The paper summarizes the results of studies on the use of ozone for the extraction of non-ferrous, rare and noble metals from ores, beneficiation concentrates and technogenic raw materials identified from world scientific publications and in patent literature since the early 20th century. Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent with an oxidizing potential 1.5 times higher than the potential of chlorine in an acidic environment. Even refractory metals and minerals dissolve with ozone. Metal extraction from mineral raw materials using ozone does not contaminate processed products or generate any hazardous waste. The paper presents a significant number of studies on the use of ozone to dissolve gold and other noble metals in mineral acids showing an increase in the extraction of metals into the solution. The cyanide and thiourea leaching of gold from mineral raw materials with the replacement of oxygen with ozone was investigated. The paper provides the results of the vat and heap leaching of non-ferrous and noble metals using ozone obtained by air or oxygen irradiation with ultraviolet light, in particular with the use of photoelectrochemical treatment. These results were used as a basis for patenting new technologies. The effectiveness of ozone used in the flotation concentration of mineral raw materials, purification and detoxification of solutions and solid products of metallurgical processing, regeneration of other oxidants, metal extraction from process solutions was evaluated. The results of studies on using ozone for the vat leaching of metals from refractory sulfide ores and sulfide beneficiation concentrates in an acid solution, and the study of the ozone-assisted oxidation kinetics of copper, iron, zinc, and molybdenum sulfide minerals are summarized. The paper provides and analyzes the results of using ozone in a combination with other oxidants – hydrogen peroxide and iron (III) ions – for metal extraction from sulfide mineral raw materials in a sulfuric acid. According to the results of most of the studies carried out, it can be concluded that the use of ozone is effective for metal extraction from mineral raw materials as it improves process performance (metal extraction into the solution, selectivity of metal extraction from complex raw materials), and reduces processing time.

The results of studies on the use of ozone for the extraction of nonferrous, rare, and noble metals from ores, enrichment concentrates, and technogenic raw materials, identified from world scientific publications and in patent literature since the beginning of the 20th century, are summarized. Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent, the oxidation potential of which is 1.5 times higher than the potential of chlorine in an acidic environment. With the participation of ozone, even resistant metals and minerals are dissolved. The use of ozone for the extraction of metals from mineral raw materials is not accompanied by contamination of processed products and the formation of hazardous waste. A significant number of studies have been presented on the use of ozone to dissolve gold and other noble metals in mineral acids, showing an increase in the extraction of metals into solution. Cyanide and thiocarbamide leaching of gold from mineral raw materials by replacing oxygen with ozone have been studied. The results of vat and heap leaching of nonferrous and noble metals using ozone obtained by irradiation of air or oxygen with ultraviolet light, in particular, using photoelectrochemical treatment, are presented, on the basis of which new technologies are patented. An assessment of the effectiveness of ozone application for flotation enrichment of mineral raw materials, purification and detoxification of solutions and solid products of metallurgical processing, regeneration of other oxidizing agents, and extraction of metals from technological solutions is given. The results of studies on the use of ozone for vat leaching of metals from refractory sulfide ores and sulfide enrichment concentrates in acid solution, as well as the study of the kinetics of oxidation with the participation of ozone of sulfide minerals of copper, iron, zinc, and molybdenum, are summarized. The results of using a combination of ozone with other oxidizing agents-hydrogen peroxide and iron(III) ions-for the extraction of metals from sulfide mineral raw materials in a sulfuric acid solution are presented and analyzed. According to the results of most studies, it can be concluded that the use of ozone is effective for the extraction of metals from mineral raw materials: the technological parameters of the processes increase (extraction of metals into solution, selectivity of the extraction of metals from complex raw materials) and the duration of processing decreases.

We study the process of oxidation of cyanides, thiocianates, and complex cyanides by a combination of ozone with hydrogen peroxide (peroxone reagent) in model solutions and sorption tails of a gold recovery plant. We establish the kinetic dependences of the oxidation of cyanides, thiocyanates, and complex cyanides by hydrogen peroxide and ozone on the ozone–hydrogen-peroxide ratio, pH value, and the concentration of copper ions. The rate constants of the oxidation of thiocyanate by peroxone are determined and the influence of the concentration of thiocyanate on its oxidation by ozone and hydrogen peroxide is analyzed. On the basis of the accumulated results, we propose a technology of cleaning of cyanide-containing waters (peroxone process) by using a combination of ozone with hydrogen peroxide.

