Soft rot is an important postharvest disease of kiwifruit, and MeJA can induce kiwifruit to resist soft rot. However, the treatment timing of preharvest MeJA and the mechanism of inducing kiwifruit resistance are still unclear. In this study, we compared the effects of preharvest MeJA and postharvest MeJA on the shelf quality of kiwifruit after cold storage. We investigated the impact of soaked in MeJA for 10 s at 32 d after full bloom (DAFB) and/or sprayed with MeJA at 141 DAFB alone or simultaneously on the shelf quality of kiwifruit after cold storage, also the resistance of kiwifruit to B. dothidea. The results showed that both preharvest and postharvest MeJA inhibited the incidence of soft rot in postharvest kiwifruit by regulating antioxidant capacity, while preharvest MeJA was more effective compared to postharvest MeJA. Compared to the control, both preharvest MeJA at 32D or/and 141S kept the shelf quality of kiwifruit after cold storage, and the preharvest MeJA at 32D and 141S is optimal. Preharvest MeJA at 32D and 141S maintained the volatile aroma in kiwifruit during shelf quality by regulating the enzyme related to aroma metabolism, kept shelf quality by regulating the ROS homeostasis and glutathione-ascorbic acid (GSH-ASA) cycle, and improving the activities of disease-resistant enzymes. Further data from the kiwifruit inoculated with B. dothidea indicate that preharvest MeJA keeps the kiwifruit quality and induces its disease resistance during shelf life after cold storage by regulating the antioxidant system. Overall, these findings showed that preharvest MeJA kept the kiwifruit shelf quality after cold storage by regulating the antioxidant system.

In order to effectively extract ellagic acid(EA)from Rosa roxburghii Tratt.leaves and evaluate its antioxidant activity,this study used single-factor experiments and response surface methodology to optimize ultrasonic-assisted deep eutectic solvent(DES)extraction.The extract's structure was identified through ultraviolet spectroscopy,mass spectrometry,infrared spectroscopy,and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Antioxidant activity was assessed by measuring the scavenging ability of the extract against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium(ABTS+)free radical.The optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows:DES solvent with 35％water,150W ultrasound power,1∶20 solid-liquid ratio,the extraction temperature was 70 ℃,and the extraction time was 20 minutes,yielding 55.95 mg/g EA.The extract matched EA standard characteristics.Antioxidant tests showed IC50 values of 17.47 μg/mL for DPPH and 111.22 μg/mL for ABTS+,with scavenging ability positively related to concentration.Overall,ultrasonic-assisted DES extraction efficiently obtains EA with significant antioxidant activity from Rosa roxburghii Tratt.leaves,offering a green and effective method and supporting its use in functional foods.

Cili fruit is rich in nutrients, but its sourness is difficult to accept. Kombucha is a fermentation-derived functional beverage with widespread consumer acceptance due to its balanced flavor profile. In this study, the fermentation of Cili juice with SCOBY to improve its flavor, the effect of fermentation conditions on the quality of Cili kombucha beverages was explored. Results showed that the TSS of Cili kombucha beverages decreases during fermentation, while the total and organic acids increase. The fermentation conditions of Cili soft beverage (CSB) and Cili alcoholic beverage (CAB) optimized by orthogonal experiment are as follows: the Cili juice, sucrose, kombucha fermentation broth, and fermentation temperature were 15

