In vitro maturation (IVM) presents a potential alternative to conventional IVF for special subgroups of infertile couples. Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is widely regarded as the most robust biomarker for assessing ovarian reserve. However, the relationship between AMH and subsequent pregnancy success rates following IVM remains poorly characterized. This was a retrospective cohort study. Infertile patients undergoing IVM treatment at Peking University Third Hospital Reproductive Medicine Center between January 2016 and June 2024. Participants were stratified by AMH (ng/ml) quartiles: Group A (1 < AMH ≤ 7.77, n = 99), B (7.77 < AMH ≤ 11.91, n = 98), C (11.91 < AMH ≤ 17.53, n = 100), and D (AMH > 17.53, n = 96). The primary outcome was cumulative live birth rate. While baseline characteristics (age, BMI, infertility duration/type, FSH) were comparable across groups, Group D demonstrated significantly higher immature oocyte yield (P < 0.001), and embryological parameters (transferable/high-quality embryos: P < 0.001) versus other groups. Paradoxically, Group A achieved superior clinical outcomes, including: cumulative live birth rate (48.8

To evaluate the incidence of new-onset Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy (HDP) in donor sperm IVF (DS-IVF) compared with partner sperm IVF (PS-IVF) pregnancies. We retrospectively analyzed a total of 855 DS-IVF cycles and 4,816 PS-IVF cycles of pregnancies delivering after 20 weeks’ gestation achieved live birth between January 2010 and December 2022. All patients underwent fresh embryo transfer after oocyte retrieval. The incidence of new-onset HDP was compared between the two groups. The overall incidence of new-onset HDP was 1.7

RESEARCH QUESTION:Do endometrial preparation protocols affect pregnancy outcomes in overweight and obese women with a normal ovulatory cycle undergoing their first frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET)? DESIGN:In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed 3713 overweight and obese women (body mass index ≥ 24 kg/m2) with a normal ovulatory cycle who underwent their first FET between January 2018 and October 2023. Patients were divided into two groups based on endometrial preparation protocol: natural cycle and artificial cycle. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to match baseline characteristics between the two groups at a 1:1 ratio. RESULTS:After PSM, 1238 overweight and obese patients were included in natural and artificial cycle groups. Compared with the artificial cycle cohort, the natural cycle group had higher biochemical pregnancy (53.6% [664/1238] versus 49.5% [613/1238]; P = 0.04), clinical pregnancy (44.7% [554/1238] versus 40.3% [499/1238], P = 0.025), ongoing pregnancy (35.7% [439/1229] versus 31.6% [389/1230], P = 0.032) and live birth (34.7% [427/1229] versus 30.6% [376/1230], P = 0.027) rates. No significant differences were identified in the incidence of perinatal complications or neonatal outcomes. After adjusting for confounders using multivariate logistic regression analysis, natural cycle remained an independent protective factor for live birth in FET cycles (OR 1.298, 95% CI 1.004 to 1.678, P = 0.046). Further subgroup analyses of women in the overweight or obese ranges revealed similar findings among overweight women, but no statistically significant association between endometrial preparation regimen and the live birth rate in obese women. CONCLUSION:For the combined group of overweight and obese women (BMI >24 kg/m2) with a normal ovulatory cycle, natural cycle FET results in better pregnancy outcomes compared with artificial cycle FET without increasing the incidence of obstetric complications.