Аннотация.Определены роль и место агромаркетинга в формировании агромаркетинговой системы в современных условиях.Подчеркнуто преимущество функционального моделирования при формировании бизнес-процессов, поскольку методология функционального моделирования бизнес-процессов сравнительно новое направление в исследовании проблем теории и практики человеческой деятельности, она только начинает привлекать внимание ученых и ведущих руководителей-практиков. При формализации процессов получают следующие преимущества: появляется их четкое понимание; возможна стандартизация процессов (при отсутствии стандартов персонал может выполнять производственные задания в меру своих представлений и способностей); повышается качество выполнения работ и управляемость бизнеса; имеется возможность целенаправленно совершенствовать деятельность; уменьшается зависимости бизнеса от человеческого фактора, возможно снижать требования к компетенциям претендентов на работу, нанимать более дешевый персонал, что приводит к снижению издержек и росту прибыли.В результате моделирования была создана функциональная модель процесса закупки товаров и сырья на предприятии в нотации IDEF0.Главные компоненты моделидиаграммы.Функциональная модель построена методом декомпозиции: от крупных составных структур -к более простым.Диаграмма каждого уровня декомпозиции представляют собой проводимые работы по организации снабжения предприятия АПК.На диаграмме все функции и связи между ними представлены как блоки и стрелки.Место соединения стрелки с блоком определяет

Studies have been conducted to establish the patterns of sulfuric acid dissolution of metal sulfides in the presence of environmentally friendly oxidizing agents, ozone and iron(III) ions; determine the parameters and modes of intensified extraction of metals into solution; reduce the consumption of oxidizing agents; and develop the least environmentally intense and most cost-effective methods for the extraction of nonferrous metals from sulfide ores, concentrates, and industrial wastes. A copper sulfide concentrate with a grain size of 0.074 mm (90%) and a copper content of 24.5% obtained by the flotation concentration of ore from the Udokan deposit and ozone with a concentration of 80–180 mg/L in a mixture with oxygen are used for the study. The concentrate is fed into a stirred reactor at a rate of 1–5 mL/s. Patterns are studied within the sulfuric acid concentration range 20–100 g/L and a Fe(III) ion concentration of 7.8–29.2 g/L at a solid phase to liquid phase ratio 1.1–1.5 at a temperature of 18–60°C. It has been established that the use of Fe(III) ions and ozone can significantly intensify the recovery of copper from sulfides in sulfuric acid solutions. The extraction of copper from sulfides increases in proportion to the 2.4-fold increase in the concentration of Fe(III) from 7.8 to 29.25 g/L. Ozone effectively oxidizes Fe(II) and regenerates the oxidizing agent, Fe(III) ions. With an increase in the temperature and iron concentration, the consumption of ozone for oxidation increases; namely, 0.22 mol of O3 is consumed per 1 mol of Fe, which is higher than a theoretical value of 0.17. An increase in the rate of the ozone-assisted extraction of copper from sulfides is achieved by increasing the temperature from 20 to 50°C (by 1.4 times), the concentration of ozone from 85 to 180 mg/L (3 times), the feed rate of the ozone–oxygen gas mixture from 1 to 5 mL/s (2.7 times at 20°C and 3.9 times at 50°C), and by the addition of Fe(III) ions by ~1.5 times at 50°C and [Fe(III)] = 10 g/L. The largest oxidizing activity in the sulfuric acid solution is provided by ozone decomposition products at a temperature of 50°C when the solubility of ozone decreases. The ozone utilization coefficient and specific ozone consumption rate for extracted copper decrease with an increase in the feed rate of the ozone–oxygen gas mixture from 1 to 5 mL/s by 1.42 times at 20°C and by 1.16 times at 50°C and increase with an increase in the temperature and concentration of Fe(III) due to the rapid decomposition of ozone and its unproductive use for the oxidation of iron.

The paper covers experimental and theoretical studies of technical solutions for copper liquid extraction by organic extractants from sulfuric acid solutions that neutralize the negative effect of hydrogen ions released as a result of copper cations interaction with oximes on the copper extraction into the organic phase, and increase the technical and economic parameters of the process. In order to reduce the volume of processed solutions, copper extraction by the extractant solution in a diluent from the previously obtained thickened copper precipitate by sodium carbonate addition was studied. Subsequent operations for copper organic phase purification from metal impurities and re-extraction were carried out by methods known in liquid extraction. It was experimentally found that the use of copper pre-concentration in the precipitate makes it possible to increase the copper content in the extractant by 3—4 times to 1 g per 1 % (abs.) of the oxime content in the organic phase. It is required to maintain a ratio of 2 moles of oxime to 1 mole of copper in the precipitate to ensure rapid delamination and full extraction of copper. Dependencies of parameters were calculated for the stages of copper extraction from the thickened solution precipitate and extract washing. It was shown that extraction system parameters can be increased by using copper from the extractant emulsion solution obtained by mixing the oxime solution in a diluent and the aqueous solution of sodium carbonate. Based on the results of experiments, extractant emulsion with sodium carbonate added into the first stage of the extraction process makes it possible to significantly increase the copper distribution coefficient and saturate the extractant in terms of copper as much as possible. Maximum copper extraction from the solution is achieved at a molar ratio of carbonate and oxime in the emulsion equal to 1 : 2. The proposed technical solutions increase distribution coefficients and maximize the extractant working capacity during copper extraction. The lower volume of phases involved in extraction results in a substantially reduced number of extraction equipment and costs of raffinate purification from extractant and diluent destruction products. The proposed extraction methods can be used to extract copper from natural and technological sulfuric acid solutions, for example from mine waters and solutions generated when processing mineral raw materials and man-made waste.

