Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a serious global public health problem, characterized by compulsive drug seeking and impaired cognitive control. Previous studies using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) or surface-based morphometry (SBM) have identified regional alterations in grey matter volume and cortical thickness (CT); purely local morphological analyses are insufficient to capture coordinated patterns of interregional change. In this study, we employed structural covariance networks (SCNs) analysis to investigate abnormalities in the macroscopic topological organization of the brain in individuals with CUD, based on CT measures. A total of 68 patients with CUD and 52 healthy controls (HCs) were included from the OpenNeuro database. The results demonstrated that the CUD group exhibited a significantly reduced global clustering coefficient and a shift in small-world properties, with network topology becoming more closely aligned with a lattice-like configuration. In addition, CUD showed disrupted rich-club connectivity, particularly within core frontoparietal regions. Notably, no significant group differences were observed in network robustness against random failure or targeted attack. Together, these findings indicated an imbalance between network integration and segregation in the structural brain networks of individuals with CUD, providing a novel network-level perspective on the pathophysiology of addiction and suggesting potential utility as a diagnostic neurobiological marker.

BackgroundAccurate, non-invasive prediction of cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains challenging yet critical for early intervention.ObjectiveTo develop a multimodal machine learning model integrating clinical features, plasma biomarkers, and structural MRI metrics for non-invasive Aβ prediction.MethodsData were obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Participants with concurrent plasma biomarkers, 3D T1-weighted MRI, and amyloid assessments were included. Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, and Support Vector Machine models were constructed using clinical, plasma, MRI, and combined features. Performance was evaluated via internal validation and external testing in a cognitively unimpaired cohort using AUC, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis. The prognostic value of the model-derived Aβ risk probability was assessed using Cox regression in an independent longitudinal MCI cohort.ResultsThe optimal Logistic Regression model incorporated APOE ε4 status, Mini-Mental State Examination score, plasma p-Tau217, Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, and bilateral hippocampal and left amygdalar volumes. The combined model achieved an AUC of 0.875 in internal validation and maintained robust performance in the external unimpaired cohort (AUC = 0.883), outperforming single-modality models. The predicted Aβ-positive risk probability effectively stratified disease progression risk in MCI patients (C-index = 0.771).ConclusionsA multimodal model integrating plasma and MRI features accurately predicts Aβ pathology and progression risk, offering a practical non-invasive tool for early Alzheimer's disease screening and risk stratification.

BackgroundAdolescent obesity has emerged as a global public health crisis, with accumulating evidence suggesting that it involves not only peripheral metabolic dysfunction but also significant central nervous system remodeling. Given that childhood and adolescence represent a critical window for neurodevelopment, understanding these alterations is vital for effective intervention. This review aimed to systematically synthesize multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings regarding brain structural and functional changes in children and adolescents with obesity, and its underlying neurobiological mechanisms.MethodsFollowing PRISMA guidelines, there were in total 41 high-quality studies encompassing functional MRI, structural MRI, and diffusion tensor imaging modalities involved in this review.ResultsSynthesis of the literature reveals a consistent “reward-control” imbalance. Functionally, adolescents with obesity exhibited hyper-responsivity in reward-related regions (e.g., striatum, insula) to food cues, coupled with diminished recruitment of executive control areas (e.g., prefrontal cortex). Structurally, obesity was associated with gray matter atrophy in the prefrontal and cingulate cortices, and lower white matter integrity in tracts connecting these regions (e.g., corpus callosum, uncinate fasciculus). These changes may be associated with a synergy of chronic neuroinflammation, insulin resistance, and dopamine pathway dysregulation, although the cross-sectional nature of most evidence precludes definitive causal inferences.ConclusionObesity-related brain remodeling constitutes a pathological basis that reinforces maladaptive eating behaviors. Future research should prioritize longitudinal designs and targeted neuro-interventions to mitigate long-term cognitive and metabolic consequences in children and adolescent with obesity.

