This study compared the differences of microvesicles (MVs) and microvesicles-delivering Smad7 (Smad7-MVs) on macrophage M1 polarization and fibroblast differentiation in a model of Peyronie’s disease (PD). Overexpression of Smad7 in rat BMSCs was obtained by pCMV5-Smad7 transfection. MVs were collected from rat BMSCs using ultracentrifugation. In cells, 100 µg/mL of MVs or Smad7-MVs were used to treat the 100 ng/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells or 10 ng/mL of recombinant transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced fibroblasts. The pro-inflammatory cytokines and markers of M1 macrophages were measured in RAW264.7 cells, and the migration and markers of fibroblast differentiation were measured in fibroblasts. In rats, 50 µg of MVs or Smad7-MVs were used to treat the TGF-β1-induced animals. The pathology of tunica albuginea (TA), the markers of M1 macrophages and fibroblast differentiation in the TA were measured. The MVs or Smad7-MVs treatment suppressed the LPS-induced macrophage M1 polarization and TGF-β1-induced fibroblast differentiation. Moreover, the Smad7-MVs treatment decreased the fibroblast differentiation compared with the MVs treatment. In the TGF-β1-induced TA of rats, MVs or Smad7-MVs treatment ameliorated the TA fibrosis by suppressing the macrophage M1 polarization and fibroblast differentiation. There was no significance on the M1-polarized macrophages between the MVs treatment and the Smad7-MVs treatment. Meanwhile, the Smad7-MVs treatment had an edge in terms of suppressing the fibroblast differentiation in the TGF-β1-induced PD model compared with the MVs treatment. This study demonstrated that Smad7-MVs treatment had advantages over MVs treatment in suppressing of fibroblast differentiation in a model of PD.

LncRNA AFAP1-AS1 has been corroborated to function in diverse cancers. Our aim was to investigate the molecular mechanism of AFAP1-AS1 in PTX resistance in PCa. The levels of AFAP1-AS1, miR-195-5p, and FKBP1A were checked by qRT-PCR. 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay was employed to assess the resistance of PTX-resistant PCa cells to PTX. Flow cytometry was introduced to evaluate cell apoptosis. The protein levels of C-caspase 3 were determined by western blot. The starBase was used to predict the interaction between miR-195-5p and AFAP1-AS1. Xenograft tumor model was established to investigate the biological role of AFAP1-AS1 in PTX resistance in vivo. The levels of AFAP1-AS1 and FKBP1A were upregulated in PCa tissues and cells, as well as PTX-resistant PCa cells, while the expression of miR-195-5p was declined. Knockdown of AFAP1-AS1 promoted the sensitivity of PTX-resistant PCa cells to PTX, induced apoptosis of PTX-resistant PCa cells, whereas the impacts could be reversed by reducing the expression of miR-195-5p. FKBP1A overexpression could rescue the effects of miR-195-5p-mediated enhancement on the sensitivity of PTX-resistant PCa cells to PTX, promotion on apoptosis of PTX-resistant PCa cells. AFAP1-AS1 interacted with miR-195-5p and miR-195-5p could bind to the 3'UTR of FKBP1A. AFAP1-AS1 silencing inhibited the tumor growth in mice implanted with PC3-TXR cell. The protein level of PCNA was decreased in PC3-TXR cells transfected with sh-AFAP1-AS1, while the expression of C-caspase 3 was upregulated. AFAP1-AS1 silencing attenuated the resistance of PTX-resistant PCa cells to PTX by downregulating FKBP1A via sponging miR-195-5p.

