This article presents the outcomes of our own research of the detection of circulating cells in the peripheral blood of 48 patients with oncological diseases, using hemocytofiltration. The observed circulating cells (21 cases, 43.8%) have been represented by three variants: more often in the form of “bare” atypical nuclei (76.2% cases), also single conserved tumor cells (14.3%) and large shapeless single cells, probably of non-epithelial nature (9.5%). The difficulties of identifying the obtained cells in light microscopy and technical aspects of the usage of immunocytochemical techniques have been discussed.

Aim of the study. To estimate an influence of the Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) on intraoperative blood loss. Material and methods. An analysis of 185 cases of extensive liver resections in patients for colorectal liver metastases has been performed. All patients were assigned to CUSA group (n = 56) or clamp crashing group (n = 129). Patients from the first group received regional FOLFOX6 or FOLFOX6 + bevacizumab chemotherapy. Preoperative chemotherapy did not performed for second group of patients. Results. Liver transection with CUSA did not lead to the decline in intraoperative blood loss (p = 0.35). Conclusion. Median intraoperative blood loss was 1065 and 1180 ml respectively. Method for liver transection did not lead to the decline in intraoperative blood loss (p = 0.35). Intraoperative blood loss increases from standard to extensive liver resection (p = 0.0007). Resection of contralateral blood lobe metastases did not lead to statistically significant increase in blood loss as compared with standard mode of the operation (p = 0.005).

The article shows the possibilities of the usage of cytological material for diagnostics of lung cancer at the example of work of an oncological outpatient clinic during one year. Light microscopy was used to study of cytological specimens of various material of 721 patients. The method has allowed to determine the diagnosis of lung cancer in majority of the observed cases with definition of histological type in 89%. When comparing the results of cytology with the final diagnosis the difference of determination of the tumor histological types is less than 1%. The immunocytochemical test is used at the examination of pleural fluid of 40 patients without determined primary locus. The immunocytochemical research has allowed specifying the inhering of the tumor cells to the metastasis from the lung, elevating the precision of the diagnostics to 96%. The cytological material of 62 patients obtained during the bronchoscopic examination, puncture of lymphatic nodules, pleural fluid and sputum with presence of a sufficient quantity of tumor cells (not less than 200) represents appropriate material for molecular-genetic research. The usage of cytological material for search of somatic mutations is justified for oncological patients with locally advanced or disseminated process, whose cytological material is the unique accessible morphological material for research.

The relevance of the study of lung cancer is associated with a high incidence and mortality rate. The article is devoted to the study of indices of the prevalence rate of the lung cancer in the Altai Territory for the period of from 2014 to 2016. An increase in the prevalence rate of lung cancer has been established to be of 61.4% (2016) per 100 00 population (both genders), the increase in the «rough index» accounted for 7.4%. With the bearing in mind the age-gender characteristics, statistical analysis showed the highest level of the prevalence rate of cancer of the trachea, bronchus and lung to be observed in males, that amounts of 19.3% among malignant tumors detected in 2016 in the Altai Territory. The greatest increase in the incidence rate of lung cancer is observed in both males and females in the age group of 60-69 years. In stage I-II lung cancer patients there is noted the gain of the specific weight and the decline in the mortality rate to 40.3 per 100 000 population of the Altai Krai.

This article presents results of the introduction in practical oncology of molecular genetic investigations performed with the use of tumor DNA cells taken from the cytological specimens. There was investigated the molecular genetic characteristics of cytological specimens from 126 patients. In 80 cases with the proved diagnosis of pulmonary adenocarcinoma (n = 80) EGFR gene mutations were noted in 11.7% cases. KRAS, BRAF and BRCA1/2 gene mutations were determined in 46 women suffering from serous ovarian carcinoma. KRAS gene mutations in cells of ovarian low-grade serous carcinoma were determined in 62.5% of patients, BRAF- in 12.5% cases. BRCA1 gene mutations have been determined in 14.3% cases from the ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma group. In conditions of the presence of the sufficient amount of tumor cells the cytological material is the fully-featured material for molecular genetic investigations. The investigation both of EGFR gene mutations in pulmonary adenocarcinoma cases and KRAS, BRAF, BRCA1/2 gene mutations with serous ovarian carcinoma are mandatory in the appointment of targeted therapy.