This study aimed to explore the correlation between differences in the abundance of gut microbiota and functional connectivity (FC) in the bilateral anterior insula (aIns) among patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Twenty-six mTBI patients and forty-six age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited for this study. Participants underwent clinical and neuropsychological assessments, resting-state functional MRI scans, fecal sample collection, and sequencing of intestinal microbial genes. Comparing the relative abundance of gut microbiota between mTBI patients and HCs revealed several bacterial genera showing increased or decreased abundance in mTBI patients. Furthermore, disrupted FC was observed between the aIns and various regions (such as the left cerebellum Crus2, the orbital part of the right middle frontal gyrus (ORB.Mid.R), and the bilateral putamen) in mTBI. Particularly, decreased FC from the left aIns to the ORB.Mid.R, along with reduced levels of Prevotella , may collectively be associated with the onset or exacerbation of depression in mTBI patients. Notably, a potential shift characterized by an increase in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus , could be associated with brain damage and cognitive impairment among mTBI. These findings offer insights that could guide future clinical investigations towards the development of targeted probiotic formulations aimed at alleviating various mood disorders.

Acupuncture, a nonpharmacologic therapy, effectively reduced acute postconcussion symptom severity and alleviated long-term neurologic impairments in participants with mild traumatic brain injury.

The heterogeneous injuries and resulting cognitive deficits pose significant challenges in the clinical management of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). However, the pathophysiological mechanisms related to heterogeneities of mTBI are still unclear. This study aims to explore the mechanisms underlying brain remodeling by examining the morphometric similarity (MS) alterations and corresponding transcriptomic signatures across adult and pediatric mTBI (adult mTBI: 112 acute patients, 47 follow-up chronic patients, 66 healthy controls [HCs]; pediatric mTBI: 30 acute patients, 31 HCs). A healthy adult cohort (N = 840) is included to derive the modularized brain MS networks representing interregional cortical connectivity. Subsequently, cortical MS remodeling patterns are identified involving mostly MS increases in the frontal modules with typical high MS and decreases in the occipital module with typical low MS, with more pronounced changes observed in the developing brain with mTBI. The abnormal MS changes are correlated with variable cognitive impairments. Moreover, cortical MS remodeling is also associated with the genes enriched in CA1 pyramidal cells and neuron-specific biological processes. The transcription-related cortical remodeling in mTBI might reveal the disruption of brain cellular architecture. Therapeutic modalities to intervene in specific cortex and tackle CA1 over-activation might better encircle the neurobiology of TBI.

Blood proteins are emerging as potential biomarkers for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Molecular pathology of mTBI underscores the critical roles of neuronal injury, neuroinflammation, and vascular health in disease progression. However, the temporal profile of blood biomarkers associated with the aforementioned molecular pathology after CT-negative mTBI, their diagnostic and prognostic potential, and their utility in monitoring white matter integrity and progressive brain atrophy remain unclear. Thus, we investigated serum biomarkers and neuroimaging in a longitudinal cohort, including 103 CT-negative mTBI patients and 66 matched healthy controls (HCs). Angiogenic biomarker vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) exhibited the highest area under the curve of 0.88 in identifying patients from HCs. Inflammatory biomarker interleukin-1β and neuronal cell body injury biomarker ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 were elevated in acute-stage patients and associated with deterioration of cognitive function from acute-stage to 6-12 mo post-injury period. Notably, axonal injury biomarker neurofilament light (NfL) was elevated in acute-stage patients, with higher levels associated with impaired white matter integrity in acute-stage and progressive gray and white matter atrophy from 3- to 6-12 mo post-injury period. Collectively, our findings emphasized the potential clinical value of serum biomarkers, particularly NfL and VEGF, in diagnosing mTBI and monitoring disease progression.