Objectives: We recently determined that a novel oncogene, IPO11 from 5q12, participates in bladder cancer (BCa) progression. However, the biological function of IPO11 and the molecular mechanisms through which it contributes to BCa progression remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of IPO11 in BCa aggressiveness and elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects in BCa. Materials and methods: The mRNA expression levels of IPO11 in BIU-87, RT4, UMUC3, EJ, 5637, T24, J82, and HT-1376 cell lines were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Expression of importin-11 was detected in 134 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) BCa tissues and 10 paired nonneoplastic bladder tissue specimens by immunohistochemistry. The copy number of IPO11 was examined in 25 FFPE BCa specimens using fluorescent in situ hybridization. The effects of IPO11 on migration, invasion, and cell proliferation were investigated in EJ and 5637 cell lines using RNA interference. Potential molecular mechanisms were investigated using whole transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatic approaches in EJ cells and IPO11-silenced EJ cells and verified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Endogenous IPO11 mRNA was highly expressed in 6 invasive BCa cell lines (EJ, HT-1376, UMUC3, 5637, J82, and T24) but had a low expression in the noninvasive BCa cell line BIU-87 and the papillary BCa cell line RT4 Immunohistochemical staining revealed that 87 (64.9%) of 134 FFPE BCa tissues displayed importin-11 overexpression. Moreover, importin-11 overexpression was positively associated with increased tumor stages and tumor grades, lymphatic invasion, and lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, importin-11 overexpression was detected in 100% (14/14) of BCa tissues with IPO11 amplification, and IPO11 amplification was not observed in 2 additional BCa tissues with importin-11 overexpression. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of IPO11 is sufficient to inhibit the motility and invasiveness of EJ and 5637 cells. IPO11 knockdown also inhibited cell proliferation in EJ cells, whereas this was not observed in 5637 cells or the in vivo experiments. Using whole transcriptome sequencing, we found that 22 genes (including IPO11) were differentially expressed in IPO11-silenced EJ cells compared with wild-type EJ cells, 4 of which were upregulated, and 18 of which were downregulated. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the significantly differentially expressed genes showed that the proteoglycans in cancer pathway (pathway Id: hsa05205) was most significantly enriched among 10 genetically altered pathways and referred to 6 significantly altered genes (CDKN1A, HBEGF, PTK2, THBS1, CCNG2, and EGR1). The next 3 most significantly enriched pathways in order were the p53, ErbB, and BCa pathways. CDKN1A and THBS1 were the most 2 frequently covered genes and were involved in 9 and 6 pathways, respectively. They were also 2 key proteins in the BCa pathway (pathway Id: hsa05219) that were downregulated in IPO11-knockdown EJ cells compared with wild-type EJ cells. Conclusions: Importin-11 overexpression can promote BCa cell invasiveness, probably associated with the deregulation of CDKN1A and THBS1 primarily through the activation of the proteoglycans in cancer pathway and the classical BCa pathway. Importin-11 may be a useful target through which the progression of noninvasive BCa to invasive BCa can be blocked. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Backgrounds: To investigated the application value of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery (LNSS). Methods: As a retrospective case-control study, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 147 patients whom suffered kidney cancer underwent LNSS between Jun, 2015 and Dec, 2016. The 69 patients who received ERAS management were allocated into the ERAS (enhanced recovery by optimizing perioperative management options) group and 88 patients who received traditional perioperative management were allocated into the control group. The post-operative recovery indicators, length of stay (LOS) and hospitalization expenses between the two groups were compared. Results: The time for the first water intake, first out of bed activity, first anal exhaust, catheter indwelling, pelvic drainage tube indwelling, LOS and hospitalization costs for the ERAS group were 2.5 +/- 0.6 h, 1.5 +/- 0.4 d, 8.6 +/- 1.9 h, 1.1 +/- 0.2 d, 2.4 +/- 0.3 d, 3.0 +/- 0.2 d, 31,000 +/- 2,000 RMB, while for the control group were 28.1 +/- 10.6 h, 7.4 +/- 0.6 d, 35.1++/- 5.5 h, 7.0 +/- 0.6 d, 7.2 +/- 0.5 d, 8.2 +/- 0.6 d, 42,000 +/- 1,000 RMB. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (t=-21.246, -69.253, -15.010, -76.464, -67.280, -58.727, -41.800, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the overall postoperative complication rates (8.7%, 16.7%, X-2=0.151) or pain scores 2 h (0.75 +/- 0.67, 0.74 +/- 0.69, t=0.089) after surgery between the two groups (P>0.05). Pain scores after surgery in the time point of 24 h (1.65 +/- 0.72, 3.69 +/- 0.69, t=-17.486) and 48 h (2.20 +/- 0.76, 4.65 +/- 0.77, t=-19.391) were significant different between the ERAS group and the control group (P<0.05). Univariate regression analysis were conducted to match the groups on the aspect of recovery parameters respectively. All them have significant correlation (P<0.05) except General/Overall postoperative complications and Pain scores in the time point of 2 h have no significant correlation (p=0.269/0.125/0.929). Conclusion: The application of ERAS in perioperative management could enhance the patient's recovery after LNSS, relieve postoperative pain and reduce hospitalization time and costs, while not increasing the overall incidence of postoperative complications.

Promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes has been confirmed to serve a pivotal role in tumorigenesis. Protocadherin 8 (PCDH8), a novel tumor suppressor gene, has been reported to be inactivated by promoter hypermethylation a number of cancer types, including bladder cancer and renal cell carcinoma. The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of PCDH8 hypermethylation in prostate cancer and its potential as a novel biomarker of prostate cancer. The transcriptional levels of PCDH8 were examined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 82 prostate cancer tissues as well as 30 prostate hyperplasia tissues, and verified the protein level by western blot analysis of representative samples. PCDH8 expression levels were found to be reduced to 0.30±0.10 in 70.7% (58/82) of prostate cancer tissues. To identify the possible reason for mRNA downregulation, the methylation status of the PCDH8 promoter was assessed in prostate cancer tissues and prostate hyperplasia tissues by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). A total of 47 prostate cancer patients who exhibited reduced PCDH8 expression (57.3%; 47/82) also showed promoter hypermethylation (47/58). None of the samples (0/30) in the benign prostate hyperplasia group were positive on MSP. Furthermore, the associations between the methylation status of the PCDH8 promoter and various clinicopathological features of prostate cancer were analyzed, revealing that the methylation status of PCDH8 was closely associated with tumor size, tumor shape (papillary/non-papillary), tumor stage and tumor grade (all P<0.05), while there were no correlations with the age of the patients or the number of tumors (P>0.05). Additionally, patients with hypermethylation of the PCDH8 gene promoter had a relapse rate of 36.17% and a mortality rate of 29.79%, which were significantly higher than the hypermethylation-negative patients (P<0.05), indicating a poorer prognosis. Therefore, the methylation status of the PCDH8 gene in prostate cancer may be an important marker for use in the early diagnosis and prediction of prognosis in prostate cancer.

PUMA (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis), a member of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein family, is a pro-apoptotic protein. PUMA expression is modulated by the tumor suppressor p53. PUMA has a role in rapid cell death via p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms. To evaluate whether p53 is required for PUMA-mediated apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, p53 protein was silenced in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells by using p53 small interfering RNA (siRNA). The interference efficiency of p53 on RNA and protein levels was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Cell proliferation and p21 expression were subsequently examined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and western blot analysis, respectively. p53-silenced or control PC-3 cells were transfected with pCEP4-(hemagglutinin)-PUMA plasmid, or non-carrier plasmid. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine cell apoptosis by measuring histone release and caspase-3 activation, and MTT assay was used to measure cell viability. In addition, the expression of pro-apoptosis protein Bax and anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2 were evaluated. The results of the present study revealed that p53 siRNA significantly suppressed p53 RNA and protein expression in PC-3 cells. Deficiency of p53 increased the cell growth rate and decreased p21 expression. However, PUMA overexpression remained able to induce apoptosis in p53-silenced and control cells by increasing Bax expression and decreasing Bcl-2 expression, leading to the activation of caspase-3. These results suggest that PUMA may mediate apoptosis of prostate cancer PC-3 cells, potentially independently of p53. Furthermore, PUMA gene treatment to induce cancer cell apoptosis may be more efficient compared with p53-dependent apoptosis, where loss of p53 expression or function may lead to limited efficacy of PUMA expression. Therefore, the present study proposes the significant hypothesis that increasing PUMA expression may be an effective approach for the treatment of prostate cancer, regardless of p53 status.