One of the hotspots in clinical research today is molecular genetic analysis of structural DNA alterations. Working with DNA obtained from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens is particularly challenging, due to cross-linking and fragmentation of DNA. We performed a comparative analysis of DNA extraction methods from FFPE tissue using two in-house protocols and Qiagen (QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit) and Roche (High Pure FFPET DNA Isolation Kit) commercial kits presented in the Russian market and used in clinical practice. To assess the quantity and quality of the isolated DNA, we used the real-time PCR to rate DNA yield, the inhibited impurity content and the degree of fragmentation. Our findings may be useful for a medical laboratory that performs testing of somatic mutations for the targeted therapy selection, and researchers who specialized in tumor genome structure studies in respect to patient prognosis and prediction of the sensitivity or resistance of tumor cells to therapy.

The purpose of the study was to study the dynamics of the incidence of thyroid cancer in the female population of the Altai Territory during the period of 1992-2016. Studies were performed with the use of data of the patient register of thyroid cancer, including information on 3026 women, with the use of methods of modern medical statistics. Intensive and standardized indices were calculated for the female population, resided near to traces of nuclear explosions executed at the Semipalatinsk test site, in the zone of the most significant radiation doses (the Main group). As a comparison, incidence rates of the remaining population of the Altai Territory (the Comparison group) and average values for the region were used. The article presents results of a descriptive epidemiological study of the incidence of thyroid cancer in the Altai Territory over 25 years (1992-2016). The results of the probabilistic association of the incidence of thyroid cancer with the ionizing radiation factor due to nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site were obtained. The dynamics of the incidence of thyroid cancer by the data for five-years periods (averaged data): 1992-1996; 1997-2001; 2002-2006; 2007-2011 and 2012-2016 was studied in various territories of the Altai Territory: both on the traces of nuclear explosions - the main group, and in the rest territory (the comparison group), indices of average values for the regions. There were revealed the dynamics of the incidence of thyroid cancer in tens of years after nuclear tests in the population living in the zone with the most significant doses of radiation and its gradual decrease, due to rehabilitation measures. New approaches to the formation of high cancer risk groups for thyroid cancer in the Altai Territory are substantiated.

23 © Коллектив авторов, 2017 *e-mail: cytolakod@rambler.ru В настоящее время молекулярно-генетические методы все шире используются для диагностики, прогноза и выбора оптимальной терапии при онкологических заболеваниях. Успехи молекулярной онкологии привели к созданию таргетных препаратов, воздействующих на внутриклеточные молекулярные мишени опухолевой клетки. Наиболее демонстративны успехи таргетной терапии при немелкоклеточном раке легкого, колоректальном раке, гастроинтестинальных стромальных опухолях, раке молочной железы, меланоме и других опухолях [4]. Одним из объектов, наиболее изученных в последние годы в качестве противоопухолевой мишени, является рецептор эпидермального фактора роста (EGFR). Открытие соматических мутаций гена EGFR явилось ключевым моментом в разработке стратегии лечения немелкоклеточного рака легкого и привело к появлению нового молекулярного показателя чувствительности опухоли легкого к ингибиторам тирозинкиназ [17, 19]. В 2004 г. в научной литературе появились сообщения об активирующих соматических мутациях в рецепторе эпидермального фактора роста. Исследователи обнаружили, что практически у всех пациентов, получающих положительный эффект от лечения гефитинибом и эрлотинибом, обнаружены мутации гена EGFR в ткани опухоли [16, doi: 10.17116/labs20176123-28