Research questionDo endometrial preparation protocols affect pregnancy outcomes in overweight/obese women with a normal ovulatory cycle undergoing their first frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET)?DesignThis retrospective cohort study analyzed 3713 overweight/obese women with a normal ovulatory cycle who underwent their first FET between January 2018 and October 2023. Patients were divided into two groups based on the endometrial preparation protocol: natural cycle (NC) and artificial cycle (AC). Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to match baseline characteristics between the two groups at a 1:1 ratio.ResultsAfter PSM, 1238 patients were included in NC and AC groups. The NC group had significantly higher rates of biochemical pregnancy [53.6% (664/1238)], clinical pregnancy [44.7% (554/1238)], ongoing pregnancy [36.2% (445/1229)], and live birth rates [34.7% (427/1229)] compared with the AC group [49.5% (613/1238), P=0.04; 40.3% (499/1238), P=0.025; 32.0% (394/1230), P=0.029; 30.6% (376/1230), P=0.027]. No significant differences were identified between the NC and AC groups in the incidence of perinatal complications or neonatal outcomes (all P>0.05). After adjusting for confounders using multivariate logistic regression analysis, NC remained an independent protective factor for live birth in FET cycles (odds ratio (OR)=1.298, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.004-1.678, P=0.046). Further subgroup analysis of overweight or obese women revealed consistent findings among overweight women, whereas no statistically significant association between endometrial preparation regimen and the live birth rate in obese women.ConclusionFor overweight/obese women with a normal ovulatory cycle, NC-FET results in better pregnancy outcomes compared with AC-FET without increasing the incidence of obstetric complications.

Abstract Background The utilization of a double trigger, involving the co-administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for final oocyte maturation, is emerging as a novel approach in gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-ant) protocols during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). This protocol involves administering GnRH-a and hCG 40 and 34 h prior to ovum pick-up (OPU), respectively. This treatment modality has been implemented in patients with low/poor oocytes yield. This study aimed to determine whether the double trigger could improve the number of top-quality embryos (TQEs) in patients with fewer than three TQEs. Methods The stimulation characteristics of 35 in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles were analyzed. These cycles were triggered by the combination of hCG and GnRHa (double trigger cycles) and compared to the same patients’ previous IVF attempt, which utilized the hCG trigger (hCG trigger control cycles). The analysis involved cases who were admitted to our reproductive center between January 2018 and December 2022. In the hCG trigger control cycles, all 35 patients had fewer than three TQEs. Results Patients who received the double trigger cycles yielded a significantly higher number of 2PN cleavage embryos (3.54 ± 3.37 vs. 2.11 ± 2.15, P = 0.025), TQEs ( 2.23 ± 2.05 vs. 0.89 ± 0.99, P < 0.001), and a simultaneously higher proportion of the number of cleavage stage embryos (53.87% ± 31.38% vs. 39.80% ± 29.60%, P = 0.043), 2PN cleavage stage embryos (43.89% ± 33.01% vs. 27.22% ± 27.13%, P = 0.014), and TQEs (27.05% ± 26.26% vs. 14.19% ± 19.76%, P = 0.019) to the number of oocytes retrieved compared with the hCG trigger control cycles, respectively. The double trigger cycles achieved higher rates of cumulative clinical pregnancy (20.00% vs. 2.86%, P = 0.031), cumulative persistent pregnancy (14.29% vs. 0%, P < 0.001), and cumulative live birth (14.29% vs. 0%, P < 0.001) per stimulation cycle compared with the hCG trigger control cycles. Conclusion Co-administration of GnRH-agonist and hCG for final oocyte maturation, 40 and 34 h prior to OPU, respectively (double trigger) may be suggested as a valuable new regimen for treating patients with low TQE yield in previous hCG trigger IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles.