Suitable postharvest ripening and 1-MCP alone or in combination kept the shelf quality of kiwifruit after cold storage, but their synergistic effect is still unclear. In this study, we explored the impact of postharvest ripening, 1-MCP, and alone or in combination, and the use concentration and timing of 1-MCP on the shelf quality of kiwifruit after cold storage. The results showed that postharvest ripening promotes an increase in respiration rate and ethylene production rate, accumulation of TSS and TA and a decrease in firmness and flavor changes, thereby hastening the ripening and softening of kiwifruit during shelf life after cold storage. However, postharvest ripening combined with 1-MCP improved antioxidants and kept the activities of enzymes in the antioxidant system and disease resistance during shelf life after cold storage, regulating the starch degradation and keeping the soluble sugar content in kiwifruit, suppressing the rapid increase of soft rot and its ripening. In sum, postharvest ripening combined with 1-MCP kept the shelf quality of kiwifruit by regulating the antioxidant system and defense enzymes after cold storage.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit polyphenols (RP) possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties, showing potential for ulcerative colitis (UC) treatment. However, their efficacy is limited by bioavailability and targeting efficiency. To address this, RP were encapsulated into acylated chitosan-crosslinked carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan (ACs-CKGM) nanogel (RPNG). Experimental results demonstrated that RPNG significantly enhanced intestinal barrier function by upregulating tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-3) and mucus secretion (MUC2). It effectively mitigated oxidative stress by restoring antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH-Px and CAT) while reducing MPO, COX-2 and iNOS activation. Through integrated ELISA, western blot, and transcriptomic analyses, we emonstrated that RPNG specifically inhibited PI3K/Akt/mTOR and NF-κB signaling pathways, decreasing inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) while increasing anti-inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-10). Gut microbiome analysis showed RPNG reversed DSS-induced dysbiosis by enriching beneficial bacteria (e.g., Muribaculum sp.) and suppressing pathogens (e.g., Escherichia coli). These findings highlight RPNG as a novel targeted strategy for UC management, supported by multi-omics mechanistic insights.

Cili (Rosa sterilis D. shi) fruit is appealing to consumers due to its sensorial and nutritional characteristics. However, postharvest lignification leads to the loss of acceptance and edible quality of the fruit. In this study, the effects of postharvest treatment with 1.0 mu L L-1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and 100 mu L L-1 ethylene on lignification and the postharvest quality of Cili fruit were investigated by analysing lignin metabolism, sucrose metabolism, and cell wall enzyme activities. The results showed that ethylene facilitated an increase in the respiration rate and weight loss of the fruit, promoted the activities of cell wall-related enzymes, including cellulase, sucrose synthase, beta-galactosidase, phenylalanine ammonialyase and peroxidase, and accelerated the accumulation of total polyphenols and lignin. By contrast, 1-MCP had the opposite effects. Together, these findings show that 1-MCP can maintain the quality of Cili fruit by inhibiting lignification, while ethylene may play an important role in the lignification process.

This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Zanthoxylum alkylamides (ZAs) in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) induced by D-galactose/aluminum chloride (D-gal/AlCl3). ZAs improved cognitive function, increased body weight, food intake, water consumption and organ indices, antioxidant enzymes activities in both the serum and brain tended normal conditions, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was reduced. The levels of the inflammatory cytokines were significantly reduced. Histopathological revealed that ZAs repaired damaged brain tissue. Transcriptomic revealed ZAs regulated Shh, Ptch1, Smo, and Gli1 gene expression to mitigate apoptosis. Metabolomic revealed ZAs regulated the levels of arachidonic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and cholesterol. Integrated omics analysis revealed that ZAs can activate the Shh/Ptch1/Smo signaling pathway to affect nerve cell proliferation and improve neuronal dysfunction. This study provides biomarkers for AD and reveals the signaling pathways through which ZAs ameliorate AD in mice, providing a potential treatment strategy for AD.

The aim of this study was to investigate the core components and mechanism of action of Rosa roxburghii fruit flavonoids in the intervention of ulcerative colitis(UC)using network pharmacology and molecular docking.We extracted flavonoids from R.roxburghii fruit by an ethanol-cellulase method and used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)to identify the major chemical components of the flavonoid extract,and then we selected 34 active flavonoid components and 146 targets in the intervention of UC on an analytical platform and constructed a"R.roxburghii flavonoids-active components-intersecting targets-UC"network.The results of Gene Ontology pathway analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis showed that the intervention of R.roxburghii flavonoids in UC mainly involved the arachidonic acid signaling pathway,the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway,and cancer pathways.Molecular docking was performed on the major active ingredients and the key targets selected from the network,with docking energies all less than-6.0 kcal/mol,indicating a strong binding affinity between the core active ingredients and the key targets for UC treatment.So,the network analysis results are reliable.The results of animal experiments showed that intervention with R.roxburghii flavonoids could effectively alleviate the body mass loss and colon pathological changes of UC mice,and significantly inhibit the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α,interleukin(IL)-1 β and IL-6 in the UC model group(P＜0.05).The results of Western blot showed that R.roxburghii flavonoids could effectively inhibit the expression of the key target proteins associated with the metabolic pathway of arachidonic acid,such as cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase.In conclusion,R.roxburghii flavonoids can intervene in UC through a multi-component,multi-target and multi-pathway mechanism.The results of this research can provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of functional foods from R.roxburghii.

