硕士研究生教育工作事关国家高端人才的培养和长远发展.文章在对北京理工大学某一级学科在国家2014年实行新的硕士生推荐免试政策(简称为"保研新政")前后若干年生源质量变化趋势分析的基础上,提出了高站位与培养细节并重的提高硕士生培养质量的做法,主要包括制订高质量的培养方案与采用教授授课模式、开展课题组指导、优秀师资配备优秀生源、过程管理规范化、目标牵引.文章对导师与学生之间的双选、毕业生学术论文发表要求等问题进行了讨论.

生物医学工程是多学科交叉融合的学科领域,近年来,世界各国纷纷制定战略规划,加强生物医学工程领域的融合发展.各国的战略规划,均涉及了生物医学领域和工程领域交叉研究方向,诸如美国《国家生物经济蓝图》、《材料基因组计划战略规划》、英国《合成生物学路线图》、俄罗斯《2018-2020年发展生物技术和基因工程发展措施计划》、德国《国家研究战略: 生物经济2030》、印度《2015～2020年国家生物技术发展战略》、中国《"十三五"生物产业发展规划》和《"十三五"生物技术创新专项规划》等,皆体现了各国政府对促进生物医学领域和工程领域融合发展的高度重视.

一、深化和开拓多元国际关系 1、促进贸易与投资合作 加强国际合作,共同推进贸易和投资自由化.通过减少贸易往来中关税和非关税的壁垒,进一步加强贸易合作.除此之外,还要延续先前与印度、印度尼西亚、越南等国合作的工业和商业园区联合项目,以及与中国合作的乡镇工程,进一步寻找相似机遇,实现区域型发展.

为了解过去十年(2007-2016年)全球导弹交易市场的整体动向,并就未来导弹交易市场的发展趋势加以展望,分别以导弹交易的国别、区域和导弹类型与型号为分类依据,对SIPRI所提供的相关数据进行多维统计,并结合过去十年风云变幻的国际安全局势对导弹交易市场的起伏变化进行综合分析.过去十年全球导弹交易市场呈现出的特点有:美俄主导全球导弹出口市场,中东和南亚等地区的导弹进口需求长期旺盛,反坦克导弹的交易量最大,2013和2014年度全球导弹交易量最大等.

Histone deacetylase inhibitor(HDACi) is a new generation of chemotherapeutic agents,which induce acetylation of histone proteins and non-histone proteins by inhibiting the activity of histone deacetylase.As acetylation of proteins facilitates the expression of proapoptotic genes and induces the degradation of oncoproteins and antiapoptotic proteins,HDACi induces apoptosis by activating the apoptotic signal transduction pathways at transcription and posttranslation levels.In this paper,the articles on HDACi from the database of Science Citation Index-Expanded published before 2012(including 2012) were analyzed by the software of Thomson Data Analyzer(TDA).The distribution of articles by time,country and institution,as well as the focus themes were indicated,influence of targeted countries and institutions were discussed,and the international status and trends of molecular HDACi were revealed.

Grey literature is produced and widely applied in the researches of science and technology,as an important reference source.Developed countries pay great deal of attentions to the collection of the important grey literature.Different departments of Chinese Association for Science and Technology(CAST) have accumulated a great many of academic conference proceedings and working documents,majority of which belong to the category of grey literature.In order to manage better the grey literature produced by Chinese Association for Science and Technology,a grey literature classification system is proposed based on the organizational structure of CAST,which is divided into four levels.The first and second level categories are constructed according to the organizational structure of CAST,with the first category reflecting the three basic sources of CAST literature,that is,from Chinese Association for Science and Technology,from national societies and from local associations of science and technology,and with the second category reflecting subordinate institutions under the first level.The categories of the third and forth levels are constructed according to the publication types and the publication years of literature,respectively.This classification system may better reflect the achievements made by different departments of the CAST,and facilitate the handling of the literature.

Photo-excited bioactivities of fullerene derivatives are attracting much attention. In this report, a bis-methanophosphonate fullerene (BMPF) and the other two fullerene derivatives, a bis-malonic acid fullerene (BMAF) and a fullerol were incubated with HeLa cells and irradiated with a green light emitted from a mercury lamp on a fluorescent microscopy. By using DNA fluorescent probe propidium iodide staining method, damage towards cell membrane could be detected when cells were treated by irradiation altogether with BMPF or BMAF at a low concentration (4μM), and the damage was dose-dependent. The activity of BMPF was much higher than that of BMAF, while fullerol had no effects under the same condition. It was also revealed that different kinds of reactive oxygen species (ROS) correlated to BMPF and BMAF. Additionally, presence of extracellular calcium could promote the activities of both derivatives, while removal of extracellular calcium could not abort their membrane-damaged activities. These results indicated that ROS and calcium were involved in the photosensitization of fullerene derivatives, and BMPF was a superior photosensitizer which would find potential application in biomedical field.