BackgroundIt is widely acknowledged that mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) leads to either functionally or anatomically abnormal brain regions. Structural covariance networks (SCNs) that depict coordinated regional maturation patterns are commonly employed for investigating brain structural abnormalities. However, the dynamic nature of SCNs in individuals with MTBI who suffer from posttraumatic headache (PTH) and their potential as biomarkers have hitherto not been investigated.MethodsThis study included 36 MTBI patients with PTH and 34 well-matched healthy controls (HCs). All participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging scans and were assessed with clinical measures during the acute and subacute phases. Structural covariance matrices of cortical thickness were generated for each group, and global as well as nodal network measures of SCNs were computed.ResultsMTBI patients with PTH demonstrated reduced headache impact and improved cognitive function from the acute to subacute phase. In terms of global network metrics, MTBI patients exhibited an abnormal normalized clustering coefficient compared to HCs during the acute phase, although no significant difference in the normalized clustering coefficient was observed between the groups during the subacute phase. Regarding nodal network metrics, MTBI patients displayed alterations in various brain regions from the acute to subacute phase, primarily concentrated in the prefrontal cortex (PFC).ConclusionsThese findings indicate that the cortical thickness topography in the PFC determines the typical structural-covariance topology of the brain and may serve as an important biomarker for MTBI patients with PTH.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is considered to initiate cerebrovascular pathology, involving in the development of multiple forms of neurodegeneration. However, it is unknown the relationships between imaging marker of cerebrovascular injury (white matter hyperintensity, WMH), its load on white matter tract and disrupted brain dynamics with cognitive function in mild TBI (mTBI). MRI data and neuropsychological assessments were collected from 85 mTBI patients and 52 healthy controls. Between-group difference was conducted for the tract-specific WMH volumes, white matter integrity, and dynamic brain connectivity (i.e., fractional occupancies [%], dwell times [seconds], and state transitions). Regression analysis was used to examine associations between white matter damage, brain dynamics, and cognitive function. Increased WMH volumes induced by mTBI within the thalamic radiation and corpus callosum were highest among all tract fibers, and related with altered fractional anisotropy (FA) within the same tracts. Clustering identified two brain states, segregated state characterized by the sparse inter-independent component connections, and default mode network (DMN)-centered integrated state with strongly internetwork connections between DMN and other networks. In mTBI, higher WMH loads contributed to the longer dwell time and larger fractional occupancies in DMN-centered integrated state. Every 1 mL increase in WMH volume within the left thalamic radiation was associated with a 47% increase fractional occupancies, and contributed to 65.6 s delay in completion of cognitive processing speed test. Our study provided the first evidence for the structural determinants (i.e., small vessel lesions) that mediate the spatiotemporal brain dynamics to cognitive impairments in mTBI.

