Ұсынылып отырған мақалада түсті металдардың гидрометаллургиясы саласына, атап айтқанда, құрамында түсті металдар бар сульфат ерітінділерін темірден тазарту үрдісі зерттелген. Аталған әдіс қышқылды әктаспен немесе әкпен бейтараптандыру арқылы жүргізіліп, содан кейін гидролитикалық тұндыру үрдісі жүзеге асырылады. Мырыш сульфаты ерітіндісіндегі темірдің үш валентті иондарын Ca(OH)_2 ерітіндісімен тұнбаға түсіру үрдісі потенциометрлік талдау әдісімен зерттеліп, темір иондарының концентрациясы мен сутектік көрсеткіші (pH) мәні арасындағы тәуелділік анықталған. Темір иондарын потенциметрялық әдіспен титрант ретінде әк суын қолдану арқылы мырыш сульфаты ерітіндісін темір иондарынан тазартуда қанша мөлшерде әк ерітіндісі керек екендігін дәл есептеуге болады. Сонымен қатар, темір гидратының пайда болуының pH мәні Fe3+ иондарының бастапқы концентрациясына байланысты екендігін көрсетті. Бастапқы электролитта темір иондары қаншалықты көп болса, гидроксид түсілуінің pH мәні соншалықты төмен болатыны эксперименттік жолмен анықталынды. Ерітіндіде Fe3+ иондарының концентрациясы төмен болған сайын гидрооксид түзілуінің pH мәні соншалықты жоғары болатындығы айқындалды. Сонымен қатар, катализатор ретінде қолданылған Cu2+ иондарының ерітіндіде болуы гидрооксид түзілуінің pH мәніне айтарлықтай әсер етпейтіндігі де анықталынды. Кілтті сөздер: потенциометрия, титратор, мырыш сульфаты ерітіндісі, темірдің үш валентті ионы, гидролитикалық тұндыру.

The article deals with the utilization of plastic waste generated after the disassembly of used fragments of computer equipment and household electronic devices. The application of vermiculture (earthworm culture) and vermicomposting (waste recycling) is proposed. The results of experiments to study the effect of different doses of plastic on the life activity of earthworms in the process of vermicomposting are presented. The studies were conducted in plastic containers of 500 mL volume, where 10 sexually mature individuals of Eisenia andrei (total average mass 3.2±0.3 g) were placed with 250 g of organic substrate. Analysis of changes in population parameters of Eisenia andrei worms showed that when microplastic was used in composted substrate, 1 % earthworm fecundity decreased insignificantly compared to control. However, when the microplastic content was increased to 10 %, the growth of the new generation was reduced by almost 33.3 %. No substrate avoidance reaction (going to the substrate surface) was observed when microplastic was added at a concentration of 1 to 5 % of the total substrate mass. In 14 days after the beginning of the experiment, all worms in both experimental and control conditions remained alive and mobile. However, when the concentration of microplastic increased to 10 %, the individuals began to lead a sedentary life. However, successfully mating worms were observed in the containers, which indicates a sufficiently favourable external background for the existence of this species.

Diagram of solubility in quaternary water-salt system Na+,Ni2+//Cl-,SO42--H2O in the temperature range −5 ÷ 90 °С was calculated on the base of classical Pitzer’s equations. Linear temperature approximation of solubility products of solid phases was used.

This study is devoted to the synthesis of aerated concrete by a non-autoclave method using ash from thermal power plants and a nanopreparation. Fullerenol-m was used as a nanopreparation. The fullerenol-m content in the sealing water of aerated concrete changed in the range of 0.00 ÷ 0.03 mas.%. The main performance characteristics of the nanostructured aerated concrete were studied, namely the compressive strength, impact toughness, thermal conductivity, density and moisture content. A significant improvement in the performance characteristics of the nanomodified aerated concrete compared to unmodified samples was demonstrated, which was most clearly manifested as an increase in impact toughness by several (three to five) times. The best performance characteristics of the modified aerated concrete were observed at a fullerenol-m concentration relative to the added cement within 0.022–0.028 wt.%. The authors attribute such a strong change and improvement in the physical, chemical and operational properties of aerated concrete when modified with fullerenol-m to the fact that fullerenol-m (a few thousandths of wt.%) has a very strong structuring effect on the sealing water and, as a consequence, on the resulting aerated concrete.

