BACKGROUND:Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory cutaneous disorder characterized by immune dysregulation and aberrant keratinocyte proliferation, necessitating novel effective anti-inflammatory therapies. PURPOSE:This study synthesized zinc-doped carbon dots (IF+Zn-CDs) from Isatis indigotica Folium and calamine, investigating their therapeutic potential and underlying molecular mechanisms in psoriasis treatment. STUDY DESIGN:A bottom-up approach prepared IF+Zn-CDs for systematic physicochemical characterization. Their efficacy was assessed in an IMQ-induced murine psoriasis model, with anti-inflammatory mechanisms explored via transcriptomic and mechanistic assays. METHODS:IF+Zn-CDs were synthesized via bottom-up using the two precursors, characterized by TEM, FTIR, and XPS. An IMQ-induced model evaluated in vivo efficacy; transcriptomic analysis identified modulated pathways, and ROS/intracellular calcium levels clarified NLRP3 regulation, with pyroptosis and MAPK/NF-κB effects validated. RESULTS:The as-synthesized IF+Zn-CDs exhibited a uniform size distribution, excellent dispersibility, high crystallinity, and superior biocompatibility. In the IMQ-induced murine model of psoriasis, IF+Zn-CDs markedly attenuated psoriatic manifestations including erythema, scaling, epidermal hyperplasia, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that IF+Zn-CDs modulate multiple signaling pathways associated with psoriatic inflammation. Mechanistic investigations confirmed that IF+Zn-CDs inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation through the reduction of ROS production and intracellular calcium levels, and further suppress pyroptosis while blocking the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, ultimately ameliorating psoriasiform dermatitis. CONCLUSION:IF+Zn-CDs have potent anti-inflammatory activities and ameliorate psoriasiform dermatitis, highlighting their promising potential as novel anti-inflammatory agents for psoriasis.

This study concurrently addressed the separation method for carbon dots derived from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle (GRRPM) and the in vitro evaluation of their anti-allergic biological activity. Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle Carbon Dots (GRRPM-CDs) were prepared via decoction followed by dialysis, and their properties were characterized using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and nanomaterial techniques. Anti-allergic activity was evaluated using a C48/80-induced RBL-2H3 mast cell degranulation model. Safety and efficacy were assessed using the CCK-8 assay, direct intervention, and drug-containing serum methods. The release of β-hexosaminidase (β-hex), histamine (HIS), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was measured by ELISA, and key proteins in the MAPK signaling pathway were analyzed by Western blot. GRRPM-CDs inhibited mast cell degranulation and the release of allergic and inflammatory mediators in a dose-dependent manner. They also significantly downregulated the phosphorylation levels of the JNK, ERK, and p38 proteins in the MAPK signaling pathway. GRRPM-CDs exhibit significant anti-allergic activity, likely via suppression of the MAPK pathway. These findings provide new insights into the bioactive components of processed Glycyrrhiza and suggest potential avenues for developing novel therapies for allergic diseases.

BackgroundDiabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are among the most severe complications of diabetes, often resulting in prolonged healing, recurrent infections, and a high risk of amputation. Despite comprehensive standard treatments, many patients develop chronic non-healing ulcers due to poor tissue perfusion and immune dysregulation. Traditional Chinese medicine, such as Huafu Shengji ointment (HFSJO), offers a novel topical approach that may promote tissue repair and accelerate healing in refractory cases.Case presentationThis report describes four patients with persistent DFUs that responded poorly to conventional therapies and faced either prior amputation or an imminent risk of amputation. Ulcer sizes ranged from 3.0 cm × 3.0 cm to 7.0 cm × 5.0 cm, with comorbidities including hypertension and cardiovascular disease. In addition to routine wound care, patients received topical HFSJO treatment every other day. Within 30–180 days, all wounds showed substantial granulation, epithelialization, and eventual closure. No clinically significant abnormalities in the liver or renal function tests or routine hematological parameters were observed during treatment or follow-up.ConclusionTopical application of HFSJO appears to be a safe and effective conservative strategy for the management of complex DFUs, particularly in patients unsuitable for surgery or unresponsive to standard care. Through its dual mechanism, i.e., targeted debridement and regenerative stimulation, it may help overcome healing stagnation. These cases offer a promising direction for integrative wound care and warrant further validation in controlled clinical trials.