Objective:To investigate the value of the 8-channel eye surface phased array coil in improving image quality and demonstrating ocular masses on 3.0 T MR scanner.Methods:From July 2018 to January 2020, the data of orbital MRI in 692 patients with ocular masses on 6 medical centers were prospectively collected. The patients were simple randomly assigned into 8-channel eye surface phased array coil group (413 patients) or 8-channel head phased array coil group (279 patients), with the same MRI sequences. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) were calculated in orbital anatomy structures and masses (eyelid mass, intraocular mass, lacrimal mass and orbital mass). The image quality scores including motion artifact, mass margin, the relationship between the mass and adjacent structures, and overall image quality were recorded. The differences of image quality between the two groups were compared by two independent sample t-test or Wilcoxon rank test. Results:The SNR and CNR were higher in eye surface coil group than those in head coil group ( P<0.05). The scores of ocular movement artifacts were higher in head coil group than those in surface coil group ( P<0.05). The scores of intraocular mass margin, the relationship between the mass and adjacent structures, and overall image quality were higher in surface coil group than those in head coil group ( P<0.001). There were no significant differences in mass margin, the relationship between the mass and adjacent structures, and overall image quality scores of eyelid, lacrimal gland, and orbital mass between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:3.0 T MR scanner combined with the 8-channel eye surface phased array coil can improve the SNR and CNR of orbital MR images, the demonstration of the intraocular mass margin and the relationship between the mass and adjacent structures.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disrupt the coordinated activity of triple-network and produce impairments across several cognitive domains. The triple-network model posits a key role of the salience network (SN) that regulates interactions with the central executive network (CEN) and default mode network (DMN). However, the aberrant dynamic interactions among triple-network and associations with neurobehavioral symptoms in mild TBI was still unclear. In present study, we used brain network interaction index (NII) and dynamic functional connectivity to examine the time-varying cross-network interactions among the triple-network in 109 acute patients, 41 chronic patients, and 65 healthy controls. Dynamic cross-network interactions were significantly increased and more variable in mild TBI compared to controls. Crucially, mild TBI exhibited an increased NII as enhanced integrations between the SN and CEN while reduced coupling of the SN with DMN. The increased NII also implied much severer and multiple domains of cognitive impairments at both acute and chronic mild TBI. Abnormities in time-varying engagement of triple-network is a clinically relevant neurobiological signature of psychopathology in mild TBI. The findings provided align with and advance an emerging perspective on the importance of aberrant brain dynamics associated with highly disparate cognitive and behavioral outcomes in trauma.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) disrupts the integrity of white matter microstructure, which affects brain functional connectivity supporting cognitive function. Although the relationship between structural and functional connectivity (SC and FC), here called SC-FC coupling, has been studied on global level in brain disorders, the long-term disruption of SC-FC coupling in mTBI at regional scale was still unclear. The current study investigated the alteration pattern of regional SC-FC coupling in 104 acute mTBI patients (41 with 6-12 months of follow-up) and 56 healthy controls (HCs). SC and FC networks were constructed to measure regional, intra-network, and inter-network SC-FC coupling. Compared with HCs, acute mTBI exhibited altered SC-FC coupling of the sensorimotor network (SMN). The coupling laterality indicators of the SMN can identify mTBI from controls. The persistent SC-FC decoupling of the SMN and the additional decoupling of the default mode network (DMN) were observed in chronic mTBI. Crucially, decoupling of the SMN and DMN predicted better cognitive outcomes. The findings revealed the SC-FC coupling alternations exhibited hierarchical trend originating from the sensorimotor cortex to high-order cognitive regions with the progression of mTBI. The regional and hierarchical SC-FC coupling may be a prognostic biomarker to provide insights into the pathophysiology mechanism of mTBI.

目的分析T2 mapping诊断颞下颌关节紊乱病(TMD)的效能和临床意义.资料与方法回顾性选取2019年12月—2021年12月温州医科大学附属第二医院TMD患者100例为研究组,根据关节盘移位是否可复位分为关节盘移位伴复位组(可复位组38例)和关节盘移位不伴复位组(不可复位组62例),选取同期100名健康志愿者为对照组,所有研究对象均行颞下颌关节MRI常规序列平扫及T2 mapping成像,比较各组关节盘和盘后组织感兴趣区的T2值,采用单因素分析评价TMD患者关节盘移位不伴复位的影响因素,采用Logistic回归分析并绘制受试者工作特征曲线,分析其与关节盘移位不伴复位的关系及预测意义.结果对照组、可复位组和不可复位组关节盘内的T2值依次升高[(22.31±3.06)ms、(24.05±3.47)ms、(26.31±4.06)ms;F=56.378,P<0.001],组间两两比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05).3组T2值测量可重复性较好(ICC=0.774,95％CI 0.688～0.843).单因素分析显示,可复位组与不可复位组年龄、关节盘形态、髁突形态比较,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05).非条件Logistic回归模型显示,高龄、关节盘形态(折叠形)、髁突形态(鸟嘴形)、T2值延长是不可复位的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05).T2值预测TMD的曲线下面积为0.746,敏感度为79.00％,特异度为82.00％.结论T2 mapping可测量关节盘T2值的改变,对TMD有一定诊断意义,而组间值差异可以提高诊断TMD关节盘移位不伴复位及严重程度的准确度.

