We investigated the chemical constituents and anti-tumor activity of cultivated Pholiota adiposa in vitro using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. HepG-2, A549, HeLa, and MCF-7 cells, which are 4 kinds of human cancer cell lines, were cultured in vitro, treated with different concentrations of the ethanol extract of Ph. adiposa (EPA), and cytotoxicity was determined using the cell counting kit-8 assay. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the apoptosis of HepG-2 cells via annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double staining. Expression levels of apoptosis-associated proteins were determined via Western blotting analysis. Thirty-five components were consistent with those recorded in the chemical composition database, with sterols, fatty acids, and polysaccharide compounds accounting for a relatively high proportion. EPA showed the strongest cytotoxicity against HepG-2 cells, increasing the apoptosis rate up to 23.71 ± 1.59% at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. Ph. adiposa has various functional chemical constituents and potential anti-tumor applications. We found that the functional constituents exerted anti-tumor activity by inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, the expression levels of BCL-2-associated X were increased, whereas those of BCL-2 were decreased in cells after treatment with EPA. These results suggest that EPA induces HepG-2 cell apoptosis via a caspase-mediated pathway.

As a direct consequence of multiple periods of stress applied on areas with tectonic superposition, the multiple-periods fractures have complex abutting relationships, and the field study of fractures is usually restricted by outcrop conditions, such as section direction. Therefore, previous studies of superposed stress fields based on fractures have been generally performed in areas with proper observation conditions and clear abutting relationships. In contrast, in many other areas, the identification of fracture development period based on field observation is often infeasible. Compared to abutting relationships, fracture fabrics obtained from field measurement are not affected by the restriction of outcrops and consequently are more representative of the fractures. According to the analysis of fracture fabrics and fracture features, this paper has separated and extracted the superposed fracture sets and identified the fracture development period in the area without available abutting relationships. Taking the southern segment of the Longmen Mountain thrust belt as an example, fractures of two development periods are identified and timed in the tectonic superposition area between two adjacent fold belts. The analysis of stress direction in each period suggests that the structural boundaries, consisting of such pre-existing structures as faults and anticlines, could have induced directional rotation in the subsequent stress. An equivalent result was achieved using a finite element simulation of the stress field. Based on the stress analysis of the field sites and the stress field simulation, the stress variation in the tectonic superposition area is well modeled.

Patients with diabetes in the aging population are at high risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and reduction of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity occurs simultaneously with the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in the AD-affected brain. It is not clear, however, whether SIRT1 is a suitable molecular target for the treatment of AD. Here, we employed a rat model of brain insulin resistance with intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ; 3 mg/kg, twice with an interval of 48 h). The ICV-STZ-treated rats were administrated with resveratrol (RSV; SIRT1-specific activator) or a vehicle via intraperitoneal injection for 8 weeks (30 mg/kg, once per day). In ICV-STZ-treated rats, the levels of phosphorylated tau and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) at the hippocampi were increased significantly, whereas SIRT1 activity was decreased without change of its expression level. The capacity of spatial memory was also significantly lower in ICV-STZ-treated rats compared with age-matched control. RSV, a specific activator of SIRT1, which reversed the ICV-STZ-induced decrease in SIRT1 activity, increases in ERK1/2 phosphorylation, tau phosphorylation, and impairment of cognitive capability in rats. In conclusion, SIRT1 protects hippocampus neurons from tau hyperphosphorylation and prevents cognitive impairment induced by ICV-STZ brain insulin resistance with decreased hippocampus ERK1/2 activity.

Multispectral false color composite(FCC) images are widely used in interpretation of linear structures,which are directional because of the restriction of tectonic stress field.However,when the satellite image illumination cannot match the directions of linear structures,the structural features are less visible and their interpretations cannot be clearly recognized.Therefore,the paper brings out a new technique based on directional illumination simulating from digital elevation models(DEMs) to enhance multispectral images,which can enhance the structure lineaments by exchanging the traditional illumination model to the optimum illumination perpendicular to the targets,and allow the interpretation of the directional structure lineaments by using certain direction illumination.The paper interprets the fault-related lineaments by remote sensing image in southern segment of Longmen Mountains thrust belt,and the accurate identification of faults is the key to understanding tectonic structure for future work in oil and gas exploration.