目的 比较拮抗剂方案中卵巢高反应人群使用促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist,GnRH-a)单药扳机或联合低剂量人绒毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotropin,hCG)双扳机全胚胎冻融移植的临床结局.方法 回顾性队列研究分析2018年1月至2020年12月期间在北京大学第三医院妇产科生殖医学中心行拮抗剂方案体外受精/卵胞质内单精子注射(in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection,IVF/ICSI)助孕的卵巢高反应人群的临床资料,根据扳机方案分为GnRH-a单药扳机组(A组,n=251)和GnRH-a联合低剂量hCG(2 000 U)双扳机组(B组,n=741).对两组患者的周期结局、妊娠结局及早发型重度卵巢过度刺激综合征(ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome,OHSS)发生率进行比较.结果 两组患者的基本特征差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05).A组扳机日的雌二醇水平[(22 905.84±9 513.28)pmol/L]、胚胎数[(18.84±9.50)枚]、双原核(two pronuclei,2PN)数[(16.06±8.24)枚]、优质胚胎数[(11.25±6.92)枚]及胚胎形成率[68.6%(4 730/6 899)]显著高于B组[(17 200.82±6 811.64)pmol/L,P<0.001;(17.34±8.04)枚,P=0.025;(14.87±7.07)枚,P=0.042;(10.25±5.97)枚,P=0.027;66.5%(12 852/19 326),P= 0.002],但两组患者的获卵数、成熟卵率和优质胚胎率差异均没有统计学意义(均P>0.05).两组患者的每解冻移植周期hCG阳性率、临床妊娠率、流产率、异位妊娠率、持续妊娠率、活产率[包括所有移植周期、第3天(day 3,D3)胚胎移植周期、囊胚移植周期]差异均没有统计学意义(均P>0.05).两组患者的每促排卵周期累积持续妊娠率、累积活产率、低出生体质量儿比例和出生缺陷儿比例差异亦没有统计学意义(均P>0.05).A组早发型重度OHSS发生率(0%)小于B组[1.5%(11/741)],但差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 拮抗剂方案中使用GnRH-a单药扳机后全胚胎冻融移植的妊娠结局与联合低剂量hCG双扳机相似,且GnRH-a单药扳机的早发型重度OHSS发生风险低.因此,对于卵巢高反应人群,IVF/ICSI周期拮抗剂方案中采用GnRH-a单药扳机后全胚冷冻再进行解冻周期移植不失为一个既不损失妊娠结局又能将早发型重度OHSS风险降到最低的选择.

As a new type of micro-/nanomachines, self-propelled micro-/nanomotors (MNMs) can convert chemical or external energies from the surrounding environment into mechanical forces to produce autonomous motion. The ability of autonomous movement allows these MNMs to move actively to the targeted locations, and thus confers great potentials on the MNMs for applications in biomedicine, especially in drug delivery. MNMs have been shown to effectively load therapeutic payloads for active delivery to the disease site, which greatly improves the therapeutic efficacy and reduces side effects compared with the traditional nanodrugs. In this review, we provide an overview of different propulsion mechanisms of MNMs, including chemical propulsion based on redox reaction and external field propulsion driven by external energy such as light, magnetic field, electric field and ultrasound, followed by a review of the recent progress in active drug delivery based on MNMs in the past decade. We also discuss the current challenges and future perspectives of the application of the MNMs.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA that target protein-coding mRNAs at the post-transcriptional level. The aim of this study was to define the role of miR-492 in cervical squamous cell carcinomas. After microRNA profiling and comparison, we firstly detected miR-492 expression in 104 tumor tissues biopsies derived from advanced staged (FIGO IIB-IIIB) cervical squamous cell carcinoma patients before receiving concomitant chemoradiotherapy and found miR-492 expression was significantly higher in the specimens that were sensitive to concomitant chemoradiotherapy, as compared with insensitive cancer specimens (P<0.05). Moreover, higher expression of miR-492 was associated with pelvic lymph node metastasis (LNM) (P<0.05). Further studies illustrated ectopic miR-492 overexpression in SiHa cells promoted cell proliferation, migration, and enhanced the sensitivity of cervical cancer cells to irradiation by promoting apoptosis. In addition, we identified TIMP2 as a direct miR-492 target, which has been shown to be critical in modulating cancer cell migration and invasion. We also confirmed that miR-492 expression levels in positive pelvic LNM were much higher than negative LNM and miR-492 played a vital role in pelvic lymph node metastasis via regulating miR-492/TIMP2/MMP10 axis. In particular, miR-492 was correlated with prognosis in the subgroup of patients with negative pelvic LNM (P<0.05) and had a promising value in predicting treatment response in the subgroup of patients with positive pelvic LNM (an AUC of 85%, 75.00% specificity, and 95.24% sensitivity). Taken together, the results suggested that miR-492 may serve as a potential biomarker for cervical cancer treatment and prognosis.