Bladder cancer (BLCA) is one of the most malignant cancers worldwide, and its prognosis varies. 1214 BLCA samples in five different datasets and 2 platforms were enrolled in this study. By utilizing the gene expression in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset, and another two datasets, in GSE13507 and GSE31684, we constructed a risk score staging system with Cox multivariate regression to evaluate predict the outcome of BLCA patients. Three genes consist of RCOR1, ST3GAL5, and COL10A1 were used to predict the survival of BLCA patients. The patients with low risk score have a better survival rate than those with high risk score, significantly. The survival profiles of another two datasets (GSE13507 and GSE31684), which were used for candidate gene selection, were similar as the training dataset (TCGA). Furthermore, survival prediction effect of risk score staging system in another 2 independent datasets, GSE40875 and E-TABM-4321, were also validated. Compared with other clinical observations, and the risk score performs better in evaluating the survival of BLCA patients. Moreover, the correlation between radiation were also evaluated, and we found that patients have a poor survival in high risk group, regardless of radiation. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was also implemented to find the difference between high-risk and low-risk groups on biological pathways, and focal adhesion and JAK signaling pathway were significantly enriched. In summary, we developed a risk staging model for BLCA patients with three gene expression. The model is independent from and performs better than other clinical information.

>随着无偿献血制度的实施,成分输血技术的推广,袋装血在临床应用越来越广泛。为了避免血液资源浪费,输血前后必须用生理盐水冲洗输血管路;为了防止供血者的血液之间出现溶血或凝血,两袋血液之间,必须用生理盐水冲洗输血管道。由于袋装成分血量较少,死腔残血多,而目前临床上使用的普通输血器只能冲洗输血管路,不能冲洗血袋,造成血液资源浪费;在多袋输注血制品时,使用普通输血器需

The prostate adenocarcinoma of the Copenhagen rat (R3327) is recognized as a suitable model for human prostate carcinoma. In this study, we sequenced its complete mitogenome and total length of the genome was 16,310 bp (GenBank Accession Number KM820831). It contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes. This mitochondrial genome sequence will provide new genetic resource into prostate adenocarcinoma disease.

Clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs) display divergent clinical behaviours. Molecular markers might improve risk stratification of ccRCC. Here we use, based on genome-wide CpG methylation profiling, a LASSO model to develop a five-CpG-based assay for ccRCC prognosis that can be used with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. The five-CpG-based classifier was validated in three independent sets from China, United States and the Cancer Genome Atlas data set. The classifier predicts the overall survival of ccRCC patients (hazard ratio=2.96−4.82; P =3.9 × 10 −6 −2.2 × 10 −9 ), independent of standard clinical prognostic factors. The five-CpG-based classifier successfully categorizes patients into high-risk and low-risk groups, with significant differences of clinical outcome in respective clinical stages and individual ‘stage, size, grade and necrosis’ scores. Moreover, methylation at the five CpGs correlates with expression of five genes: PITX1 , FOXE3 , TWF2 , EHBP1L1 and RIN1 . Our five-CpG-based classifier is a practical and reliable prognostic tool for ccRCC that can add prognostic value to the staging system.