Background Neuroanatomical alterations have been associated with cognitive deficits in mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). However, most studies have focused on the abnormal gray matter volume in widespread brain regions using a cross-sectional design in MTBI. This study investigated the neuroanatomical restoration of key regions in salience network and the outcomes in MTBI. Methods Thirty-six MTBI patients with posttraumatic headache (PTH) and 34 matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study. All participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging scans and were assessed with clinical measures during the acute and subacute phases. Surface-based morphometry was conducted to get cortical thickness (CT) and cortical surface area (CSA) of neuroanatomical regions which were defined by the Desikan atlas. Then mixed analysis of variance models were performed to examine CT and CSA restoration in patients from acute to subacute phase related to controls. Finally, mediation effects models were built to explore the relationships between neuroanatomical restoration and symptomatic improvement in patients. Results MTBI patients with PTH showed reduced headache impact and improved cognitive function from the acute to subacute phase. Moreover, patients experienced restoration of CT of the left caudal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and left insula and cortical surface area of the right superior frontal gyrus from acute to subacute phase. Further mediation analysis found that CT restoration of the ACC and insula mediated the relationship between reduced headache impact and improved cognitive function in patients. Conclusions These results showed that neuroanatomical restoration of key regions in salience network correlated reduced headache impact with cognitive function improvement in MTBI with PTH, which further substantiated the vital role of salience network and provided an alternative clinical target for cognitive improvement in MTBI patients with PTH. Graphical Abstract

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a global health problem with serious consequences for both individuals and society. Previous studies on abnormal anatomical patterns in CUD have mainly used voxel-based morphometry to investigate grey matter volume changes, while surface-based morphometry (SBM) has been found to provide detail information on cortical thickness (CT), surface area and cortical meancurve, which can contribute to a better understanding of structural brain changes associated with CUD. In this study, SBM was conducted to investigate abnormal neuroanatomical patterns in CUD and whether these abnormal patterns could be used as potential diagnostic biomarkers for CUD. Sixty-eight CUD individuals and 52 matched healthy controls were enrolled, and all participants performed once MRI scanning and clinical assessments. We found that CUD individuals exhibited altered morphological indicators across widespread brain regions and these abnormal anatomical alterations were significantly predictive of CUD status. Furthermore, the CT reduction of right insula was significantly associated with years of cocaine use in CUD. These findings revealed the association of abnormal anatomical patterns in specific brain regions in CUD, which further improve the understanding of CUD pathophysiology and provide the alternative diagnostic biomarkers for CUD.