This study aims to isolate and extract Sanguisorbae Radix Carbonisata nano-components(SRC-NCs)from Sanguisorbae Radix Carbonisata(SRC)and investigate their protective effects against ulcerative colitis(UC)and the underlying mechanisms.The SRC-NCs were systematically characterized by nanomaterial characterization techniques to analyze their morphological structure,optical properties,and characteristics of functional groups on the surface.Meanwhile,a dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced UC mouse model was established to evaluate the general condition,disease activity index(DAI)score,and pathological damage degree of the colon tissue of mice after SRC-NCs intervention.The level or activity of inflammatory factors(interleukin(IL)-17A,IL-6,IL-10,IL-2,tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α),and IL-1β)and oxidative stress markers(myeloperoxidase(MPO),malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione(GSH),and nitric oxide(NO))in the colon tissue was detected.The expression level of key proteins,such as Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88(MYD88),and nuclear factor-kappa B p65(NF-κB p65),in the colon tissue was detected by Western blot to provide key molecular evidence for revealing the intervention mechanism of SRC-NCs.The results showed that SRC-NCs were nearly spherical under transmission electron microscope(TEM),with a uniform particle size distribution(0.8-2.6 nm),a lattice spacing of 0.17 nm,and multiple active genes such as hydroxyl,amino,and carboxyl groups on the surface.In the UC model,SRC-NCs could slow down the weight loss and increase in DAI score of mice,and alleviate the shortening of the colon and the degree of tissue damage.SRC-NCs could down-regulate the levels of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-17A,IL-6,IL-2,TNF-α,and IL-1β in the colon tissue,up-regulate the level of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10,reduce the activity of MPO and the content of MDA and NO,increase the activity of SOD and the level of GSH,and inhibit the expression of TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB p65 proteins.In conclusion,the study for the first time demonstrates that SRC-NCs are the key active components of SRC in exerting protective effects against UC,and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of inflammatory responses of the TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB pathway and the reduction of oxidative stress.

Postprandial lipid overload originates at the gastrointestinal interface and rapidly extends to hepatic lipid metabolism, yet orally applicable nanomaterials capable of regulating this acute intestinal–hepatic lipid flux remain underexplored. Herein, carbon nanodots were obtained from charred Jiaosanxian, a clinically used digestive herbal formula, through a mild aqueous extraction–dialysis process. The resulting Jiaosanxian-derived carbon nanodots (JSX-CDs) were ultrasmall, water-dispersible, and near-spherical, with graphitic carbon domains and abundant oxygen- and nitrogen-containing surface functionalities. In an acute glycolipid-overload mouse model, oral administration of JSX-CDs effectively blunted postprandial triglyceride excursions, lowered triglyceride area under the curve, enhanced fecal triglyceride elimination, and alleviated hepatic lipid deposition and liver injury-related biochemical alterations. Mechanistically, JSX-CDs exerted their lipid-regulatory effects through a dual intestinal–hepatic mode of action. At the intestinal level, JSX-CDs promoted fecal lipid elimination and were associated with reduced lipid availability during nutrient challenge. At the hepatic level, transcriptomic reversal analysis identified fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1) as a lipid-overload-responsive hepatokine suppressed by JSX-CDs, and subsequent validation confirmed inhibition of the FGL1/ERK1/2/SREBP-1/ACC lipogenic signaling axis. In parallel, JSX-CDs reshaped the gut–liver inflammatory and redox microenvironment by modulating gut microbiota composition, restoring epithelial ZO-1 expression, reducing circulating lipopolysaccharide and pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhancing hepatic antioxidant capacity, and preserving mitochondrial ultrastructure. These findings reveal charred medicinal biomass-derived carbon nanodots as orally active biointerface materials for regulating postprandial lipid overload and provide a green carbon nanomaterial strategy for coordinated intestinal and hepatic metabolic intervention.

The Acronicta major larva is a toxic agricultural pest that poses severe ecological management challenges. This study presents a sustainable strategy to valorize this hazardous biological waste into functional nanotherapeutics for insomnia by leveraging its unique intrinsic chemical composition. Carbon dots derived from Acronicta major larva (AM-CDs) were synthesized via one-step pyrolysis, which facilitated the natural molecular pre-assembly of N,S-codoping. Their physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity were evaluated using a series of characterizations and the CCK-8 assay. The sedative and hypnotic effects were assessed in mice with PCPA-induced insomnia through hot plate, Open Field and pentobarbital-induced sleep tests, and their potential mechanism was explored via neurotransmitter detection. The thermal process effectively eliminated intrinsic toxicity while retaining bioactivity via in situ heteroatom doping. AM-CDs exhibited favorable biocompatibility and significant sedative-hypnotic activity, reducing anxiety-related agitation without motor impairment. Mechanistically, AM-CDs effectively restored the GABA/5-HT/glutamate axis. Unlike direct central receptor binding, our findings suggest that this therapeutic effect is likely mediated through a systemic or peripheral regulatory pathway. This study demonstrates the conversion of toxic pests into safe and intrinsically bioactive nanomaterials, providing a dual solution for ecological pest management and novel neuroactive agent development, and validating the "Waste-to-Wealth" concept in biomedicine.