This paper provides a proof for the operation of analogues of the three Gibbs–Konovalov laws (Gibbs–Roozeboom rules) in solid–vapor phase diagrams of ternary systems under the conditions of solid solutions desolvation in the absence of liquid phases. The diagrams under consideration are shown to feature topological isomorphism to phase diagrams of polymorphic transformations of solid solutions in binary systems, for which analogues of the Gibbs–Konovalov laws are also formulated. The proof is based on the application of generalized van der Waals differential equations to the phase equilibrium shift, written in the metrics of the incomplete and complete Gibbs potentials of solid phases of variable composition. The applicability of the laws (rules) analogues is shown for a number of model systems. A method is proposed for the separation and purification of salt components of solid solutions based on the laws recognized for the phase diagrams of solid solutions desolvation.

Diagram of solubility in quaternary water-salt system Na + , Ni 2 + // Cl - , SO 2- 4 - H 2 O in the temperature range -5 divided by 90 degrees & Scy; was calculated on the base of classical Pitzer ' s equations. Linear temperature approximation of solubility products of solid phases was used.

This article discusses issues related to the study of the possibility of developing a technology for the production of non-autoclaved cellular concrete. The results of testing the mechanical strength and density of non-autoclaved cellular concrete samples synthesised by varying the nature and concentration range of the introduced modifier components are presented. It has been established that modification of the original non-autoclaved cellular concrete containing ash and slag materials of the Kazakhstan TPP by adding 3 to 10 % (by weight of cement) of natural clinoptilolite from the Taizhuzgen deposit in Kazakhstan and 0.075-0.03 % (by water) of fullerenol (C60) allows stabilising the properties of the developed non-autoclaved cellular concrete. The studies are promising and will continue to obtain cellular concrete with specified characteristics suitable for the construction of earthquake-resistant residential buildings.

In this study on the example of 2 agro-ecosystems located on opposite banks of the Irtysh River the content of organic carbon in soil and dynamics of its change for the period from 2001 to 2020 were studied. According to the results of the study, the estimated amount of organic carbon losses for the period from 2001 to 2020 from arable chernozem soils on both banks of the Irtysh River averaged 96×10³ kg C per year-¹ at Site 1 (right bank) and 87×10³ kg C per year-¹ at Site 2 (left bank). It was found that differential fertiliser application, use of organic topdressing and compost, mulching and introduction of 10-field crop rotation promoted soil organic carbon (SOC) conservation. Correlation between SOC value and soil resistance to drought, erosion and other unfavourable conditions was revealed. The possibility of effective forecasting and regulation of crop yields by using a combination of geographic information systems (GIS), SOC-modelling in the form of RothC and remote sensing data with the Trends.Earth tool has been substantiated. The proposed approach allows operational monitoring of SOC content and contributes to the successful implementation of a decarbonisation strategy for sustainable crop agriculture develo

One of the main indicators of food security in Kazakhstan is the volume of grain production. The most important current scientific problem is the development of innovative monitoring systems for growing agricultural products. Farms in Kazakhstan face the problem of low efficiency of the available means of control when growing crops over large areas. The paper presents a mobile application developed by the authors for continuous monitoring of crop conditions using a combination of Earth Remote Sensing (ERS) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) methods, as well as the movement of specialised agricultural machinery for operational farm management. This approach has been shown to improve the quality of grown agricultural products and reduce their cost by increasing control over fuel consumption.