Fullerene and its derivatives have been extensively studied in the biomedical field. Their biological activities towards various cell types have been reported, and previous results have implicated their potential uses as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy of tumour and photoinactivation of bacteria and viruses, antioxidative/cytoprotective reagents and carriers for drug delivery. We describe here the effects of a BMPF (bismethanophosphonate fullerene) on matrix-related gene expression in cultured human disc cells by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. Mediation of BMPF into water by DMSO leads to formation of an aqueous suspension of nanoparticles (denoted as nano-BMPF) with a very narrow size distribution and an average size of 136.3 nm. Moreover, nano-BMPF could induce a down-regulation of gene expression of matrix proteins aggrecan, type I collagen and type II collagen and an up-regulation of gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase 3. IL-1Ra (IL-1 receptor antagonist), but not IL-1 receptor 1, is transcriptionally inhibited by nano-BMPF. These data indicated a disc degeneration-inducing activity of nano-BMPF, raising concerns of possible adverse effects, while a fullerene-based treatment of disc diseases is employed.

Four fullerene derivatives including a bisadduct of tetraethyl methano fullerenediphosphonate(2P),a dimalonic acidfullerene(2e),methano fullerenediphosphonic acid(1PA) and fullerol were used to study the relationship between their photo-induced cytotoxicity and structures.Their effects on the growth of human HeLa cells were determined by MTT assaying.Without irradiation,four C60 derivatives did not produce any inhibition against HeLa cells at the concentration of 10μmol/L.When irradiation was applied,2P,2e and 1PA remarkably inhibited cell growth,whereas fullerol showed no obvious effect.The results indicated that the photo-induced cytotoxicity of C60 derivatives was related to the structure and number of their adduct groups,and might involve cell uptake and ROS production.

Fullerenes, due to unique physical and chemical properties, have attracted a wide attention. But fullerenes have a very limited solubility in water and therefore their further applications in biological system are hindered. Recently, it has been found that an effective way to improve the solubility of fullerenes in water is to produce aqueous fullerene nanoparticle suspension. In this review, four methods including tetrahydrofuran (THF)-acetone, toluene-sonication, THF and stirring are described. In addition, the putative forming mechanisms for fullerene nanoparticles in water, and advances in cytotoxicity and antibacterial properties of nano-fullerenes are also included.

The biological activities of fullerene derivatives have attracted much attention in the last decade. In this paper, effects of dimalonic acid C60 (DMA C60) on cytoplasmic membrane, intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), and mitochondrial membrane in HeLa cells were studied by using laser scanning confocal microscopy together with fluorescent probes propidium iodide (PI), fluo-3 acetoxymethyl ester (fluo-3 AM), and tetramethyl rhodamine methyl ester (TMRM). The data showed that under laser irradiation produced by a Kr/Ar laser source with a low power less than 1 mW, DMA C60 might induce damages against both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial membranes in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Prior to leakage of cytoplasmic membrane, a transient increase in [Ca2+]i occurred due to influx of calcium from the culture medium. These data provided some novel clues to explain the mechanisms involved in the photo-induced cytotoxicity of fullerene derivatives.

The biological activities of fullerene derivatives have attracted much attention in the last decade. In this paper, effects of dimalonic acid C60 (DMA C60) on cytoplasmic membrane, intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), and mitochondrial membrane in HeLa cells were studied by using laser scanning confocal microscopy together with fluorescent probes propidium iodide (PI), fluo-3 acetoxymethyl ester (fluo-3 AM), and tetramethyl rhodamine methyl ester (TMRM). The data showed that under laser irradiation produced by a Kr/Ar laser source with a low power less than 1 mW, DMA C60 might induce damages against both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial membranes in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Prior to leakage of cytoplasmic membrane, a transient increase in [Ca2+]i occurred due to influx of calcium from the culture medium. These data provided some novel clues to explain the mechanisms involved in the photo-induced cytotoxicity of fullerene derivatives.