Background:Psoriasis is a chronic, debilitating inflammatory skin disorder mediated by the immune system. It is characterized by excessive keratinocyte proliferation and abnormal differentiation, leading to symptoms that significantly impair the quality of life of affected individuals. Despite extensive research, no effective drugs are currently available to completely inhibit the progression of psoriasis. Purpose:This study aims to explore the therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms of Phellodendron chinense charcoal carbon dots (PCC-CDs) in treating psoriasis. PCC-CDs have recently garnered attention due to their sustained anti-inflammatory properties and unique bioavailability. Methods:This study explores the therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms of PCC-CDs in psoriasis treatment via detailed pharmacological experiments in an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced mouse model, including topical PCC-CDs application, inflammatory mediator detection, histopathological assessment of tissue damage, and transcriptomic as well as molecular biology analyses focusing on the modulation of the HMGB1/TLR4 and MAPK/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathways. Results:In the IMQ-induced mouse model, PCC-CDs effectively suppressed the levels of inflammatory mediators and reduced histopathological damage. Molecular analyses revealed that PCC-CDs may exert their therapeutic effects by modulating the inflammatory response mediated by the HMGB1/TLR4 pathway, primarily through inhibiting protein expression in the MAPK/NF-κB signaling cascade. The application of PCC-CDs resulted in a significant reduction in psoriasis-like symptoms in IMQ-induced mice, including marked improvements in erythema, scaling, and pruritus. Conclusion:PCC-CDs offer a promising new approach to the clinical management of psoriasis. Their ability to provide sustained anti-inflammatory effects and distinctive bioavailability makes them a potential candidate for further development as a therapeutic agent. This study highlights the importance of PCC-CDs in modulating key inflammatory pathways, offering hope for improved treatment options for individuals suffering from psoriasis.

PURPOSE:Yuzhi Zhixue (YZZX) granules, a classic Chinese herbal remedy, have demonstrated efficacy in managing hemorrhagic and inflammatory conditions, and are clinically used to treat uterine bleeding. Building upon their documented clinical applications and phytochemical composition, we hypothesized that YZZX may also possess therapeutic potential against ulcerative colitis (UC). This research aimed to examine the immunomodulatory effects of YZZX granules on Th1/Th17-mediated immune reactions in a murine UC model induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). METHODS:The major small-molecule constituents and macromolecular nano-components, specifically carbon dots (CDs), in YZZX were identified using UHPLC-QE-MS and other modern analytical techniques. UC was induced in mice via ad libitum access to a 2.5 % DSS solution, with YZZX administered orally. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed by monitoring disease activity index (DAI) scores, body weight, colon length, ulcer area, and histopathological features. To uncover the mechanistic pathways of YZZX in UC treatment, transcriptomic sequencing, Flow cytometry, ELISA, RT-qPCR and Western blotting were conducted on colon tissue samples. RESULTS:YZZX significantly mitigated body weight loss, reduced DAI scores, ameliorated histopathological damage, and prevented colon shortening in UC mice. It improved the intestinal barrier function by promoting the upregulation of mucin MUC-2 and tight junction proteins (e.g., claudin, occludin, and ZO-1). Additionally, YZZX restored immune balance by modulating Th17/Treg and Th1/Th2 cell responses through the normalization of cytokine secretion and transcription factor expression. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that YZZX modulates the immune-inflammatory responses in colitis primarily via the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. These findings were further validated by Western blotting and RT-qPCR, which showed that YZZX suppressed the activation of this pathway by downregulating phosphorylated JAK/STAT protein expression. CONCLUSION:YZZX granules exert immunomodulatory effects primarily by rebalancing Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cell populations in the colon via inhibition of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, thereby alleviating mucosal inflammation. This is the first study to systematically demonstrate the synergistic protective effects of both small-molecule compounds and carbon dot nano-components, derived from a traditional Chinese medicine formula in a DSS-induced murine model of UC.