To investigate the chemical composition and interfunctional differences among the endosperm of Gleditsia species seeds (EGS), this study was conducted to determine the metabolic profiles in three EGSs based on the metabolomics approach of UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. A total of 505 metabolites were identified, of which 156 metabolites of EGS were annotated as pharmaceutical ingredients for six human diseases. A total of 110, 146, and 104 metabolites showed different accumulation patterns in the three control groups, LEGS vs. MEGS, LEGS vs. SEGS, and MEGS vs. SEGS, respectively. The metabolic profiles of EGSs differed significantly, and KEGG annotation and enrichment analyses indicated aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis as the key metabolic pathway of EGSs. This study enriches the understanding of the chemical composition of EGSs and provides theoretical support for the development and application of EGSs.

To explore the possible pathways and biomarkers of the influence of Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT) quercetin on intestinal microbiota and its metabolites in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the experiment was divided into normal control (NC) group, model (MC) group, high-dose RRT quercetin (HG) group, low-dose RRT quercetin (LG) group and galantamine hydrobromide (Gal) group. The levels of acetylcholine (Ach), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) in brain tissue were measured. The changes in the microbiome and metabolites in the cecum contents were identified by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and UPLC/HRMS, respectively. The results showed that RRT quercetin increased the levels of Ach and ChAT in the brain and decreased AChE activity in the brain. The diversity of the intestinal microbiome of AD mice was significantly improved by RRT quercetin. The results showed that RRT quercetin regulates the intestinal microenvironment, intestinal microbiome and metabolites to improve cognitive function in AD mice.

In this study, a series of novel difluoromethyl pyrazole derivatives were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS techniques. Subsequently, their antifungal activities in vitro against Mucor fragilis (M. fragilis), Trichoderma atroviride (T. atroviride), and Mucor bainieri (M. bainieri) at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL were evaluated using the mycelium growth rate assay. Bioactivity results showed that the target compounds revealed lower antifungal activities against M. fragilis, T. atroviride, and M. bainieri than those of prochloraz and carbendazim. Additionally, the antibacterial activities against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoo) were determined using the turbidimeter test method. The bioassay results demonstrated that some of the target compounds exhibited moderate to good antibacterial activities. Notably, 2-methoxyphenyl 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate displayed superior antibacterial effects against Xoo and Xac with inhibition rates of 62, 86 and 53, 80

Cultivated and wild Rosa roxburghii Tratt were investigated to determine the intrinsic causes of the quality differences. The cultivated fruit, Guinong No. 5 (GNNF) was larger, heavier, and had less color difference. Its juice contained higher levels of soluble solids and tannins. The wild variety (WRRT) had higher concentrations of condensed tannins, polyphenols and flavonoids. Artificial sensory and electronic taste tests indicated GNNF had a lower astringent and bitter taste compared to WRRT. A total of 80 flavour substances were identified by gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The relative contents of esters, organic acids, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes and aromatic hydrocarbons were higher in GNNF than in WRRT. Caffeylalcohol, catechin, quinidine, pantothenic acid and five bitter amino acids were high in GNNF. The high contents of bitter substances such as limonin, daidzein, and rutaevin were responsible for the quality differences between WRRT and GNNF.

Chilling injury (CI) is the main physiological disease caused shelf decay of pitaya fruit after low-temperature storage. To find ways to control the chilling injury of pitaya fruit, we conducted the effects of postharvest treatment with 1.0 mmol L-1 melatonin (MT) and 0.1 mmol L-1 methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the chilling injury of pitaya vs Zihonglong at 3 days of shelf life after storage at 2 +/- 0.5 degrees C. The results showed that both MeJA and MT promote the accumulation of antioxidants and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, and inhibit the respiration rate and ethylene release rate, thereby reducing the incidence of chilling injury after cold storage, keeping the shelf quality of pitaya fruit and prolonging the shelf life of pitaya fruit. In summary, postharvest MeJA or MT inhibited the chilling injury of pitaya fruit by regulating the antioxidant system.