This retrospective cohort study is to assess the effects of hyperandrogenism (HA) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-antagonist protocol during in vitro fertilization (IVF). Total 892 infertile Patients between 20 and 35 years of age with normal body mass index (BMI, 18.50 -24.99 kg/m2), including those with tubal factor infertility (control, n = 318), PCOS infertility with HA (HA PCOS, n = 244), and PCOS infertility without HA (non-HA PCOS, n = 330), were included. Number of retrieved oocytes was significantly higher and total Gonadotropin consumption was significant lower in the HA PCOS group, whereas abortion rate was significantly higher and live birth rate was significantly lower in the HA PCOS group, compared with the control and non-HA PCOS groups. In the HA PCOS group, the number of available embryos tended to be higher with no significance. The GnRH-antagonist protocol is more suitable for HA PCOS patients, with lower cost and more number of embryos available for transfer. Due to the high abortion rate and low live birth rate, a freeze-all approach might be a preferable option for HA PCOS patients so as to create a buffer for reducing androgen levels before transferring freeze-thawed embryos.

e16591 Background: Bulky local tumor ( ≥ 4cm) is a poor prognostic factor for early stage cervical cancer patients. Most of the locally advanced cervical cancer patients need postoperative radiotherapy. However, some tumors shrink obviously after neo-adjuvant treatment. Whether this subgroup of the patients needs postoperative therapy remains unclear. Our study is aim to evaluate the role of postoperative adjuvant treatment in stage IB2/IIA2 cervical cancer patients without pathological risk factors after neo-adjuvant treatment followed by radical surgery. Methods: Between Jan 1st, 2000 and Dec 31st, 2010, one hundred and three patients with stage IB2/IIA2 cervical cancer who underwent neo-adjuvant chemotherapy±brachytherapy followed by radical surgery were retrospectively assessed. All the patients had no risk factor according to pathological findings after surgery. Results: Median age at diagnosis was 42. Histological type of 95.1% (98/103) patients was squamous cell carcinoma, and 4.9% was adenocarcinoma or adenosquamous carcinoma. 84.5% (87/103) patients were of stage IB2. Seventeen patients received postoperative external pelvic radiotherapy (RT). Fifteen patients received postoperative chemotherapy (CT) for 2-4 cycles, and the remaining 71 cases received no postoperative treatment (OB). The median duration of follow-up was 54 (45-82) months. Seven patients had recurrence (2 RT; 2 CT; 3 OB). Two-year and 5-year OS were 98.0% and 96.8%, respectively. The overall 5-year recurrence rate was 6.8%. Five-year recurrence rates of 3 groups OB, RT and CT were 4.2%, 11.8% and 13.3%, respectively. The difference among the recurrence rates of the 3 groups were not statistically significant (P> 0.05). Conclusions: Stage IB2/IIA2 cervical cancer patients without pathological risk factors after neo-adjuvant therapy followed by radical surgery had a relatively good prognosis. This subgroup of cervical cancer patients might get no benefit from postoperative treatment.

卵巢癌是女性生殖道常见的恶性肿瘤之一。近年来，卵巢癌的诊疗技术得到了明显的提高，但卵巢癌的5年生存率未见明显改善。究其原因，主要与卵巢癌难以在早期发现有关。因此，寻找有效的卵巢癌早期检测手段，尤其是血清肿瘤标志物，对改善卵巢癌预后具有重要的意义。早期卵巢癌血清肿瘤标志物的研究一直是卵巢癌研究的热点之一，并取得了一定进展。