Objective To investigate the clinical features of multiple primary malignancies ( MPM) in patients with kidney malignancy .Methods The clinical data of 111 patients suffered from MPM associated with kidney malignant tumor in Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital and Affiliated Yantai Hospital of Binzhou Medical College from April 1984 to December 2014 were retrospectively analyzed .Results Among the 111 cases,there were 100 cases with two primary malignancies ,9 with three cancers and 2 cases with four or five cancers.Synchronous MPM were 37 cases,and metachronous 74 cases.The interval between the first and the second primary malignancy was between 0 and 348 months,with average of 46 months and median of 16 months.One hundred and seventy-two cases were treated by operation , and 64 cases by conservative therapy.The proportion of operation from the first to the fifth cancers were 89.2%(99/111),59.5%(66/111),54.5%(6/11),50.0%(1/2),0%(0/1),respectively,with the trend of declining.Finally 95 cases (85.6%) were followed up ,with 53 cases survived and 42 cases died.From the diagnostic date of the first primary cancer,overall survival in 1 year,3 years,5 years,10 years were 97.2%,77.2%,67.8%,48.4%, respectively.Median survival time was 120 months.From the diagnostic date of the last primary cancer , overall survival in 1 year,3 years,5 years were 81.4%,53.4%,48.2%,respectively.Median survival was only 48 months.Univariate analysis showed that the cumulative survival rate was higher in patients with operation than conservative therapy ( P =0.000 ) , in metachronous group than synchronous group ( P =0.009).COX proportional hazard model showed metachronous MPM (OR=3.870,95%CI 1.702-8.801,P=0.001),aggressive operation of the first primary cancer (OR=0.107,95%CI 0.018-0.647,P=0.015) and the second cancer (OR=0.313,95%CI 0.131 -0.750, P=0.009) were independent prognostic factors. Conclusions The main treatment of MPM associated with kidney malignancy is aggressive operation, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and biological therapy are adjuvant .Early detection and early operation for MPM are beneficial for increasing the survival of the patients .

Objective To determine the composition of urinary stones in eastern Shandong region using LIIR Automatic Analysis System of Infrared Spectroscopy and discuss its clinical value.Methods Urinary stone samples were collected from 1 643 patients in eastern Shandong area.Patients aged between 4 months and 82 years old,including 1 045 males [average age of (38.54 ± 17.60) years old] and 598 females [average age of (43.22 ± 15.30) years old].The stone was located in the kidney in 1 056 cases (60.34％),ureter in 576 cases (35.05％) and bladder in 11 cases (0.60％).Compositions of stones were analyzed by LIIR Automatic Analysis System of Infrared Spectroscopy.The results were verified by manual analysis of the spectrogram accompanied by polarizing microscopy and chemical analysis when necessary.Results Regarding the compositions of stones,the main component of stones was calcium oxalate monohydrate in 854 cases (51.98％),anhydrous uric acid in 461 cases (28.06％),carbonate apatite in 197 cases (11.50％),ammonium magnesium phosphate hexahydrate in 93 cases (5.66％),calcium oxalate dehydrate in 28 cases (1.71％),cysteine in 8 cases (0.31％) and ammonium urate in 4 cases (0.25％).Regarding the constitution of stones,there were 1 014 cases (61.72％) of mixedstones,and 629 cases (38.28％) of stones with a single component.Conclusion In eastern Shandong region uric acid stone was the most common type of urinary stones.The Automatic Analysis System of Infrared Spectroscopy has many advantages in accuracy,automation and speediness in analyzing the composition of urinary stones and is worthy of routine clinical application.

Objectives. To investigate the safety and feasibility of sorafenib neoadjuvant therapy combined with retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy (RRN) in treating T2 large renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods. Retrospectively analyzed 5 cases (2 males and 3 females, aged 52–73 years) of T2 stage large RCC who receive preoperative sorafenib targeted treatment (400 mg bid for 1–3 months) and RRN between March, 2013, and July, 2014. Patient information, therapeutic regimen, drug adverse effect, tumor changes before and after surgery, and perioperative parameters were recorded. Results. During the sorafenib therapy adverse effects included 2 cases of hypertension (Grade I toxicity), 1 case of hand-foot syndrome (Grade I), and 1 case of diarrhea (Grade II), which were all tolerable for patients. CT scan and histopathological tests confirmed significant reduction in the longest dimension (LD) and medium density (MD) of the tumor after therapy as well as tumor hemorrhage, necrosis, and cystic degeneration. All 5 patients received RRN surgery successfully around 2 weeks after drug discontinuation with only 1 case of perioperative complication. Conclusions. Sorafenib neoadjuvant therapy could significantly reduce the size and aggressiveness of T2 large renal tumors, thus reducing the operative challenge and enabling patients who were previously disqualified for operation to receive surgical treatment.