To gain a deeper understanding of the mechanism of MeJA-induced resistance to soft rot in kiwifruit, we explored the effects of postharvest MeJA on physiological, antioxidant capacity, disease resistance enzymes, and transcriptomic during the shelf life of kiwifruit after cold storage. The results showed that postharvest MeJA promoted the respiration rate, inhibited the ethylene release rate in the early shelf life, kept balance of reactive oxygen species, antioxidant content, and disease resistance enzymes, and reduced the decay rate caused by soft rot during shelf life after cold storage. The effect of postharvest MeJA alone was significantly better than combined with 1-MCP. We have identified 2724 co-expressed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MeJA3 vs CK3 and MeJA12 vs MeJA3. Postharvest MeJA regulates the expression of genes in plant hormones such as jasmonic acid, ethylene, and ABA biosynthesis and signal transduction. Meanwhile, postharvest MeJA maintains the glutathione-ascorbate (GSH-ASA) cycle by promoting the glutathione and ascorbic acid synthesis and inhibiting its decomposition and maintains phenolic content by upregulating the expression of PAL and C4H and inhibiting the expression of downstream genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Additionally, we also found that postharvest MeJA regulates disease resistance genes, including CNL, RLP, TNL, and NL domains. Transcription factors (TFs) such as SCL1, WRKY24, and TIFY10b may be involved in the regulation of disease resistance in kiwifruit by postharvest MeJA. The lesion diameter of kiwifruit inoculated with Botryospaeria dothidea significantly increased after 6 days of cold storage for 90 days, postharvest MeJA significantly increased the activities and gene expression of disease resistance enzymes and inhibited the increase of lesion diameter. In conclusion, postharvest MeJA maintains the shelf quality of kiwifruit after cold storage by improving antioxidant capacity and activating disease resistance.

目的 探究刺梨多酚(Rosa roxburghii Tratt.polyphenols,RRTP)对丙烯酰胺致肝脏氧化损伤的缓解效果及可能影响机制.方法 采用丙烯酰胺诱导小鼠肝脏氧化损伤模型,通过苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色观察肝脏组织病理情况;运用试剂盒测定血清中谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)活性,肝脏中活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)活性;蛋白质免疫印迹法检测肝脏组织中核因子E2 相关因子 2(nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2,Nrf2)和血红素加氧酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,Ho-1)蛋白相对表达量.结果 与模型组相比,RRTP能够显著降低血清中ALT、AST活性和肝脏中ROS和MDA含量,提高SOD和GSH活性,并上调Nrf2 和Ho-1 蛋白表达量,改善肝脏组织病理现象.结论 RRTP对丙烯酰胺诱导的肝脏毒性具有较好的改善作用,其作用机制可能与Nrf2/Ho-1 信号通路有关.

The fruits of Rosa roxburghii contain a high amount of flavonoids. We conducted a study using a carrageenan-induced thrombus model to investigate how Rosa roxburghii fruit flavonoids (RF) inhibit thrombosis using methods such as ELISA and 16S. The results showed that RF intervention reduced the length of the black tail in mice and controlled four hemagglutination parameters. Furthermore, RF treatment effectively reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in the serum and tissues. RF also significantly inhibited platelet aggregation and promoted the synthesis of anticoagulant proteins. Pathological observations revealed that RF effectively alleviated tissue lesions and thrombosis. Through Western blot and qPCR analysis, we found that RF reduced inflammation by suppressing the NF-κB pathway in mice with thrombosis. The analysis of intestinal flora in mice, further revealed that RF intervention reduced the abundance of Bacteroides and Clostridium. Overall, these findings indicate that RF has biological activity in preventing carrageenan-induced thrombosis.