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the outcomes and the prognostic factors for advanced squamous cervical cancer after concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). METHODS:Totally 172 patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIb-IV who were treated in Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences between January 2007 and December 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were received external radiotherapy, high-dose rate brachytherapy and cisplatin-based chemotherapy concurrently. RESULTS:The median follow-up period was 54.5 months. The 2-year and 5-year overall survival (OS) were separately 81.5% and 68.8%. The 2-year and 5-year progress-free survival (PFS) were separately 69.2% and 63.1%. Using univariate analysis followed with multivariate analysis, the results showed that these clinicopathological factors including stage (III and above versus IIb; P = 0.021, HR = 1.95; P = 0.020, HR = 1.86), maximum diameter of local tumor size (>4 versus ≤ 4 cm; P = 0.009, HR = 2.55; P = 0.033, HR = 1.94), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) level before treatment (>3 versus ≤ 3 µg/L; P = 0.010, HR = 2.47; P = 0.013, HR = 2.09) and retroperitoneal lymph node status on imaging (para-aortic lymph node positive versus negative, P = 0.009, HR = 3.00, P = 0.010, HR = 2.74; pelvic lymph node positive only versus negative, P = 0.044, HR = 1.98, P = 0.033, HR = 1.92) had the significant effect on OS and PFS. Patients with no above adverse prognostic factor were assigned to Group A (n = 18), those with one factor were assigned to Group B (n = 43), and those with no less than two factors were assigned to Group C (n = 111). Among three groups, the 2-year OS were separately 94.1%, 97.7% and 73.1%, the 5-year OS were separately 81.4%, 90.1% and 58.6%, the 2-year PFS were separately 88.2%, 90.4% and 57.9%, the 5-year PFS were 82.4%, 87.9% and 50.0%. The results showed that group C was significant difference from Group A or B in OS and PFS (all P < 0.05), while Group A had no significant difference from Group B in OS and PFS (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Stage III or above, maximum diameter of local tumor size >4 cm, SCC level >3 µg/L before treatment and positive retroperitoneal lymph nodes on imaging are four independent adverse factors for prognosis of squamous cervical cancer of advanced stage after CCRT. The treatment of patients with no less than two adverse factors should be considered to be improved.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate miR-19a that related to the concomitant chemoradiotherapy sensitivity in advanced uterine cervical squamous cell carcinomasuterine(UCSCC),and find a marker to identify cervical cancer patients who are resistant to the concomitant chemoradiotherapy.METHODS: The UCSCC patients in FIGO stage ⅡB or ⅢB were treated with platinum based concomitant chemoradiotherapy.Patients with progressive disease during first line platinum based chemotherapy or those who suffered recurrent disease within 6 months of completing first line therapy were termed resistant.Patient with no recurrence or with recurrences beyond 6 months were termed sensitive.All tumor tissues biopsies were collected before treatment with standard chemoradiation.Total RNAs were isolated using a mirVana RNA isolation kit(Ambion) according to the manufacturer's protocol.The expression level of miR-19a was examined by using TaqMan Real-time PCR in 20 cervix biopsies samples,including 10 resistant samples and 10 sensitive samples.RESULTS: The follow-up time of sensitive samples was 10-20 months,and no recurrence patient was found.In resistance samples,there were 2 cases with cancer processing,and 8 cases with new lesions.There were no difference of clinical staging,age,histology degree,lymph node metastasis,tumor size,Scc-Ag level and treatment time between sensitive samples and resistant samples(P0.05).The expression of miR-19a in resistance samples was 1.0±0,and 4.80±1.15 in sensitive samples(P0.05).CONCLUSIONS:miR-19a may be a marker to identify cervical cancer patients who are likely to fail concomitant chemoradiotherapy,in order to apply individualized therapy.It is worthy to verify role of miR-19a in cervical cancer cells and worthy of further investigation.