目的 探讨青少年颞下颌关节紊乱病患者应用磁共振(magnetic resonance,MR)T2-Mapping成像评估颞下颌关节盘形态学的变化并进行定量分析.方法 收集笔者医院2019年4月 ～2020年10月确诊的青少年颞下颌关节紊乱病患者,其中可复性颞下颌关节紊乱患者45例(可复性组)、不可复性颞下颌关节紊乱患者45例(不可复性组)作为病例组,并选取同期健康青少年45例作为对照组.所有受检者颞下颌关节均进行颞下颌关节盘磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)、MR T2-Mapping成像,比较3组颞下颌关节盘MRI、MR T2-Mapping伪彩图形态学结构变化及定量指标.结果 3组间MR T2-Map-ping定量指标比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),病例组指标明显低于对照组,不可复性组明显低于可复性组,且在MR T2-Mapping伪彩图的形态结构表现不同.结论 青少年颞下颌关节紊乱病可通过应用MR T2-Mapping序列对关节盘进行T2值的测量,更精确评估颞下颌关节紊乱的程度,为临床工作中对该疾病的分类、诊断、干预后评估提供可靠的影像学依据.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)-associated damage to hub regions can lead to disrupted modular structures of functional brain networks and may result in widespread cognitive and behavioral deficits. The spatial layout of brain connections and modules is essential for understanding the reorganization of brain networks to trauma. We investigated the roles of hubs in inter-subnetwork information coordination and integration using participation coefficients (PCs) in 74 patients with acute mTBI and 51 matched healthy controls. In some brain networks, such as default mode network (DMN) and frontoparietal network (FPN), mild TBI patients had decreased PC levels, while this measure was saliently increased in patients in other networks, such as the visual network. The hub disruption index was defined as the gradient of a straight line fitted to scatterplots of individual mTBI in participation coefficient versus mean participation coefficient of healthy groups. There was a trend of radical reorganization of some efficient "hub" nodes in patients (kappa = -0.15), compared with controls (kappa close to 0). The PC of brain hubs can also differentiate mTBI patients from controls with an 88% accuracy, and decreased PC levels in FPN can predict patient' s worse cognitive information processing speed (r = 0.36, p < 0.002) and working memory performance (r = 0.35, p < 0.002). Reduced PC within the DMN was associated with patients' complaints of post-concussion symptoms (r = -0.35, p < 0.002). This evidence suggests a trend of spatial transition of hub profiles in acute mTBI, and graph metrics of PC measures can be used as potential diagnostic biomarkers.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the correlation between temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc injury and condylar structure in adolescents. Methods: A total of 94 temporomandibular joints were studied in 47 patients who underwent MRI examination of TMJ in our hospital from April 2019 to December 2020, including 32 in the non-displacement group(ND), 22 in the reducible displacement group(RD), and 40 in the non-reducible displacement group(NRD). For them, a 3.0T MRI scan was performed with conventional sequences, as well as 3D-CUBE T2 and T2-mapping sequences. Maximum left-right and antero-posterior diameters of condyles were measured by multi-plane recombination (MPR) on 3D-CUBE T2 sequence images, whose product and quotient were also calculated. Qualitative and quantitative indicators were included for evaluation of articular disc injury. By reading the films of conventional sequences comprehensively, articular disc displacement was qualitatively classified into non-displacement, reducible displacement and non-reducible displacement. The T2 value of the articular disc was measured on the T2-mapping sequence as a quantitative indicator. Four parameters of condylar structure and 2 indicators of articular disc injury were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation analysis. Results: There were statistically significant differences in three structural parameters of the condyle (left-right and antero-posterior diameters and their products) among the non-displacement, reducible and non-reducible displacement groups (P<0.001), and the corresponding mean values were ranked in descending order: values in the non-displacement group > values in the reducible group > values in the non-reducible group. The left-right and antero-posterior diameters and their products were slightly positively correlated with the T2 values of the articular disc (r=0.262, r=0.317, r=0.386, P<0.05). Conclusion: The left-right diameter, antero-posterior diameter and product of the condyle decreased with aggravation of TMJ disc injury, they can be used as the indirect imaging features of temporomandibular disorder.

Background:Crystallized intelligence (Gc) and fluid intelligence (Gf) are regarded as distinct intelligence components that statistically correlate with each other. However, the distinct neuroanatomical signatures of Gc and Gf in adults remain contentious.Methods:Machine learning cross-validated elastic net regression models were performed on the Human Connectome Project Young Adult dataset (N = 1089) to characterize the neuroanatomical patterns of structural magnetic resonance imaging variables that are associated with Gc and Gf. The observed relationships were further examined by linear mixed-effects models. Finally, intraclass correlations were computed to examine the similarity of the neuroanatomical correlates between Gc and Gf.Results:The results revealed distinct multi-region neuroanatomical patterns predicted Gc and Gf, respectively, which were robust in a held-out test set (R2 = 2.40, 1.97%, respectively). The relationship of these regions with Gc and Gf was further supported by the univariate linear mixed effects models. Besides that, Gc and Gf displayed poor neuroanatomical similarity.Conclusion:These findings provided evidence that distinct machine learning-derived neuroanatomical patterns could predict Gc and Gf in healthy adults, highlighting differential neuroanatomical signatures of different aspects of intelligence.