The effects of polyhydroxylated [C60] fullerene derivatives fullerols on DNA was studied,using the plasmid pXJ41-neo DNA as the experimental model.The cleaved DNA products were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis.The results showed that fullerols could stimulate DNA cleavage in dose and irradiation dependent manners.0.4 mmol/L fullerols together with 1.5 h exposure to a 500 W tungsten halogen lamp at a distance of 20 cm could convert most of plasmid DNA from the intact form into the nicked and linear forms.Scavengers of various reactive oxygen species（ROS）including sodium azide,mannitol and superoxide dismutase（SOD）could inhibit the photoinduced DNA cleavage of fullerols.These data presented for the first time the photoinduced biological activities of fullerols,and implied a possible use of these fullerene derivatives as the candidates for novel photosensitizers in the biomedical therapy.

In order to determine the effects of fullerene and its water-soluble derivatives on mammal oocyte meiosis,a water-soluble phosphonic acid derivative of fullerene(2P),fullerene-PVP solution and fullerenol were used to act on mouse GV stage and superovulated oocytes in vitro under irradiation.The maturation and activation of the oocytes were determined by their first polar body rate and pronuclear rate,respectively.The results indicated that fullerene-PVP solution and fullerenol have no obvious effect on oocyte in vitro maturation;but that 2P inhibits the oocyte maturation and parthenogenetic activation under irradiation.The effect of 2P was dose-dependent.

In the presence of manganese(III) acetate dihydrate [Mn(OAC)(3)center dot 2H(2)O], the reaction of [60]fullerene with tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate, diethyl cyanomethylphosphonate or diethylphosphonoacetic acid ethyl ester in refluxing chlorobenzene afforded the corresponding methano[60]fullerene organophosphonates C60C(R)PO(OEt)(2) [1, R=PO(OEt)(2); 2, R=COOEt; 3, R=CN], respectively. This reaction produced fewer by-products and needed less reaction time. Therefore it is superior to the Bingel reaction for the preparation of compounds 1, 2 and 3. In addition, compared with C-60, compounds 1 and 2 had negative shifts but 3 had a posive shift of 40 mV in reduction half-wave potentials (E-1/2) determined by cyclic voltammetry. These data indicate that the introduction of electro-attracting groups such as cyano-group to fullerene ball might improve the electrochemical properties and synthesize fullerene derivatives with strong electron-accepting ability.

研究富勒烯膦酸衍生物2P对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞生长的影响.利用本实验室合成的富勒烯膦酸衍生物2P作用于HeLa细胞,并应用MTT法、流式细胞术、和PI/H033342双染色法等方法检测其效应.结果表明,2P在光照条件下对HeLa细胞生长具有明显的抑制作用,这种作用有剂量依赖性和光照依赖性.经过双染后荧光镜检测和流式检测后发现有高比例的凋亡细胞存在.流式细胞术结果还发现2P对HeLa细胞周期产生明显影响,表现为G1期细胞减少,S期和G2/M期细胞增多,推测细胞可能被2P阻断在S、G2期.以上结果提示富勒烯膦酸衍生物的细胞毒作用,以及作为抗肿瘤药物的可能.

采用二加成亚甲基富勒烯[60]二膦酸四乙酯 (BFDP)、二加成富勒烯[60]丙二酸 (DMA C60)和富勒醇(fullerol) 3种富勒烯衍生物研究富勒烯衍生物的结构与光诱导细胞内GSH耗竭的关系．通过DTNB法测定它们对人HeLa细胞内GSH的影响．研究发现，在光照条件下3种化合物（5 μmol/L）中BFDP对HeLa内GSH耗竭作用最强，且GSH的耗竭率和凋亡率随孵育时间的延长而增大．活性氧清除剂可以部分抑制BFDP的作用，同时研究了GSH与BFDP的体外结合反应．结果表明，BFDP诱导细胞凋亡、耗竭GSH的机理主要是与BFDP活性氧产生有关。

在Mn（OAc）3·2 H2O催化下，C60分别和亚甲基二膦酸四乙酯、氰基亚甲基膦酸二乙酯或乙氧羰基亚甲基膦酸二乙酯作用，氯苯中回流，生成单加成环丙烷富勒烯膦酸衍生物。与以前报道的Bingle反应法相比，该方法不需要惰性气体保护，而且缩短了反应时间。

富勒烯是碳元素的特殊同素异形体，随着水溶性富勒烯及其衍生物制备方法的不断突破和成功，富勒烯及其水溶性衍生物的生物学效应的研究日渐增多。为了明确富勒烯对卵母细胞的毒性作用，本实验探索了富勒烯及其衍生物在光照条件下对体外小鼠卵母细胞成熟和孤雌激活过程的影响。结果表明，富勒烯的PVP水溶液、富勒醇对卵母细胞的成熟没有明显影响，而富勒烯膦酸衍生物（2P）对卵母细胞的成熟和孤雌激活具有明显抑制作用，其作用有浓度依赖性。