OBJECTIVE To explore the expression change of ER-α36 in endometria of PCOS patients. METHODS Proliferative endometria were collected and divided into three groups: CE group (n=30), proliferative endometria from control women; PCOSE group (n=30), proliferative endometria from PCOS patients; HPCOSE group (n=15), hyperplastic endometria from PCOS patients. The cellular localization of ER-α36 and ER-α66 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and expression of ER-α36 and ER-α66 was determined by immunohistochemistry and Real-Time Quantitative PCR. The correlation between serum hormone concentration and expression of ER-α36 and ER-α66 was analyzed. RESULTS ER-α36 was localized on the cell surface, cytoplasm and nucleus of glandular epithelial cells of both CE and PCOSE groups, mainly on the cell surface, and ER-α66 was localized on the nucleus. The protein and mRNA expression of ER-α36 was decreased from CE, PCOSE to HPCOSE group, while expression of ER-α66 showed no obvious difference among groups. The expression ratio of ER-α36 to ER-α66 of CE, PCOSE and HPCOSE group showed a decreasing tendency. The expression of ER-α36 and its expressive ratio to ER-α66 was negatively correlated with serum concentration of LH, LH/FSH, testosterone and androstenedione. CONCLUSIONS Lower expression of ER-α66 is associated with the development of endometrial hyperplasia in PCOS patients.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide. Advanced uterine cervical squamous cell carcinomasuterine (UCSCC) patients in FIGO stage IIb or IIIb treated with platinum based concomitant chemoradiotherapy. However, clinical outcomes vary significantly and are difficult to predict. Tumor intrinsic chemoradiotherapy sensitivity is one of the crucial reasons for concomitant chemoradiotherapy failure in UCSCC. In this study, we identified the relationship between miR-19a and sensitivity to concomitant chemoradiotherapy. The UCSCC patients in FIGO stage IIb or IIIb treated with platinum based concurrent chemoradiotherapy at the Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Patients with progressive disease during first line platinum based chemotherapy or those who suffered recurrent disease within 6 months of completing first line therapy were termed resistant. Patients without recurrence or with recurrences beyond 6 months were termed sensitive. We examined the expression level of miR-19a in 30 cervix biopsies samples, including 10 resistant and 20 sensitive samples. We found miR-19a was significantly up-regulated in resistant group compared with sensitive group (p <0.05). Our study indicated that miR-19a might be a marker to identify cervical cancer patients who are likely to fail concomitant chemoradiotherapy. To verify role of miR-19ain cervical cancer cells is worthy of further investigation. Citation Format: Mei Liu, Lingying Wu, Ningzhi Xu, Jusheng An, Jinlong Hu, Manni Huang, Binbin Tu, Chenfei Hu, Zaozao Wang, Hongxia Zhu. miR-19a modulates chemoradiotherapy resistance in human cervical cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A19.

BACKGROUND:Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder accompanied with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease; despite being a common condition, the pathogenesis of PCOS remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate the potential metabolic profiles for different phenotypes of PCOS, as well as for the early prognosis of complications.METHODS:A total of 217 women with PCOS and 48 healthy women as normal controls were studied. Plasma samples of subjects were tested using two different analytical platforms of metabolomics: 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS).RESULTS:Our results showed that carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolisms were influenced in PCOS. The levels of lactate, long-chain fatty acids, triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein were elevated, while glucose, phosphatidylcholine and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations were reduced in PCOS patients as compared with controls. Additionally, the levels of alanine, valine, serine, threonine, ornithine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan were generally increased, whereas the levels of glycine and proline were significantly reduced in PCOS samples compared to controls. Furthermore, the ratio of branched-chain amino acid to aromatic amino acid concentrations (BCAA/AAA) in PCOS plasma was significantly reduced in PCOS patients and was insusceptible to obesity and insulin sensitivity.CONCLUSIONS:Our results suggested that the enhanced glycolysis and inhibited tricarboxylic acid cycle (TAC) in women with PCOS. Decrease of BCAA/AAA ratio was directly correlated with the development of PCOS. Ovulatory dysfunction of PCOS patients was associated with raised production of serine, threonine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and ornithine. Elevated levels of valine and leucine, and decreased concentrations of glycine in PCOS plasma could contribute to insulin sensitivity and could be considered as the potential biomarkers for long-term risk assessment of diabetes mellitus.