Air pollution by industry and motor vehicles, the use of coal ash for the construction of residential and nonresidential buildings, and the presence of dead zones in the residential sector are the main factors of carcinogenic risk to human health. Natural factors (such as topography and prevailing wind directions) can weaken or strengthen technogenic factors. Based on the estimate of pollutant concentrations in the snow cover of Barnaul, we reveal residential areas that are located at the crossroads of atmospheric transport of carcinogenic substances and characterized by concentrations considerably exceeding the maximum allowable concentration. These areas are characterized by the integral accumulation of carcinogenic substances concurrently from multiple sources; for almost any wind rose, the impact of one of the pollution sources is observed throughout the year. The assessment of the carcinogenic risk for a territory depends much on the correlation between local topography and the height of apartments above ground level. Using cancer register data for Barnaul, we reveal an increased level of the incidence of malignant neoplasms in people living in high-rise buildings located in areas with a sharp change in topography (such as ledges, hills, and lowlands). This may occur due to stagnant zones and wind shadows; under certain correlation between topography and the height and shape of buildings, carcinogenic substances accumulate maximally.

Introduction: The current study aimed to improve treatment effects for patients with resectable metastases of colorectal cancer in the liver exhibiting a poor prognosis. Methods: Overall 373 patients were enrolled with metastatic colorectal cancer in the liver exhibiting at least one adverse factor of long-term prognosis: multiple metastases, bilobar liver metastases, large-size metastases, the presence of extrahepatic metastases, etc. Combined treatment was performed for all patients: combined treatment with adjuvant systemic chemotherapy (178 patients), combined treatment with perioperative systemic chemotherapy (68 patients), or combined treatment with perioperative regional chemotherapy (127 patients). 47 patients in addition to regional chemotherapy were treated with bevacizumab. All liver resections were extensive due to the widespread metastases. Extensive liver resection with resection of contralateral lobe was performed in 82 patients (22%). Standard hepatectomy – in 179 (48%) patients. Extended hepatectomy – in 112 (30%) patients. Results: Mortality among operated patients was 4%. The complication rate stood at 54%. Postoperative mortality and complications in the two groups were not statistically different, nor was the intraoperative blood loss in the two groups. Adding bevacizumab to regional preoperative chemotherapy led to a significant improvement in overall response rate, although did not improve overall survival and increase blood loss After combined treatment with adjuvant chemotherapy the 5-year survival was 29 ± 3%, significantly outperforming the 5-year survival rate after combined treatment with perioperative systemic chemotherapy (15 ± 5%). 5-year survival was also superior after combined treatment with perioperative regional chemotherapy (25 ± 5 %), although not statistically so. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the benefits of combined treatment with adjuvant systemic chemotherapy for resectable colorectal cancer metastases in the liver exhibiting poor prognosis. For initially unresectable liver metastases in the absence of extrahepatic manifestations of the disease, treatment should begin with regional chemotherapy and biotherapy, whereas for initially unresectable metastases with extrahepatic manifestations of the disease, treatment should begin with systemic chemotherapy.

The influence of polymorphic substitutions in antioxidant system genes (SNPsrs1050450 in the GPX1 gene, rs1695 and rs1138272 in the GSTP1gene and rs4880 in the MnSOD gene) on the risk of prostate cancer development in men living in the Siberian region of Russia was studied. The relationship between the studied genotypes and clinical parameters (disease stage and PSA level) was analyzed. For this purpose, the incidence of the studied allelic variants was compared between 399 with prostate cancer patients and 344 men with no history of prostate cancer. Genotyping was performed using real-time PCR. No statistically significant association with the risk of developing prostate cancer was found in the studied SNPs (p>0,05). For the GSTP1SNPrs1695, the correlation with disease stage was obtained: The GG genotype occurred more frequently in patients with stage III-IV prostate cancer (OR [C.I.]=2,66 [1,15–6,18], p=0,02). Both studied SNPs of the GSTP1 gene were associated with the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in blood: the GG rs1695 genotype and TT rs1138272 genotype were associated with higher PSA levels (p=1,5×10-3)