A structural formula and quantum-chemical characteristics of the most energetically probable stable conformation of a bioreagent molecule, which is formed upon oxidizing iron(II) ions by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans autotrophic mesophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria in a sulfuric acid solution consisting of iron(III) ions and three acidic residues of glucuronic acid, are determined. The bioreagent oxidant is widely applied in industry for leaching metals from sulfide ores of nonferrous metals and concentrates of concentration. Quantum- chemical characteristics of the bioreagent molecule are analyzed in comparison with anhydrous iron(III) sulfate, which is also used in hydrometallurgy as an oxidant. To investigate the structure and quantum- chemical characteristics, the molecular computer simulation method, the theory of boundary molecular orbitals, and the Pearson principle are used. It is established that the most energetically probable stable conformation of the bioreagent molecule contains acidic residue of glucuronic acid with a noncyclic structure. According to the results of investigations, the bioreagent is referred to more rigid Lewis acid (the electron acceptor) than Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . The bioreagent molecule is less polarized and has lower absolute electronegativity and a twofold larger volume. The theoretical substantiation of the larger persistence of primary sulfides (pyrite, pentlandite, and chalcopyrite) relative to secondary minerals (pyrrhotine, chalcosine, and covellite) is proposed based on calculated values of boundary molecular orbitals; absolute rigidity; and the electronegativity of iron, copper, and nickel sulfides. Characteristics determining the interaction efficiency (volume, heat of formation, steric energy and its components, total energy, etc.) of the bioreagent are multiply larger than for Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . The larger oxidative activity of the bioreagent relative to Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 can be substantiated by a higher partial charge of the iron atom and a longer bond length between the atoms, the lower energy of the lowest free molecular orbital, and increased degree of the charge transfer during the bioreagent interaction with sulfide minerals.

New information is obtained on composition and properties of a bio-reagent–oxidizer generated by mesophilic aerobic chemo-tropholytic bacteria Acidithiobaccilus ferrooxidans under oxidation of iron (II) ions in sulfuric acid solution. The composition and properties of the bio-reagent are compared with iron (III) sulfate used to intensify agitation and heap leaching of metals from sulfide ores and concentrates. The research with IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, Moessbauer spectrometry and potentiometry has revealed distinctive features of the bio-reagent and explained the experimentally observed increase in its oxidative activity when interacting with minerals.

With the aim of intensification, improving economic efficiency, and controlling sulfide ore heap bacterial leaching features and leaching regimes are studied for lean copper-nickel ore with the participation of a bioreagent-oxidant prepared by iron-oxidizing micro-organisms and concentrated adsorption immobilization in a separate reactor. Research established the ore size for heap leaching and an increase in metal extraction with an increase in bioreagent concentration. Use of the heap bioleaching technology developed for ore with a size of –10 mm containing 0.32% nickel and 0.11% copper makes it possible to increase nickel extraction into solution to 6.3–19.5% and copper to 5.8–24.2% with consumption of sulfuric acid lower by 4.4–14.6% compared with use of seeding ore with bacteria.

In order to develop technologies for the regenerati of an oxidant, ions of iron (III), for the leaching of metals from sulfide and uranium ores in sulfuric acid, the oxidation regimens for iron (II) oxidation by biomass of aerobic hemolitoautotrophic acidophilic microorganisms, predominanly the Acidithiobacillus ferro- oxidans bacteria concentrated by adsorption immobilization on fixed solid carriers in column type bioreactors has been selected. The effect on the oxidation rate of way of aeration (to a solution supplied to the biooxidation, or directly to the bioreactor); aeration air flow rate, depending on the rate of the solution supply to the bioreactor; method for feeding with the solution to oxidize, in the top or bottom part of the bioreactor; feeding rate and carrier material used for the microorganism immobilization (zeolite and wood shavings) was examined

Differences are established for composition, physicochemical, rheological, and processing properties of trivalent iron bacteriological solutions from solutions without bacteria, governing predominantly the use of oxidation with bacteria in hydrometallurgical processes. Bacterial solutions have considerable oxidation-reduction potential, solubility of trivalent iron compounds, viscosity, and low surface tension. As a result of this, the oxidation rate for sulfides and solid phase deposition in bacterial solutions is higher than in solutions without bacteria.