This study investigated the feasibility of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) combined with retroperitoneal laparoendoscopic single-site partial nephrectomy (LESS-PN) in one-stage treatment of homolateral renal calculi and tumors. Between October 2010 and July 2014 one-stage PCNL combined LESS-PN surgery was performed in 23 patients with homolateral renal calculi and tumors. Patients included 17 male and 8 female, ranged from 31 to 66 years old with a median age of 42.7. Operative parameters and occurrence rate of complications were recorded. In all cases renal tumors were successfully removed without converting to open surgery. One-stage clearance rate for renal calculi was 21/23 (91.3%), leaving two cases for second-stage operation of flexible ureteroscope lithotomy. The operation time was 95-186 min; average 128 min. Intraoperative blood loss was 40-200 mL; average 130 mL. Median warm ischemia time was 23.8 ± 9.5 min. There were no serious post-operative complications such as massive hemorrhage or urine leakage. Length of stay was 5-7 days, average 6 days. There was no recurrence of renal calculus, renal tumors or ureterostenosis and kidney functions were normal. In conclusion, with good practice, one-stage combined operation of PCNL and retroperitoneal LESS-PN in removing homolateral renal tumors and calculi was safe, feasible and would potentially reduce the operative trauma.

Retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy (RPN) is one of the standard methods for treating T1-stage renal carcinoma, which has a narrow operational space and a difficult surgical procedure. The aim of this study was to examine the safety and feasibility of renal-rotation techniques in RPN. Between April 2012 and June 2014, the renal-rotation technique in RPN was performed in 22 male and 16 female patients, aged between 31 and 75 years (mean, 52 years), with stage T1N0M0 renal-cell carcinoma. In 29 cases the tumor was located at the ventral side of the kidney, including 22 cases at the renal hilum, and in nine cases the tumor was located at the inferior pole of the kidney. The tumor size was between 1.5 and 4.6 cm (mean, 2.8 cm). The results showed that, in all 38 cases, the procedure was successfully accomplished without conversion to open surgery. There were no intraoperative complications and only three cases of postoperative complications. The surgery duration was between 45 and 116 min (mean, 59 min); blood loss was between 10 and 120 ml (mean, 40 ml) and no patients required a blood transfusion. The average kidney ischemia time was 21 min (range, 15-38 min). No patients had local recurrence or metastasis after follow-up of between one and 26 months. In conclusion, the application of the renal-rotation technique in RPN for tumors located at the ventral side, renal hilum or at the inferior pole of the kidney is safe and feasible and worth wider clinical application.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of the "arch window" technique in retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy.Methods The "arch window" technique was performed on 128 renal carcinoma patients receiving retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy between June 2012 and June 2014.There were 76 males and 52 females,with age ranging between 31-76 (average 54).The tumors were all at T1N0M0 stage of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) with diameters of 0.8-6.2 cm (average 2.6 cm) and located in the upper pole,middle,and lower pole of the kidney in 65,31 and 32 cases respectively.Medical data were collected and compared with the same practice performed without using arch window technique from April 2010 to May 2012.Results All 128 operations were successful without conversion to open surgery.There were no serious intraoperative complications such as damaged large blood vessels or adjacent organs.Thirteen patients had postoperative complications,including 8 cases of hematuresis,2 cases of subcutaneous emphysema and 3 cases of delayed healing.Three hematuria patients recovered after conservative treatment.The operation time was 55-186 min (average 89 min),and blood loss was 30-220 ml (average 60 ml).No patient needed intraoperative blood transfusion.The average renal artery occlusion time was 22 min (14-35 min).Pathological examination reported 106 renal clear cell carcinomas and 1 papillary carcinoma with negative margin; and 21 renal angiomyolipomas.Patients were followed up for 1-25 months post-operation (average 18 months).There was no tumor recurrence or distant metastasis and renal functions were normal.Arch window group had significantly shorter suture time,operation time and renal warm ischemia time,and less intraoperative bleeding than non-arch window group.Conclusion The use of "arch window" technique in retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy is safe and feasible.It benefits from sufficient surgery field exposure and convenient operation and is worthy of wider clinical application.

