed to the structural sealing effect of the dense remelted layer formed by LMG, together with reaction-induced sealing associated with the formation of anorthite and apatite.

In harsh service environments, the corrosion behavior of CaO-MgO-AlO1.5-SiO2 (CMAS) on thermal barrier coatings is a primary factor contributing to failure. In this study, atmospheric plasma-sprayed 8 wt.

Agricultural production faces increasing pressure to improve efficiency while reducing chemical inputs and environmental impacts. Laser-based technologies have attracted attention because their wavelength, energy input, exposure duration, and spatial delivery can be adjusted for different biological targets and operational purposes. This review provides a stage-oriented synthesis of laser-based biostimulation, optical sensing, and targeted physical control across crop production and postharvest stages, including seed treatment and seedling establishment, field growth management, ripening and quality assessment, and postharvest preservation. Rather than treating laser-based technologies as a single uniform approach, this review focuses on technical functions, key operating parameters, possible interaction mechanisms, and evidence levels. Particular attention is given to how wavelength, power density, delivered energy dose or fluence, spot size, and exposure duration affect biological responses, sensing performance, and physical treatment efficacy. Current evidence indicates that many applications remain limited to laboratory studies, controlled-environment tests, field demonstrations, or engineering prototypes. Major challenges include parameter standardization, mechanistic validation, environmental robustness, model transferability, crop or product safety, equipment cost, and system integration. Future research should emphasize mechanism-informed dose–response assessment, adaptive sensing and control, multi-source data fusion, product-specific validation, and techno-economic evaluation.

Laser marking technology employs a high-energy-density laser beam to irradiate material surfaces along a predefined path. Through photothermal, photochemical, or photomechanical effects, it can generate clear and machine-readable surface marks without physical contact. Previous studies have indicated that this technology has considerable potential for identification, quality and safety management, and traceability in agriculture. This review systematically summarizes the core components of agricultural laser marking systems, including lasers, beam delivery systems, and modulation units. It explains the principal laser–material interaction mechanisms and classifies the resulting marking forms. In addition, it comprehensively examines research progress and applications of laser marking technology in plant systems, animal systems, processed foods, and food packaging. Finally, this review analyzes the key advantages and current challenges of this technology. It also proposes future directions for applying laser marking in agricultural production.

This paper demonstrates the controlled modulation of surface micro-nano structures and wettability of 316 stainless steel mesh via a laser-phosphating hybrid treatment. The results demonstrate that under nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation at a higher scanning speed, partial wire fusion occurs on the mesh surface, accompanied by the formation of micro-nano features such as pits. Subsequent phosphating leads to the in-situ growth of a lamellar stacked structure, endowing the surface with superhydrophobicity (WCA >150 degrees, SA <10 degrees) and self-cleaning capability. When the laser scanning speed is reduced, structures including micropillars are formed. After phosphating, the resulting groove and pore architectures significantly increase the specific surface area, enabling superhydrophilicity (WCA <10 degrees) and underwater superoleophobicity (UOCA >150 degrees), with an oil-water separation efficiency exceeding 95 % and a separation flux exceeding 2280 Lm(-2)h(-1). The hybrid treatment imparts excellent corrosion resistance and long-term durability to the 316 stainless steel mesh.

To enhance the corrosion resistance of the epoxy primer on the phosphated AZ31B magnesium alloy surface, a nanosecond pulsed laser was employed to modify the manganese-based phosphate conversion coating (PCC). Studies on the modification effects of the single-layer PCC demonstrated that pulsed laser irradiation induced a reconstruction of the coating from loose hydrates to dense anhydrous oxides, significantly strengthening the intrinsic adhesion of the coating to the magnesium substrate (with the peeling rate in the cross-cut test decreasing from 34.39% to 8.82%). Concurrently, the surface hydrophilicity of the modified coating was substantially improved (with the water contact angle reduced to 11.0 degrees), creating an ideal interfacial binding layer for subsequent primer application. Following this, an epoxy primer was applied to form a multi-layer coating system, and its overall performance was evaluated. Electrochemical kinetic evaluations indicated that the open circuit potential and corrosion potential of the laser-modified multi-layer system shifted positively by 114 mV and 141 mV, respectively, compared to the untreated multi-layer system, accompanied by a reduction in the corrosion current density by approximately two orders of magnitude. Impedance analysis further confirmed that the laser-modified underlayer significantly enhanced the interfacial stability of the entire coating system. Verification through 120-hour neutral salt spray testing revealed no signs of failure such as blistering or peeling on the surface of the laser-modified multi-layer coating system. In contrast, the untreated multi-layer coating control system exhibited severe coating delamination. This research verifies that pulsed laser irradiation achieves a substantial leap in the corrosion protection of magnesium alloys by eliminating the porous defects of the phosphate coating, strengthening its bond to the substrate, and consequently providing a more stable foundation for the epoxy primer, ultimately enhancing the overall geometrical shielding effect.

Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) sensitivity of laser-peened TC4 titanium alloy under various hydrogenation settings was examined in this study by analyzing the impact of laser peening (LP) generated compressive residual stress, refined grains, and dislocation density on hydrogen-induced surface changes, XRD phase shifts, microhardness, and tensile properties of the alloy under varying hydrogenation conditions. The results indicate that even at higher hydrogenation levels, LP significantly mitigated the effects of hydrogen-induced microstructural changes and alloy hardening rates. Moreover, an increase in laser pulse energy further limited the effects of hydrogen-induced negative surface properties, suggesting that hydrogen diffusion suppression is effective even at higher hydrogenation conditions. The LPed specimens showed enhanced toughness under higher laser pulse energy, and they were more resilient than the non-LPed ones for the different hydrogenation settings. Consequently, even at greater hydrogenation circumstances, LP can greatly lower the alloy's hydrogen embrittlement index to increase its HE resistance.

This study successfully synthesized (Gd0.9Yb0.1)2Zr2O7/GdTaO4 (GYbZ/GT) composite ceramics using solid-state method. Incorporating GT as secondary phase significantly enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of GYbZ/GT composite ceramics as well as their resistance to corrosion by calcium-magnesium-alumina-silicate (CMAS). These improvements are attributed to ferroelastic domains of GT, which increased fracture toughness of composite. Additionally, substitution of Ta5+ for Zr4+ in GYbZ enhanced phonon scattering, effectively reducing thermal conductivity. Integration of GT disrupted crystal structure, leading to variations in thermal expansion coefficient. GYbZ/GT ceramics exhibited maximum fracture toughness of 2.64 MPa m1/2, highest thermal expansion coefficient of 12.83 x 10-6 K-1 (at 1400 degrees C), and minimum thermal conductivity of 1.106 W m-1 K-1 (at 800 degrees C). At elevated temperatures, GYbZ/GT composite effectively inhibited CMAS infiltration, owing to polyhedral and angular structure of pyrochlore phase, which readily combined with apatite phase to form a dense sealing layer. In conclusion, GYbZ/GT composite ceramics show great potential as candidates for thermal barrier coatings.

This study aims to improve the CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CMAS) corrosion resistance of electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) Gd2Zr2O7 (GZO)/yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) double-layer ceramic coatings. This paper adopted laser micro glazing (LMG GZO/YSZ) and sol-gel derived Al2O3 modified combined with laser glazing (LMG Al2O3/GZO/YSZ) to modify the gadolinium zirconate ceramic topcoat. The results indicate that a dense Al2O3-dominated glazed layer (5 mu m thickness) with extremely narrow cracks (<0.4 mu m) was successfully prepared on the GZO/YSZ surface using the developed method, achieving a 70 % reduction in surface roughness compared to the original coating (1.8 +/- 0.3 mu m -> 0.5 +/- 0.1 mu m). At 1523 K, the modified coating demonstrated remarkable resistance to CMAS corrosion, showing negligible CMAS diffusion behavior after 30 min and 2 h exposure. The infiltration depths of CMAS melt were reduced by 70 % (40 mu m -> 12 mu m) and 68 % (85 mu m -> 27 mu m) compared to the original coating, respectively. This approach effectively suppresses both surface and depthwise infiltration of CMAS, significantly enhancing the corrosion resistance of thermal barrier coatings against molten CMAS attacks.