To investigate the effect of ellagitannin from Rosa roxburghii Tratt on hepatic metabolism in db/db mice. C57/BKS-db/m mice were set as a blank group,and 18 C57/BKS-db/db mice were divided randomly into the model group, positive control group（guanidine dicarboxylate hydrochloride gavage dose 50 mg/kg）,ellagitannin group（ellagitannin from Rosa roxburghii Tratt gavage dose 50 mg/kg） according to body weight,6mice in each group for 8 weeks. The levels of pyruvate kinase（PK）, hexokinase（HK）, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase（G6PD） were measured in the liver of each group of experimental mice at the end of the experiment. Differential metabolites and signaling pathways in mice livers were analyzed by global precision untargeted metabolism. The results showed that compared with the model group,ellagitannin significantly（P＜0.05） increased the levels of HK and PK,and significantly（P＜0.05） decreased the levels of G6PD in mice.HE staining showed that ellagitannin in Rosa roxburghii Tratt significantly improved the degree of liver lesion.LC-MS detection further revealed that 154 differential metabolites were screened out in the liver of experimental mice after the intervention with ellagitannin, of which 106 differential metabolites were upregulated and 48differential metabolites were downregulated. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that under the intervention of ellagitannin, A large number of differential metabolites were significantly（P＜0.05） enriched in the mTOR signaling pathway, protein digestion and absorption, lysine degradation, linoleic acid metabolism, mineral absorption, Serotonergic synapse, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis. Ellagitannin may improve the metabolic disorder caused by db/db mice under the combined action of pyroglutamate acid,tryptophan,and kynurenine,and promote autophagy by inhibiting the mTOR downstream pathway through arginine, to improve insulin resistance. Ellagitannin from Rosa roxburghii Tratt has potential application value in maintaining glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus, providing theoretical support for further development of functional products.

A complex metabolic disorder, type 2 diabetes, was investigated to explore the impact of ellagitannin, derived from Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RTT), on liver lipid metabolism disorders in db/db mice. The findings demonstrated that both RTT ellagitannin (C1) and RTT ellagic acid (C4) considerably decelerated body mass gain in db/db mice, significantly decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, and mitigated the aggregation of hepatic lipid droplets. At LDL-C levels, C1 performed substantially better than the C4 group, exhibiting no significant difference compared to the P (positive control) group. An RNA-seq analysis further disclosed that 1245 differentially expressed genes were identified in the livers of experimental mice following the C1 intervention. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that, under ellagitannin intervention, numerous differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in fatty acid metabolic processes, the PPAR signaling pathway, fatty acid degradation, fatty acid synthesis, and other lipid metabolism-related pathways. The qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis results indicated that RTT ellagitannin notably upregulated the gene and protein expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). In contrast, it downregulated the gene and protein expression levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP), recombinant fatty acid synthase (FASN), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Therefore, RTT ellagitannin can activate the PPAR signaling pathway, inhibit fatty acid uptake and de novo synthesis, and ameliorate hepatic lipid metabolism disorder in db/db mice, thus potentially aiding in maintaining lipid homeostasis in type 2 diabetes.

As a native fruit of China, chestnut rose (Rosa roxburghii Tratt) juice is rich in bioactive ingredients. Oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita molesta (Busck), attacks the fruits and shoots of Rosaceae plants, and its feeding affects the quality and yield of chestnut rose. To investigate the effects of OFM feeding on the quality of chestnut rose juice, the bioactive compounds in chestnut rose juice produced from fruits eaten by OFM were measured. The electronic tongue senses, amino acid profile, and untargeted metabolomics assessments were performed to explore changes in the flavour and metabolites. The results showed that OFM feeding reduced the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), tannin, vitamin C, flavonoid, and condensed tannin; increased those of polyphenols, soluble solids, total protein, bitterness, and amounts of bitter amino acids; and decreased the total amino acid and umami amino acid levels. Furthermore, untargeted metabolomics annotated a total of 426 differential metabolites (including 55 bitter metabolites), which were mainly enriched in 14 metabolic pathways, such as flavonoid biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, and diterpenoid biosynthesis. In conclusion, the quality of chestnut rose juice deteriorated under OFM feeding stress, the levels of bitter substances were significantly increased, and the bitter taste was subsequently enhanced.

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