Using enhanced land surface temperatures (LSTs) image retrieved from Landsat ETM+, this article shows that thermal information associated with faults have been detected. These anomalies may be provided by geothermal natural convection through faults and partially influence the ground surface thermal environment. The study area in southern segment of Longmen Mountains thrust belt of Western Sichuan Basin contains complex faults and folds with recent earthquake activity. In order to study the faults for future oil exploration, we use LST data retrieved from Landsat thermal infrared band to detect the thermal information associated with faults. The LSTs are enhanced by filtering out anthropogenic activity and influence land cover classes, and interpolating to contour map. The spatial patterns of the enhanced images revealed the spatial correspondence between the thermal information and the dip planes of faults when compared with the explanation profiles and geologic features obtained from the 3D-seismic geophysical data. The thermal-affected ranges calculated and the statistically significant of regression model also indicate the result that the thermal information located near the faults are consistent with the faults' dip planes. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Faults provide the path for geothermal natural convection and partially influence the ground surface thermal environment. The land surface temperatures (LSTs) near a fault are higher than in other areas and can indicate the strike trend of an underground fault. However, these anomalies of higher LSTs are not located accurately in the fault centre but near it with some offset, and these LST data may include other thermal information that needs to be eliminated prior to analysis. In this study, LSTs were retrieved from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) thermal infrared (TIR) images and enhanced with land cover classification and elimination. The spatial patterns of the enhanced images were compared with geophysical prospecting tectonic profiles and with regional geological tectonic maps, revealing the spatial correspondence between the thermal anomalies and the faults. The results indicated that the thermal anomalies are located near the faults and are consistent with the faults' dip planes.

This work exploited the application of Haar wavelet approach to sedimentary microfacies analysis using log data and gradually abandoned channel facies identifying.This method first,uses wavelet transformation to separate noise and minutiae from large scale patterns for log data.Then normal channels and gradually abandoned channels are regarding as the same,distinguished from the other sedimentary microfacies by Bayesian model created by SP,RMN and RMG values obtained from the large scale patterns.Finally,according to difference in the RMN-GMG between the two microfacies,the slope of the best fit line of RMN-RMG against depth is used to identify gradually abandoned channels and normal ones.A program to implement the method was developed in C/C++ on C++ Builder platform,which computerizes the sedimentary microfacies analysis with log data and facies ichnography creation.This highly computerized,easy-operating method has been used to analyze the log data of 1 480 wells in the east part of No.2 south area and 20 wells in No.1 south area in Daqing Oil Field,and the result was well consistent with that of manual work.The success rate of the procedure in correctly identifying the sedimentary microfacies is 80%,which shows its great potential for use in the exploration of meandering depositional oil fields.

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 157–164.AbstractNeuroglobin (Ngb) is a recently identified member of hemoglobin family, distributed mainly in central and peripheral nervous systems. Recent studies suggest that Ngb can protect neural cells from β‐amyloid‐induced toxicity in Alzheimer disease (AD). Hyperphosphorylation of tau is another characterized pathological hallmark in the AD brains; however, it is not reported whether Ngb also affects tau phosphorylation. In this study, we found that the level of Ngb was significantly reduced in Tg2576 mice (a recognized mouse model of AD) and TgMAPt mice, and the level of Ngb was negatively correlated with tau phosphorylation. Over‐expression of Ngb attenuates tau hyperphosphorylation at multiple AD‐related sites induced by up‐regulation of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β), a crucial tau kinase. While Ngb activates Akt and thus inhibits GSK‐3β, simultaneously inhibition of Akt abolishes the effects of Ngb on GSK‐3β inhibition and tau hyperphosphorylation. Our data indicate that Ngb may attenuate tau hyperphosphorylation through activating Akt signaling pathway, implying a therapeutic target for AD.

The quantification of factors for landslide is very complex.Under different circumstances,the contribution of the same factor to landslide may be quite different or even opposite.Based on an analysis of the specific landslide data obtained from Yongjia County,the authors put forward a quantification method for building Neural Network,which is based on the distribution of landslide samples.The results from several estimation models were compared with each other.It is proved that the quantification method advanced by the authors and the Neural Network model based on Supported Vector Machine are the best means.The correctness is up to 84.2%,which is satisfying.According to the estimation result,the quantification solution and the estimation model based on it are very useful.