The solubility diagram of the quaternary water-salt system with the presence of fullerenol-24: C60(OH)24-GdCl3-TbCl3-H2O and ternary subsystems: C60(OH)24-GdCl3-H2O ; C60(OH)24-TbCl3-H2O ; GdCl3-TbCl3-H2O, at 25oC was studied by the method of isothermal saturation in ampoules. A continuous series of solid solutions of isovalent substitution Gdx Tb(1-x)Cl3∙6H2O crystallize in quaternary system and ternary subsystem GdCl3-TbCl3-H2O. The solubility diagrams in ternary subsystems C60(OH)24-GdCl3-H2O ; C60(OH)24-TbCl3-H2O ; are simple eutonics, consist of 2 branches of crystallization of C60(OH)2418H2O and GdCl3 6H2O and TbCl3 .6H2O, correspondingly. The solubility diagrams in ternary subsystem GdCl3-TbCl3-H2O consists of the single branch of crystallization of solid solutions Gdx Tb(1-x)Cl3∙6H2O without the miscibility gap. The solubility diagrams in quaternary system C60(OH)24-GdCl3-TbCl3-H2O also consists of the single branch of crystallization of solid solutions Gdx Tb(1-x)Cl3∙6H2O and C60(OH)2418H2O simultaneously. Components salts distribution diagram between liquid and solid solutions in quaternary system with fullerenol-24 demonstrates noticeably more favorable opportunities for recrystallization separation of salt components Gd-Tb, compared with ternary subsystem without fullerenol-24: GdCl3-TbCl3-H2O at 25oC.

An original approach for describing chemical equilibrium shifts in systems of any physico-chemical nature has been developed. The mathematical expression of the equilibri-um principle as formulated by the authors contains, instead of the standard heat and volume changes during a chemical reaction, mixing functions that in some special cases exceed the standard ones. It is shown that in systems with extremely large deviations from ideality (for example, in aqueous solutions of uranyl salts or water-soluble light fullerenes derivatives) the equilibrium shift principle developed by the authors may fundamentally differ from the well-known Le Chatelier-Brown principle).

The possibility of using a membrane electrolytic cell for the electrochemical oxidation of Fe(II) and purification from impurities of real industrial solutions obtained by atmospheric leaching of low-grade zinc concentrates is considered. The average indicators for carrying out the electrooxidation process are given. The principal possibility of conditioning a zinc sulfate solution by hydrolytic purification with preliminary oxidation of iron in a membrane electrolytic cell with an anion-exchange membrane MA-41 TU 2255-062-05761695-2009 is considered. Carrying out direct electrooxidation of iron (II) in sulfate zinc solutions in the anode chamber of a flow membrane electrolyzer ensures good filterability of precipitates after hydrolytic precipitation of iron, since this solution does not contain Fe(II) ions, the presence of which leads to significant difficulties in the operations of separating solid and liquid phases. This makes it possible to exclude the thickening operation from the technological scheme. The degree of oxidation of iron during the test period was 99.8–99.9%. The residual concentration of iron after precipitation from solutions obtained after electrochemical oxidation in the form of oxide and hydroxide compounds was less than 0.01 g/dm3.

The solubility diagram of the ternary system NdCl 3 –PrCl 3 –H 2 O has been studied by the method of isothermal saturation in ampules at 25°C. In the system NdCl 3 –PrCl 3 –H 2 O, isovalent substitution solid solutions with the miscibility gap (PrCl 3 ) x (NdCl 3 ) 1 – x ·6H 2 O and (PrCl 3 ) x (NdCl 3 ) 1 – x ·7H 2 O have been crystallized. In the system, there is one non-invariant eutonic type point, corresponding to the saturation of the solution by two solid phases .