The technology of concentration of the sulfide antimony-arsenic gold-bearing ore containing 3.6 g/tn Au, 0.3% Sb, and 0.4% As is developed. This technology implies the flotation separation of antimonite and arsenopyrite into separate products and allows them to perform in various cycles, increasing production efficiency due to a decrease in consumption of sulfuric acid for bacterial oxidation and cyanide for gold leaching and increasing the recovery of gold and additional profit from the commercial antimony product.

Bacterial communities of moderately acidic waste piles of sulfide nickel ore and of the nickel-leaching enrichments obtained from them are analyzed. The structure of bacterial communities was determined by molecular biological techniques. The PCR profiles of bacterial communities were obtained with the primers to a variable 433 bp site of the eubacterial 16S rRNA gene. The differences in community compositions were determined by comparison of their DGGE profiles. Sequencing of the DNA fragments was then carried out and the results were compared with the GenBank gene sequences. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed few bacterial genera in the moderately acidic waste piles of sulfide nickel ore, with predomination of Acidithiobacillus sp. and Leptospirillum sp. A number of the bacteria revealed belonged to the species never obtained in pure culture. Molecular biological analysis showed the presence of the same groups of bacteria in enriched cultures obtained by inoculating the liquid medium containing ground ore with the waste pile samples (5 : 1). The geochemical activity of these bacteria was confirmed by their capacity for leaching nickel from the sulfide ore in enriched cultures, resulting in nickel solubilization. Thus, new information was obtained concerning the structure composition of the bacterial communities of sulfide ore waste piles: the dominant forms were determined, their leaching activity was confirmed, and the activity of thiobacilli from the waste, which have not been isolated in pure cultures, was confirmed in liquid medium in the presence of ore.

The results of investigations into processing the nickel-containing ores and concentrates (the sulfide copper-nickel ore of the Shanuch deposit, the nickel-pyrrhotine concentrate of the Talnakh processing plant, and the silicate nickel ore) with the use of microorganisms of immobilized bacteria as surfactants for autoclave leaching and bacterial iron-containing solutions for the utilization of sulfur-containing gases of pyrometallurgic production are presented. The influence of the presence of flotation reagents and nickel ions on the oxidizing activity of biomass is investigated. The combined production flowcharts of processing nickel-containing raw materials applying the bacterial-chemical oxidation are developed.

Pure cultures of indigenous microorganisms Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain TFUd, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans strain LUd, and Sulfobacillus thermotolerans strain SUd have been isolated from the oxidation zone of sulfide copper ore of the Udokanskoe deposit. Regimes of bacterial-chemical leaching of ore have been studied over a temperature range from −10 to +20°C. Effects of pH, temperature, and the presence of microorganisms on the extraction of copper have been shown. Bacterial leaching has been detected only at positive values of temperature, and has been much more active at +20 than at +4°C. The process of leaching was more active when the ore contained more hydrophilic and oxidized minerals. The possibility of copper ore leaching of the Udokanskoe deposit using sulfuric acid with pH 0.4 at negative values of temperature and applying acidophilic chemolithotrophic microorganisms at positive values of temperature and low pH values was shown.

Results are reported from a study of the effect of the antimonate content of sulfides on oxidation activity, pH, and oxidation-reduction potential (E h ) in bacterial oxidation. A comparison is made between the bacterial-oxidation parameters of selective arsenic and antimony concentrates and a collective sulfide concentrate. The study results show that the kinetics of bacterial oxidation of the arsenic concentrate can be improved significantly by performing flotation in accordance with a new flow scheme that extracts antimonate from gold-bearing sulfide ore as a separate concentrate.

This article describes an efficient new method of leaching metals from sulfide concentrates and intermediate beneficiation products with the use of ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and ions of tetravalent iron in a sulfuric-acid solution at atmospheric pressure. Use of the method alleviates the harmful environmental effects of such processing.

Results are presented from a study of the composition and structure of the bacterial oxidation zone in the sulfide minerals pyrrhotine, sphalerite, and galena in a sulfuric acid solution. The biochemical reactions that occur at the phase boundary are shown. The studies were conducted in the Department of the Beneficiation of Ores of Nonferrous and Rare Metals at the Moscow State Institute of Steel and Alloys. Theoretical studies were also performed and technologies were developed for the bacterial leaching of sulfide ores and concentrates.