BACKGROUND:Gouty arthritis (GA), an acute inflammatory disorder triggered by monosodium urate (MSU) crystal deposition, poses a significant global health challenge due to rising prevalence and limitations of current therapies, including single-target mechanisms and adverse effects. The newly synthesized carbon dots (CDs) via high-temperature processing exhibit improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced toxicity. METHODS:Aconitum Lateralis Radix Praeparata Carbonis-derived Carbon Dots (ALRPC-CDs) were synthesized through a high-temperature carbonization method (400 °C) and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, fluorescence (FL) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacodynamic assessments included hot-plate analgesia tests, xylene-induced ear edema assays, monosodium urate (MSU)-induced gouty arthritis models, and oxonate potassium/hypoxanthine-induced hyperuricemic models. Biocompatibility was systematically evaluated in LO2 hepatocytes and 293 T renal cells using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays. RESULTS:ALRPC-CDs exhibited monodisperse spherical morphology (1.78 ± 0.42 nm) with graphitic lattice structures (d-spacing 0.212 nm), displaying excitation/emission maxima at 314/417 nm. Pharmacodynamic studies revealed their multi-mechanistic therapeutic effects, including robust suppression of the TLR2/4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway, inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity, and significant urate-lowering effects, alongside anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-hyperuricemic activity comparable to clinical controls. Biocompatibility was confirmed with excellent safety profiles. CONCLUSION:This study demonstrates that ALRPC-CDs alleviate gouty arthritis through dual suppression of inflammatory signaling (TLR2/4-MyD88-NF-κB) and uric acid metabolism (xanthine oxidase inhibition), bridging herbal medicine and nanotechnology for multi-target therapeutic development.

Aplastic anemia, a prevalent disorder of the hematopoietic system, may develop as a result of bone marrow suppression induced by chemotherapeutic agents. Given its iatrogenic nature, the identification of affordable and effective therapeutic interventions remains a clinical priority. Angelica sinensis Radix (ASR) has been widely utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for anemia management and is supported by extensive clinical application. The aim of the present study is to examine the physicochemical characteristics of A. sinensis Radix-derived carbon dots (ASR-CDs) and to evaluate their therapeutic effects on hematopoietic injury in murine models exposed to chemotherapeutic agents. ASR-CDs were synthesized via calcination of ASR. The resulting nanomaterials were characterized in terms of particle morphology and surface functional groups. A Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to assess biocompatibility. A zebrafish anemia model was employed to compare the anti-anemic efficacy of ASR-CDs with that of other therapeutic agents. A murine model of hematopoietic injury was established using cyclophosphamide and busulfan to investigate the effects of ASR-CDs on hematopoietic function. ASR-CDs displayed a nanoscale particle size range (1.444–4.006 nm) and surface groups including amino, carboxyl, and hydroxyl functionalities. Cellular assays involving RAW264.7 cells indicated no cytotoxicity, indicating favorable biosafety. In the zebrafish anemia model, ASR-CDs demonstrated superior efficacy in alleviating anemia compared to other tested agents. In mice, ASR-CDs significantly diminished chemotherapy-induced reduction in body weight, immune organ indices (liver, spleen, thymus), and peripheral blood cell counts (white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets). Furthermore, ASR-CDs modulated hematopoiesis-related serum factors, with higher dosages producing more pronounced regulatory effects. ASR-CDs exerted a beneficial effect on chemotherapy-induced anemia. These results support the therapeutic potential of herbal-derived carbon dots and highlight the applicability of nanomaterials in pharmaceutical development.

BackgroundGlucose metabolism plays a central role in maintaining systemic energy homeostasis, and its dysregulation is closely linked to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. While traditional mineral medicines such as realgar and cinnabar have a long history of use, their roles in glycometabolism remain poorly defined.MethodsMale C57BL/6J mice were used to establish both normoglycemic and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic models. Oral glucose, starch, protein, fat, and cellulose load tests were performed to evaluate the effects of realgar and cinnabar on postprandial glycemia and thermoregulation. Random blood glucose, body temperature, and insulin levels were monitored. α-Glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition assays were conducted in vitro to explore potential digestive enzyme-targeted mechanisms.ResultsRealgar and cinnabar significantly reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic mice and attenuated postprandial glycemic excursions in normal mice following oral glucose and starch loading. Further analysis revealed elevated insulin levels and dose-dependent inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities. However, these hypoglycemic effects were abolished when glucose was administered intraperitoneally, and no significant changes in blood glucose were observed under non-carbohydrate nutrient loads (fat, protein, or fiber).ConclusionThis study provides the first systematic evidence that realgar and cinnabar exert hypoglycemic effects, which involving enhanced insulin secretion and inhibition of key digestive enzymes. Their substrate-specific actions and partial influence on thermoregulation suggest broader roles in metabolic regulation and warrant further investigation in chronic models and energy homeostasis pathways.