The article gives a general classification of non-invariant points in phase equilibrium diagrams of all possible types. The complete topological isomorphism of the diagrams of fusibility, solubility, and liquid-vapor equilibria in various sets of variables is demonstrated. The stability of mono-variant equilibria near the non-variant points is investigated. Recurrent formulas for calculating the number of topological elements of phase diagrams are given. A previously undescribed type of non-invariant points and phase processes in the solubility diagrams is described and characterized. The last ones have no topological analogs in other types of diagrams. Thus, we have carried out, as far as is available to the authors, a complete classification of invariant points and invariant processes in phase equilibrium diagrams of an arbitrary type and with an arbitrary number of components.

This article describes the synthesis of fullerenol—C60(OH)24 adducts with some heavy metals—C60(ONa)x(O2Me)(24−x)/2;C60(ONa)x(O3Me)(24−x)/3; Me=Co; Cu; Mn; Zn; Gd; Tb. The identification of adducts was carried out by the methods of: elemental analysis, infrared and electronic spectroscopy, complex thermal analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography and dynamic light scattering. The solubility of adducts in aqueous solutions in the ambient temperature range has been studied. The solubility was significant and ranged from a few tenths to 1 g/dm3. The use of these adducts as micronutrients for spring barley crops in the Republic of Kazakhstan is considered. When using these nanopreparations, a general increase in yield (tens, up to 80 rel.%), nutrient content and moisture content of seeds (4–5 rel. mass %), as well as the resistance of the latter to the effects of pathogenic microorganisms (percentage of healthy seeds growth up to 10 rel.%), was noted.

Satellite imagery has revolutionised sustainable land management and crop yield forecasting. This article presents the results of the effective use of precision farming practices based on Remote Sensing (RS) data on the example of sunflower crops in 2 soil and climatic zones of Kazakhstan. Calculation of the correlation coefficient of the sunflower crop remote sensing data for further optimisation and increase of the resolution of the information of the space images was done. Through testing the classification of macronutrients in the soil (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, humus) using remote sensing data, this study examined two distinct soil and climate zones in Kazakhstan. The findings revealed that the integration of macroelement results in the soil, vegetation index of plant growth and development (NDVI) from the Sentinel-2 L2A satellite, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data, and mathematical modeling leads to a 25 % reduction in fertilizer consumption. Additionally, it enhances the precision of yield forecasts by 92 %. The novelty of this study lies in the effective use of remote sensing data and precision farming techniques to optimize fertilizer consumption and sunflower yield forecasting, which can contribute to sustainable land management and increase farmers' profits.

The solubility diagram of the ternary system GdCl3–TbCl3–H2O is studied by means of isothermal saturation in ampules at 25°С. A continuous series of solid solutions of isovalent substitution crystallizes in the system Gd_xTb_1 - xCl_3 1pt· 6H_2O. The diagram of solubility in the three-component system GdCl3–TbCl3–H2O at 25°C is calculated according to the classical Pitzer model. Results from experiments agree convincingly with ones from thermodynamic modeling.

The comprehensive topological isomorphism of liquid–vapor, fusibility, and solubility diagrams in the proper sets of variables is proven with the aid of van der Waals equations of the shift in phase equilibrium. Analogues of Gibbs–Konovalov and Gibbs–Roozeboom laws are demonstrated in solubility diagrams of ternary and quaternary systems under crystallization of different types of solid solutions. For the demonstration, the quaternary reciprocal system K+,NH4+||Cl−,Br−−H2O and its ternary subsystems with modeling of the liquid phase within the framework of the classical Pitzer formalism are mainly used. An algorithm for calculating solubility equilibria in these systems is given.

Orthopaedic surgery is becoming increasingly common due to recent significant improvements in medical imaging, biomechanical modelling, and additive manufacturing. For the pelvis, surgical reconstruction using metal implants remains challenging due to the involvement of complex anatomical structures. In Kazakhstan, these operations are performed using typical implants. The purpose of the present work is to develop a spersonalised implant and its real application to work out the procedure and master the technology. This article describes all the relevant stages, from medical imaging to an accurate three-dimensional anatomical model of the implant. This described procedure can also be fundamental for virtual preoperative planning and the development of patient-specific incision guides.