To the Editor, Here, we report our experience of eight cases of elongation of the right renal vein using donor gonadal vein during retroperitoneoscopic living donor kidney transplantation in our hospital. In living donor kidney transplantation, the left kidney is preferred as the right renal vein is shorter. Transplantation of the right kidney is technically more challenging for reimplantation of the graft due to higher venous anastomosis tension and also has a higher risk of complications. Elongation of the right renal vein is a key step in improvement of the success rate and reduction of operative complications of living donor nephrectomy. This report enrolled eight healthy donors, who were admitted between August 2013 and April 2014. Donors aged 45 9.5 yr old, including three men and five women. All donors were confirmed with single artery and vein in right kidney by MRI or CT 3-D vascular reconstruction. Donors and recipients were matched with satisfaction. All organ donations were on voluntary basis, and written informed consents were signed. The donor’s right kidney and gonadal vein were extracted through standard hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy. The gonadal vein was cut longitudinally and trimmed into a patch of 6–8 cm long and 0.8–1.2 cm wide (Fig. 1). A 3to 4-cm long vessel was formed by spiral anastomosis of the patch with a similar diameter as the right renal vein, which was then anastomosed with the renal vein (Fig. 2). Conventional kidney implantation surgery was performed. Patients were followed for six months. Color Doppler ultrasound test showed the blood flow was patent in vena profunda without renal vein related complications such as hemorrhage, thrombosis, or angusty, etc. All eight donor kidneys were successfully transplanted to recipients. The perioperative parameters for donor kidney nephrectomy are shown in Table 1. The right renal vein was elongated by an average of 2.9 cm. Donors had no obvious postoperative complications. Recipients’ creatinine levels all dropped to normal range within one wk post-operation, and good graft functions were observed. In the past years, a variety of techniques have been developed for lengthening of the right renal vein, which range from iliac vein transposition to donor vein elongation (1). For deceased donors, renal vein could be elongated with postcava (2). For living donors, the elongation material included linear cutting anastomat (3), polytetrafluoroethylene graft and a variety of veins, for example, the great saphenous vein (1). Mikhalski et al. (4) first reported lengthening the right renal vein with gonadal vein. We simultaneously extracted the donor’s right kidney and gonadal vein through retroperitoneoscopy and significantly increased the length of the right renal vein, which ultimately led to good organ function without increased perior postoperative morbidity during living donor kidney transplantation. Fig. 1. A longitudinally incised gonadal vein.

Background: Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is upregulated in prostate cancer tissues. Here we aimed to study the therapeutic efficacy of a monoclonal antibody of PSCA-labeled I-131 (I-131-PSCA-mAb) in orthotopic mouse models of prostate cancer. Methods: The proliferation, apoptosis and invasion abilities of PC-3 and LNCaP cells treated with I-131-PSCA-mAb were measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay, flow cytometry and transwell culture, respectively. The human prostate cancer models were established by orthotopic implantation of PC-3 and LNCaP cells in nude mice. I-131-PSCA-mAb distribution and tumor cell apoptosis in the tumor-bearing nude mice were measured. Results: The inhibitory and apoptosis rates of PC-3 and LNCaP cells treated with I-131-PSCA-mAb reached a maximum of 84%, 80% and 50%, 46%, respectively, which were obviously higher than in the cells treated with I-131-IgG or PSCA-mAb. The invaded number of PC-3 and LNCaP cells treated with I-131-PSCA-mAbe was significantly reduced (P < 0.01) compared with the control group. The ratios of I-131-PSCA-mAb in tumor to intramuscular I-131-PSCA-mAb (T/NT) in tumor-bearing nude mice were increased with time and reached the highest level after 8 h. T/NT stayed above 3.0 after 12 h, and the tumor could still be developed after 24 h. The number of apoptotic cells in tumor tissue of nude mice treated with I-131-PSCA-mAb was larger than that in the control group. Conclusion: I-131-PSCA-mAb has the potential to become a new targeted therapy drug for the treatment of prostate cancer.