Acute myocardial infarction is an ischemic injury of the myocardium caused by an imbalance in the blood supply to myocardial tissues, which poses a serious threat to human life and health. Oxidative stress has been recognized as a significant contributor to acute myocardial infarction. Salvia miltiorrhiza Carbonisata (SMC) is among the most frequently employed herbal remedies for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction; however, the exact identity of its principal active constituents is not well defined. Research indicates that carbon dots (CDs) exhibit significant biological properties. Consequently, we initially synthesized carbon dots (CDs) from Salvia miltiorrhiza Carbonisata, with the objective of exploring how SMC-CDs mitigate isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. The results showed that the pretreatment with SMC-CDs markedly enhanced compromised cardiac function, mitigated myocardial fibrosis and the infiltration of inflammatory cells, decreased the size of the infarct, and suppressed cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, the antioxidant properties of myocardial tissue were enhanced, and oxidative stress caused by free radicals was effectively mitigated by SMC-CDs, which succeeded in reducing levels of myocardial enzymes and elevating the activity of relevant ATPases. This implies that SMC-CDs could be a potential candidate for novel nanomedicine strategies designed to address cardiovascular ailments.

Background: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), a prevalent refractory focal epilepsy frequently complicated by comorbid anxiety and depression, poses significant therapeutic challenges due to the inadequate efficacy of current antiepileptic drugs in seizure control. Carbon dots (CDs) demonstrate notable biological activities and represent a promising class of nanomedicines for TLE intervention. Methods: This study established an eco-friendly calcination protocol to synthesize a novel suspension of Crinis Carbonisatus-derived carbon dots (CC-CDs) as a candidate therapeutic for TLE. Results: In a TLE mouse model, the CC-CDs suspension significantly inhibited phosphorylation of the MAPK pathway (p-JNK, p-ERK, p-p38; p < 0.01, p < 0.05), leading to reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α; p < 0.01, p < 0.05), upregulation of TGF-β1 (p < 0.01, p < 0.05), and restoration of antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GSH, CAT; p < 0.01, p < 0.05). These modifications subsequently regulated the Glu/GABA balance, alleviating excitotoxicity (p < 0.05), attenuating neuronal damage and Nissl body loss in hippocampal CA1/CA3 regions, and improving cognitive function alongside reducing anxiety-like behaviors (p < 0.01, p < 0.05). In vitro, the CC-CDs suspension suppressed LPS-induced apoptosis in BV2 cells. Conclusions: The CC-CDs suspension ameliorates TLE by inhibiting MAPK signaling, thereby reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, rectifying Glu/GABA imbalance, attenuating excitotoxicity, and ultimately improving behavioral deficits. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of CC-CDs suspension for TLE treatment.

Background:Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a common cardiovascular disease in clinic. Currently, there is no specific treatment for AMI. Carbon dots (CDs) have been reported to show excellent biological activities, which hold promise for the development of novel nanomedicines for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.Methods:In this study, we firstly prepared CDs from the natural herb Curcumae Radix Carbonisata (CRC-CDs) by a green, simple calcination method. The aim of this study is to investigate the cardioprotective effect and mechanism of CRC-CDs on isoproterenol (ISO) -induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats.Results:The results showed that pretreatment with CRC-CDs significantly reduced serum levels of cardiac enzymes (CK-MB, LDH, AST) and lipids (TC, TG, LDL) and reduced st-segment elevation and myocardial infarct size on the ECG in AMI rats. Importantly, cardiac ejection fraction (EF) and shortening fraction (FS) were markedly elevated, as was ATPase activity. In addition, CRC-CDs could significantly increase the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and reduce the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in myocardial tissue, thereby exerting cardioprotective effect by enhancing the antioxidant capacity of myocardial tissue. Moreover, the TUNEL staining image showed that positive apoptotic cells were markedly declined after CRC-CDs treatment, which indicate that CRC-CDs could inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Importantly, The protective effect of CRC-CDs on H2O2 -pretreated H9c2 cells was also verified in vitro.Conclusion:Taken together, CRC-CDs has the potential for clinical application as an anti-myocardial ischemia drug candidate, which not only provides evidence for further broadening the biological application of cardiovascular diseases, but also offers potential hope for the application of nanomedicine to treat intractable diseases.