Objective:To explore the incidence and predictive fators of endometrial hyperplasia(EH)in polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS)patients.Methods:160 PCOS patients and 80 non-PCOS patients with tubal or male infertility as control group were involved in the study.The pathologic role of PCOS in EH was studied.The incidence of EH was compared between the two groups and among the subtypes of PCOS patients;and the relationship between clinical characteristics and EH in PCOS patients was explored.Results:The incidence of EH in oligomenorrhea group and hyperandrogenism group was significantly elevated(P<0.05,P=0.031).The incidence of EH in PCOS patients was significantly higher than that of the control group(18.75% vs 7.5%,P=0.021).When menstrual cycle was longer than 59 days or the ultrasound resonance of endometrium was abnormal in PCOS patients,the incidence of EH was significantly heightened.Conclusion:Oligomenorrhea and hyperandrogenism play important roles in EH,and it is necessary to pay attention to the endometrial pathology of doubted-PCOS patients with either oligomenorrhea or hyperandrogenism.The incidence of EH in PCOS patients is higher,especially those with menstrual cycle longer than 59 days or abnormal ultrasound resonance of endometrium.

Background Tribbles 3 (TRB3) affects insulin signalling by inhibiting insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and subsequent activation. A single nucleotide polymorphism located in the second extron of the human TRB3 gene is thought to be associated with insulin resistance. The latter is a core abnormality in PCOS independent of obesity. The present study was designed to clarify the relationships of TRB3 Q84R polymorphism with PCOS in a Chinese women group. Methods A case-control study with two groups: PCOS group (n = 336) and control group of infertility women for tubal and/or male factor (n = 116) was performed. Genotyping of the TRB3 R84 variant was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results The frequency of genotype QQ in PCOS women was significantly lower, while genotype QR and RR were significantly higher than that in control group (p < 0.05). However, the difference disappeared after adjustment for BMI. At glucose1h, glucose2h and insulin2h point, the difference between QQ individuals and R84 allele carriers in PCOS women reached statistical significance during OGTT (p < 0.05). Conclusions TRB3 Q84R polymorphism is associated with obesity and especially glucose metabolism and not associated with polycystic ovary syndrome because of compositional characteristics of phenotype in Chinese PCOS women.

Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disease in reproductive-age women,with the incidence of 5% to 10%.PCOS affects not only the reproductive function of patients,but also produces a wide range of metabolic disturbances.Many studies demonstrated that PCOS was familial aggregative,and there was genetic basis in its reproductive and metabolic abnormalities.This paper reviews recent researches on reproductive and metabolic aspects of first-degree relatives of patients with PCOS.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of estrogen receptor-alpha 36 (ER-alpha 36) in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-related carcinogenesis in endometrial cancer.STUDY DESIGN: The expression of ER-alpha 36, EGFR, and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase was analyzed using immunohistochemistry in endometrial cancer samples. The cellular localization of ER-alpha 36 and EGFR was determined using immunofluorescence in the endometrial cancer Hec1A cells. The level of phospho-extracellular signal- regulated kinase of Hec1A cells was determined using Western blotting after treatment with epidermal growth factor.RESULTS: Positive rate of ER-alpha 36 was increased in high-stage (P = .03) and high-grade (P = .224) endometrial cancer; expression of ER-alpha 36 and EGFR exhibited a significant positive correlation (r = 0.334, P = .025) and they showed substantial colocalization on the plasma membrane of glandular cells; phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase positive rate in ER-alpha 36 positive group and EGFR positive group was higher than that of ER-alpha 36 negative group (P = .014) and EGFR negative group (P = .016); finally, ER-alpha 36 mediated epidermal growth factor-stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in Hec1A cells.CONCLUSION: ER-alpha 36 mediates EGFR-related extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in endometrial cancer.