Metallic materials with excellent qualities face substantial challenges when employed in hydrogen-rich service-life environments, arising from their vulnerability to hydrogen-induced damage, a phenomenon termed hydrogen embrittlement (HE). This has hampered the utilization of such high-performing materials in industrial applications such as hydrogen energy storage and transportation systems, oil and gas, aerospace, as well as automotive systems. In this review, we explore the HE mitigating effects in materials treated with the three key procedures of ultrasonic-based surface treatment technologies (UBSTT), namely: ultrasonic surface rolling process (USRP), ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM), and ultrasonic peening treatment (UPT). By discussing the various methodologies and mechanisms of action, experimental findings, as well as prospective directions for further investigations, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how UBSTT enhances the resilience of materials to mitigate them against HE-driven degradation. This paper can serve as a reference for researchers in the area of HE mitigation research.

Yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) oxide ceramic layers treated with nanosecond pulsed laser exhibit enhanced thermal corrosion resistance due to reduced crack width and controlled thickness. However, optimizing laser parameters (e.g., pulse width, frequency) for controlling ablation depth and glazing thickness remains challenging due to complex interactions among multiple physical fields. A three-dimensional model coupling heat transfer and fluid flow was developed to simulate the effects of surface tension, recoil pressure, and Marangoni convection on melt pool flow behavior. The results indicate that increasing the pulse width from 20 ns to 60 ns at 100 kHz increases the ablation rate by 68.3 % and glaze thickness by 30.3 %. In contrast, increasing the frequency from 100 kHz to 500 kHz at 30 ns reduces ablation by 37.9 % but increases glaze thickness by 369.2 %. The model's accuracy was verified using experimental data. These findings offer a predictive framework for nanosecond laser glazing.

This study aims to enhance the paint adhesion and corrosion resistance of zinc-manganese phosphate coatings on Q235 steel through nanosecond pulsed laser surface modification. Conventional zinc-based phosphate films often exhibit loose and porous surface structures, which limit their protective performance in harsh environments. In this study, Q235 steel specimens were initially treated with zinc-manganese phosphating and subsequently modified by a 100 ns pulsed fiber laser. The effects of laser treatment on surface morphology, roughness, phase composition, coating adhesion, and corrosion behavior were systematically analyzed. Laser irradiation transformed the phosphate surface into a crater-like microstructure by dehydrating Zn3(PO4)2 & sdot;4 H2O, significantly increasing surface roughness. Consequently, scratch tests indicated enhanced paint adhesion (from 3B to 4B), while electrochemical tests showed a positive shift in corrosion potential and a decrease in corrosion current density. Salt spray tests conducted over 14 days confirmed improved long-term corrosion resistance. These findings demonstrate that nanosecond laser-assisted surface modification is an effective strategy to enhance both the adhesion and corrosion resistance of phosphate coatings. This method provides a scalable, non-contact, and precise approach to improving the durability of coated steel structures. It is highly suitable for marine engineering, construction, and other corrosive environments requiring long-term coating performance.

Laser shock imprinting (LSI) can improve the fatigue performance of workpieces by controlling the surface topography. In this paper, TC4 titanium alloy was treated with LSI. The dynamic response of the surface material at the imprinted area was investigated with finite element modeling (FEM), and the simulated results were evaluated by experiments. The results show that a special shape with the convex on both sides and concave on the center is formed, which may not be beneficial to the fatigue performance of the workpiece. Increasing the shock wave pressure will aggravate the residual stress difference (the compressive residual stress is at the nondirect contact area and the tensile residual stress is at the direct contact area) and this problem can be effectively solved by multiple impacts with a thicker contact foil. Multiple impacts with thin contact foils will cause irregular deformation (tilting) of micro-protrusions, whereas utilizing thicker contact foils for multiple impacts can flatten the micro-protrusion surface and prevent tilting. In the overlapping LSI experiment, with the increasing of the contact foil thickness (CFT), the height of the micro-protrusion decreases, and the "laser spot boundary effect" (LSBE) is effectively alleviated, which decreases the surface roughness.

CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CMAS) is a primary contributor to the failure of thermal barrier coatings, particularly those with columnar structures fabricated via electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). This paper presents the laser micro glazing (LMGing) of EB-PVD using an ultraviolet pulsed ultrashort pulsed laser. With the disappearance of inter-columnar gaps, a smooth LMGed layer with extremely narrow cracks (<0.9 mu m in width) were formed on the surface. Employing the sessile-drop method, heat treatment demonstrated that the LMGed layer effectively suppressed the wettability, penetration, and degradation behaviors of CMAS. Compared to the original, the spreading area of CMAS on the LMGed layer was decreased by 48 % (37.8 mm(2) -> 19.5 mm(2)), while the contact angle was increased by 116 % (6.2 degrees -> 13.4 degrees). Meanwhile, a small amount of CMAS was found in the inter-columnar gaps, while no CMAS aggregated at the bottom. The depth of the corrosion layer at the CMAS-coating interface decreased by 68 % (9.9 mu m -> 3.2 mu m), ensuring the blocking effect of the LMGed layer.

The milled surface of TC4 titanium alloy was treated by laser shock peening (LSP) and laser shock wave planishing (LSWP) to investigate the effect of compressive residual stress (CRS) and surface roughness (SR) on the vibration fatigue performance. The results demonstrate that although the amplitude of CRS induced by LSWP is lower than that of LSPed specimens, the vibration fatigue life of LSWPed specimens increased by 63.78% due to a significant reduction in SR from Sa 14.1 mu m to Sa 4.21 mu m. When the SR is low, increasing the amplitude of CRS is more advantageous to enhance fatigue life. The fractographic analysis further confirmed that compared with LSPed and T0.2-LSWPed specimens, T0.1-LSWPed specimens have considerably less initial fatigue crack initiation, and the crack initiation location is deeper. The fatigue striation spacing of T0.1-LSWPed specimens is the smallest (0.25 mu m), greatly lowering the fatigue crack growth rate.

In this paper, laser surface texturing (LST) was performed on the surface of 6061 aluminum alloy using a pulsed laser, and then SHF-2D zinc epoxy coating (SP) was applied to the LST-processed surface. The adhesion performance under different laser spot overlap rates was investigated. The results show that the LST surface can increase the adhesion strength by 2-3 times. The pattern of the spatter produced by laser irradiation determines the adhesion strength. The higher the height and the larger the spatter, the better it locks into the SP, thus effectively increasing the adhesion strength. The adhesion strength is greatest (up to 15.98 MPa) at a laser spot ratio of 10 %, due to the formation of an "upside-down" spatter. This splatter effectively locks into the paint in place, thereby greatly increasing the bond strength between the paint and the substrate.

In this study, ABAQUS was used to predict the dynamic response of surface materials on TC4 titanium alloy during laser shock wave planishing (LSWP). The experiments were conducted to evaluate the simulations. The results indicate that during the initial stage of LSWP, the contact status between the contact foil and the micro-protrusion changes from the one-dimensional stress state to the one-dimensional strain state. This causes the high-amplitude tensile residual stress to converge at the center of the flattened micro-protrusion surface. When treating specimens with high surface roughness, the application of a thin contact foil can significantly lower the height of micro-protrusions and lift the bottom of micro-depressions. This improves the plastic flow of micro-protrusions and prevents the convergence of tensile residual stress. Using a thick contact foil can help extend the pressure pulse duration and prevent the overall surface profile subsidence when treating specimens with lower surface roughness. The outcomes of the experiment and the simulation agree rather well. Additionally, a thick contact foil can reduce the build-up of tensile residual stress by reducing the contact pressure.

Low reflectivity and superhydrophilicity are ideal conditions for improving the performance of electronic devices,graphene as a new superconducting material has been widely used in the field of electronic information.At present,the realization of low reflection and superhydrophilicity mostly depends on the microstructure design and processing of graphite surface by femtosecond laser,and the high processing cost limits its further development.Therefore,we propose a low-cost,low-reflectivity graphite surface microstructure processing method based on picosecond laser.The effects of laser processing parameters on the micro-morphology,reflectivity and hydrophilicity of graphite surface are systematically studied through experiments.The results show that the reflectance of graphite samples with microstructured surfaces is significantly reduced after laser processing.In addition,the contact angle of graphite samples is effectively regulated,and the generation of graphene oxide on the surface of graphite samples after processing is verified.Using ultraviolet picosecond laser prepare microstructures on the graphite surface has the advantages of high efficiency,controllability and low cost,and provides technical support for its potential application in the preparation of surface functional components.