BackgroundAllergic rhinitis (AR) affects up to 40% of the population, leading to significant healthcare expenditures. Current mainstream treatments, while effective, can lead to side effects and do not address the underlying immunological imbalances. Zingiberis Rhizoma Carbonisatum (ZRC), the partially charred product of Zingiberis Rhizoma (ZR), has been widely used clinically in China since ancient times to treat respiratory disorders.MethodsInspired by the similarity between high-temperature pyrolysis and carbonization processing of herbal medicine, ZRC derived CDs (ZRC-CDs) were extracted and purified through several procedures. Then, the physicochemical characteristics of CDs were delineated through a suite of characterization methods. Moreover, our investigation zeroed in on elucidating the ameliorative impacts of CDs on ovalbumin-induced rat models alongside their underlying mechanisms.ResultsZRC-CDs with particle sizes ranging from 1.0 to 3.5 nm and rich surface functional groups. Additionally, we observed that ZRC-CDs significantly attenuated nasal symptoms and pathological damage in ovalbumin-induced AR rats, and modulated lipid metabolism and type 2 inflammatory responses. They also inhibit PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT pathways, which are associated with metabolism and inflammation. Importantly, ZRC-CDs demonstrated high biocompatibility, underscoring their potential as a novel therapeutic agent.ConclusionZRC-CDs offer a promising alternative for AR treatment and could help facilitate broader clinical use of the ZRC. In addition, the exploration of the inherent bioactivity of CDs can help to broaden their biological applications.

As a processed product of traditional Chinese medicine Curcumae Radix, Curcumae Radix Carbonisata (CRC) has been widely used in the treatment of liver diseases in ancient medical books. In this study, novel carbon dots (CDs) extending from 1.0 to 4.5 nm were separated from fluid extricates of CRC. Meanwhile, a liver fibrosis model induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was utilized to determine the inhibitory effects of CRC-CDs against liver fibrosis. The results exhibited the CRC-CDs with a quantum yield of 1.34% have a significant inhibitory effect on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, as demonstrated by improving hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrotic tissue hyperplasia, downregulating the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), total bile acid (TBA), triglyceride (TG), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β in the serum, upregulating the contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and downregulating the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), which lays an important foundation for the development of CRC-CDs as a novel drug for the treatment of liver fibrosis, and provide a certain experimental basis for the clinical application of CRC-CDs in the future.

Abstract Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic intestinal inflammation, resulting in a global healthcare challenge with no real specific medicine. Natural medicines are recognized as a potential clinical alternative therapy, but their applications are limited by poor solubility and low bioavailability. Results In this work, inspired by the natural medicines of ancient China, novel functional carbon dots derived from Magnetite and Medicated Leaven (MML-CDs) were synthesized by hydrothermal method, and confirmed their ultrasmall nano-size (3.2 ± 0.6 nm) and Fe doped surface structure, thereby with excellent gastrointestinal stability, remarkable capabilities in eliminating ROS, and highly biocompatibility. With no external stimuli, the oral administration of MML-CDs demonstrated obvious alleviation to UC. Further experiments pointed that MML-CDs could improve hemostasis capability, suppress inflammation reactions and oxidative stress, and up-regulate the expression of tight junction proteins. Furthermore, MML-CDs also showed well regulation in the dysbiosis of intestinal flora. Conclusion Overall, above evidence reveals that green-synthesized MML-CDs can significantly alleviate intestinal bleeding, inhibit colon inflammation, and repair colonic barrier damage, further regulating intestinal flora and intestinal inflammation microenvironment. Our findings provide an efficient oral administration of MML-CDs as a novel therapy strategy for ulcerative colitis. Graphical Abstract

Background: Liver fibrosis represents an intermediate stage in the progression of liver disease, and as of now, there exists no established clinical therapy for effective antifibrotic treatment.Purpose: Our aim is to explore the impact of Carbon dots derived from Vaccaria Semen Carbonisata (VSC-CDs) on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice.Methods: VSC-CDs were synthesized employing a modified pyrolysis process. Comprehensive characterization was performed utilizing various techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), multiple spectroscopies, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A hepatic fibrosis model induced by carbon tetrachloride was utilized to evaluate the anti-hepatic fibrosis effects of VSC-CDs.Results: VSC-CDs, exhibiting a quantum yield (QY) of approximately 2.08%, were nearly spherical with diameters ranging from 1.0 to 5.5 nm. The VSC-CDs prepared in this study featured a negative charge and abundant chemical functional groups. Furthermore, these particles demonstrated outstanding dispersibility in the aqueous phase and high biocompatibility. Moreover, VSC-CDs not only enhanced liver function and alleviated liver damage in pathomorphology but also mitigated the extent of liver fibrosis. Additionally, this study marks the inaugural demonstration of the pronounced activity of VSC-CDs in inhibiting inflammatory reactions, reducing oxidative damage, and modulating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.Conclusion: VSC-CDs exerted significant potential for application in nanodrugs aimed at treating liver fibrosis.

Introduction: Anxiety disorders have emerged as a predominant health concern, yet existing pharmacological treatments for anxiety still present various challenges. Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat Carbonisata (CMRC) has been utilized in China for approximately 400 years as a therapeutic intervention for anxiety disorders. In this study, a novel type of carbon dots derived from the decoction of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat Carbonisata (CMRC-CDs) was identified and isolated, and their morphological structure and functional groups were characterized. Furthermore, the effects of CMRC-CDs on m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP)-induced anxiety-like behaviour in mice were examined and quantified. In order to investigate the potential mechanisms of their anxiolytic effects, concentrations of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hormones, amino acid neurotransmitters, and monoamine neurotransmitters were measured. Methods: In this study, we synthesized CMRC-CDs and evaluated their potential anti-anxiety effects in a controlled experiment involving 48 male ICR mice. The mice were randomly divided into six groups, treated with CMRC-CDs at different doses for 14 days, and subjected to Open-Field (OF) and Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) tests. Post-behavioral evaluations, blood samples and brain tissues were collected for neurotransmitter and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis hormone quantification via ELISA. Additionally, cytotoxicity of CMRC-CDs was assessed using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay on RAW 264.7 cells. Results and Discussion: CMRC-CDs were spherical and homogeneously dispersed, with diameters ranging from 1.4 to 4.0 nm and an abundance of chemical groups on their surface. In the open-field (OF) test, mice pre-treated with CMRC-CDs demonstrated an increased proportion of time spent in the central area and a higher frequency of entries into the central area. In the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, mice pre-treated with CMRC-CDs exhibited a greater number of entries into the open arm and an extended duration spent in the open arm. CMRC-CDs were observed to decrease serum concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and corticosterone (CORT). Furthermore, CMRC-CDs were found to increase γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels, while concurrently reducing glutamic acid (Glu) concentrations in brain tissue. CMRC-CDs demonstrated anxiolytic effects, which may be attributed to their modulation of hormones and neurotransmitters. This finding suggests the potential therapeutic value of CMRC-CDs in the clinical treatment of anxiety disorders.

Introduction: Fuligo Plantae (FP), the ash that sticks to the bottom of pots or chimneys after weeds burn, has long been used for its hemostatic effects and treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding. Nevertheless, the active ingredient of FP still needs to be further explored. Methods: The microstructure, optical and chemical properties of FP-CDs were characterized. An alcohol-induced gastric ulcer model was utilized to evaluate whether pre-administration of FP-CDs alleviated gastric bleeding symptoms and ameliorated gastric mucosal barrier disruption. In addition, the feces of each group of rats were extracted for 16S rDNA genome sequencing of intestinal flora. Results: FP-CDs with a diameter ranging from 1.4–3.2 nm had abundant chemical groups, which may be beneficial to the exertion of inherent activity. FP-CDs alleviated alcohol-induced gastric ulcer, as demonstrated by activating the extrinsic coagulation pathway, alleviating inflammation, and suppressing oxidative stress levels. More interestingly, FP-CDs can improve the diversity and dysbiosis of intestinal flora in rats with alcohol-induced gastric ulcer. Conclusion: These comes about illustrate the momentous inhibitory effects of FP-CDs on alcoholic gastric ulcer in rats, which give a modern methodology for investigating the effective ingredient of FP, and lay an experimental basis for the application of FP-CDs in the clinical treatment of alcoholic gastric ulcer.